1
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Tamas A, Javorhazy A, Reglodi D, Sarlos DP, Banyai D, Semjen D, Nemeth J, Lelesz B, Fulop DB, Szanto Z. Examination of PACAP-Like Immunoreactivity in Urogenital Tumor Samples. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 59:177-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Immunohistochemical Study on Glucagon-Like Peptide-1(GLP-1) and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide (PACAP) in the Small Intestine of <i>Muscovy </i>Duck during the Prehatching and Posthatching Periods. J Poult Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0120167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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3
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Reglodi D, Kiss P, Horvath G, Lubics A, Laszlo E, Tamas A, Racz B, Szakaly P. Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the urinary system, with special emphasis on its protective effects in the kidney. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:61-70. [PMID: 21621841 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a widespread neuropeptide with diverse effects in the nervous system and peripheral organs. One of the most well-studied effects of PACAP is its cytoprotective action, against different harmful stimuli in a wide variety of cells and tissues. PACAP occurs in the urinary system, from the kidney to the lower urinary tract. The present review focuses on the nephroprotective effects of PACAP and summarizes data obtained regarding the protective effects of PACAP in different models of kidney pathologies. In vitro data show that PACAP protects tubular cells against oxidative stress, myeloma light chain, cisplatin, cyclosporine-A and hypoxia. In vivo data provide evidence for its protective effects in ischemia/reperfusion, cisplatin, cyclosporine-A, myeloma kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy and gentamicin-induced kidney damage. Results accumulated on the renoprotective effects of PACAP suggest that PACAP is an emerging candidate for treatment of human kidney pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary.
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4
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Pirone A, Baoan D, Piano I, Santina LD, Baglini A, Lenzi C. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity distribution in the small intestine of the adult New Hampshire chicken. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:477-83. [PMID: 20598353 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a study in which we demonstrated by means of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods the presence of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 38 (PACAP-38) immunoreactivity in the small intestine of adult New Hampshire chickens and its co-localization with VIP. In particular we describe for the first time the presence of PACAP-positive cells in the epithelium of crypts and villi. Using double immunostaining, we observed that these two peptides were widely co-localized in the nerve structures of duodenum and jejunum with the exception of the ileum, where we noticed a faint co-localization regarding the nerve fibers of the lamina propria of the villi. Furthermore, the two peptides were occasionally co-stored in the epithelial cells of the mucosa. Our findings suggest that in the chicken small intestine, PACAP can be considered, not only as a neuromodulator released by nerve elements, but also as a gut hormone secreted by endocrine cells, and it appears likely to have a role in the regulation of important intestinal physiological functions.
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5
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Presence of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide and Its Type I Receptor in the Rat Kidney. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:1297-9. [PMID: 21620115 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Wang Y, Li J, Wang CY, Kwok AY, Zhang X, Leung FC. Characterization of the receptors for chicken GHRH and GHRH-related peptides: identification of a novel receptor for GHRH and the receptor for GHRH-LP (PRP). Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 38:13-31. [PMID: 19748756 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its structurally related peptides, GHRH-like peptide (GHRH-LP) (also called PRP), peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), have been reported to play important physiological roles in pituitary and extrapituitary tissues of vertebrates; however, little is known about the identity of these GHRH-related peptide receptors in birds. In this study, 6 receptors for GHRH and GHRH-related peptides (cGHRHR(1), cGHRHR(2), cGHRH-LPR, cPAC(1), cVPAC(1), and cVPAC(2)) were cloned from chicken brain or pituitary, and their functionalities were examined in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using a pGL3-CRE-luciferase reporter system. Results showed that: (1) all receptors are G protein-coupled receptors functionally coupled to the intracellular PKA signaling pathway; (2) 2 GHRH receptors (cGHRHR(1) and cGHRHR(2)) were identified, and both receptors could be potently activated by cGHRH; (3) cGHRH-LP could activate its specific receptor cGHRH-LPR (cPRP-R), and it also activated cGHRHR(1) and cGHRHR(2); and (4) PACAP could potently activate its receptors cPAC(1), cVPAC(1) and cVPAC(2); however, cVPAC(1) and cVPAC(2) could also be effectively activated by cVIP and tPHI, indicating that they can serve as VIP receptors and potential PHI receptors. Using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, we further examined the mRNA expression of these receptors in adult chicken tissues. The expressions of cGHRHR(1), cGHRHR(2), and cGHRH-LPR are restricted mainly to the pituitary and/or brain, whereas cPAC(1), cVPAC(1), and cVPAC(2) are expressed in most of the tissues examined. Collectively, our study identified the receptors for chicken GHRH and GHRH-related peptides, including a novel GHRH receptor (cGHRHR(2)), and established a basis to elucidate the roles of these peptides in target tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CHO Cells
- Chickens/genetics
- Chickens/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/genetics
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transfection/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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7
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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8
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Wang BJ, Liang HY, Cui ZJ. Duck pancreatic acinar cell as a unique model for independent cholinergic stimulation-secretion coupling. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:747-56. [PMID: 19370412 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in physiological regulation of amylase secretion in avian exocrine pancreas. In the isolated duck pancreatic acini, ACh dose dependently stimulated amylase secretion, with a maximal effective concentration at 10 muM. The cAMP-mobilizing compounds forskolin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) receptor (VPAC) agonists PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 had no effect on the dose-response curve. ACh dose dependently induced increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]( c )), with increasing concentrations transforming oscillations into plateau increases. Forskolin (10 muM), PACAP-38 (1 nM), PACAP-27 (1 nM), or VIP (10 nM) alone did not stimulate [Ca(2+)]( c ) increase; neither did they modulate ACh-induced oscillations, nor made ACh low concentration effective. These data indicate that ACh-stimulated zymogen secretion in duck pancreatic acinar cells is not subject to modulation from the cAMP signaling pathway; whereas it has been widely reported in the rodents that ACh-stimulated exocrine pancreatic secretion is significantly enhanced by cAMP-mobilizing agents. This makes the duck exocrine pancreas unique in that cholinergic stimulus-secretion coupling is not subject to cAMP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Jue Wang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
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9
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Effects of PACAP on Survival and Renal Morphology in Rats Subjected to Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 36:89-96. [PMID: 18478450 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Cardoso JCR, Vieira FA, Gomes AS, Power DM. PACAP, VIP and their receptors in the metazoa: insights about the origin and evolution of the ligand-receptor pair. Peptides 2007; 28:1902-19. [PMID: 17826180 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The evolution, function and interaction of ligand-receptor pairs are of major pharmaceutical interest. Comparative sequence analysis approaches using data from phylogenetically distant organisms can provide insights into their origin and possible physiological roles. The present review focuses on the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and their receptors in the metazoa. A PACAP-like peptide is present in tunicates and chordates while VIP- and PACAP/VIP-specific receptors have only been isolated in the latter phyla. The apparently disparate evolution of the ligands and their specific receptors raises questions about their evolution during the metazoan radiation and also about how the ligands may have acquired new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
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11
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Tachibana T, Oikawa D, Adachi N, Boswell T, Furuse M. Central administration of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide differentially regulates energy metabolism in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:156-64. [PMID: 17291802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are the members of the glucagon superfamily and bind to common receptors while PACAP also acts via the PACAP-specific receptor, PAC1. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of VIP and PACAP acts in a similar or different manner to affect body temperature and energy expenditure in the domestic chick. I.c.v. injection of VIP did not significantly affect rectal temperature, but decreased energy expenditure. On the other hand, i.c.v. injection of PACAP significantly increased both body temperature and energy expenditure. These specific actions of PACAP could be explained by an interaction with the PAC1 receptor, since they were partly, but not entirely, attenuated by PACAP (6-38), a PAC1 receptor antagonist. In addition, it was observed that central administration of both VIP and PACAP induced a reduction in respiratory quotient and increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. This suggests that both peptides act centrally to regulate a catabolic response. In summary, brain VIP and PACAP both appear to exert generally catabolic effects on energy metabolism in the chick, but their influence on body temperature and glucose metabolism differs and their central effects do not appear to be mediated by the same receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Division of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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12
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Wang Y, Li J, Wang CY, Kwok AHY, Leung FC. Identification of the endogenous ligands for chicken growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor: evidence for a separate gene encoding GHRH in submammalian vertebrates. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2405-16. [PMID: 17272401 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that hypothalamic GHRH activates GHRH receptor (GHRHR) to stimulate GH synthesis and release in the pituitary of mammals. However, the identity of the endogenous ligand of GHRHR is still unresolved in submammalian vertebrates including birds. In this study, we have successfully identified the chicken GHRH (cGHRH) gene, which consists of seven exons including two exons (exons 4 and 5) coding for the predicted mature GHRH peptide of 47 amino acids. Interestingly, the differential usage of splice donor sites at exon 6 results in the generation of two prepro-GHRHs (172 and 188 amino acids in length) with different C-terminal tails. Similar to mammals, cGHRH was detected to be predominantly expressed in the hypothalamus by RT-PCR assay. Using the pGL3-CRE-luciferase reporter system, we further demonstrated that both the synthetic cGHRH peptides (cGHRH(1-47) and cGHRH(1-31)) and conditioned medium from CHO cells expressing cGHRH could strongly induce luciferase activity via activation of cGHRHR, indicating that cGHRH could bind cGHRHR and activate downstream cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway. Using the same system, cGHRH-like peptide was also shown to be capable of activating cGHRHR in vitro. As in chicken, a conserved GHRH gene was identified in the genomes of lower vertebrate species including zebrafish, fugu, tetraodon, and Xenopus by synteny analysis. Collectively, our data suggest that GHRH, perhaps together with GHRH-like peptide (chicken/carp-like), may function as the authentic endogenous ligands of GHRHR in chicken as well as in other lower vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Wang BJ, Cui ZJ. How does cholecystokinin stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion? From birds, rodents, to humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R666-78. [PMID: 17053097 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00131.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion has experienced major changes in the recent past. This review attempts to summarize the present status of the field. CCK production in the intestinal I cells, the molecular forms of CCK produced and subsequently circulated in the blood, the presence or absence of CCK receptors on the isolated pancreatic acinar cells and the associated signaling for acinar cell secretion, and the actual circuits and sites of action for CCK regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion in vivo are reviewed in different animal species with an emphasis on birds, rodents, and humans. Clear differences in the relative importance of neural and direct modes of CCK action on pancreatic acinar cells were identified. Rodents seem to be endowed with both modes of action, whereas in humans the neural mode may predominate. In birds, such as duck, the direct mode needs further assistance from pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide/VIP receptors. However, much further work needs to be directed to the neural mode to map out all sites of CCK action and details of the full circuits, and we foresee a major revival for this field of research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Jue Wang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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14
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Kwok YY, Chu JYS, Vaudry H, Yon L, Anouar Y, Chow BKC. Cloning and characterization of a PAC1 receptor hop-1 splice variant in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 145:188-96. [PMID: 16225877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 08/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In several vertebrates, it has been demonstrated that alternative splicing of PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R) transcripts can generate a number of functional receptor variants which utilize different signal transduction pathways to mediate their activities. As PACAP is a physiological growth hormone-releasing factor in fish, and PACAP and the PAC1-R are highly conserved in vertebrate evolution, it would be of interest to investigate the structure and cellular distribution, particularly in the pituitary, of PAC1-R splice variants in a fish model. Our laboratory has previously cloned a receptor cDNA corresponding to the goldfish PAC1-R-s (goldfish PAC1-R-short). In the present study, a goldfish PAC1-R-hop1 variant was characterized. Functional expression of goldfish PAC1-R-s and PAC1-R-hop1 in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells revealed that, upon stimulation by ovine PACAP38, these receptor variants exhibited similar EC50 values (8.7+/-1.5 and 8.8+/-1.9 nM, respectively) and maximal responses in activating intracellular cAMP production. The presence and expression levels of these transcripts were measured by quantitative real-time PCR in the brain, heart, pituitary and male gonad, and goldfish PAC1-R-s were found to be the predominant form. In situ hybridization of goldfish PAC1-R in the pituitary revealed its prevalent presence in the pars distalis. In summary, the present study provides information to confirm the role of PACAP in the pituitary and to elucidate the pleiotropic effects of PACAP in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Yuen Kwok
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, PRC, Hong Kong
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15
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Józsa R, Hollósy T, Tamás A, Tóth G, Lengvári I, Reglodi D. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide plays a role in olfactory memory formation in chicken. Peptides 2005; 26:2344-50. [PMID: 15927304 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PACAP plays an important role during development of the nervous system and is also involved in memory processing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of PACAP in chicken embryonic olfactory memory formation by blocking PACAP at a sensitive period in ovo. Chicken were exposed daily to strawberry scent in ovo from embryonic day 15. Control eggs were treated only with saline, while other eggs received a single injection of the PACAP antagonist PACAP6-38 at day 15. The consumption of scented and unscented water was measured daily after hatching. Animals exposed to strawberry scent in ovo showed no preference. However, chickens exposed to PACAP6-38, showed a clear preference for plain water, similarly to unexposed chicken. Our present study points to PACAP's possible importance in embryonic olfactory memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Józsa
- Department of Anatomy, Pécs University Medical Faculty and Neurohumoral Regulations Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 7624 Pecs, Szigeti u 12, Hungary
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16
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Borba JC, Henze IP, Silveira MS, Kubrusly RCC, Gardino PF, de Mello MCF, Hokoç JN, de Mello FG. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can act as determinant of the tyrosine hydroxylase phenotype of dopaminergic cells during retina development. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 156:193-201. [PMID: 16099306 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the chick retina, dopaminergic cells are generated between embryonic days 3 and 7 (E3/E7). However, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first enzyme in the catecholamine synthetic pathway, is only detected after E11/E12. During the interval comprising E7 to E12, signals conveyed by cAMP are important to determine the TH phenotype. The present study shows that pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), via cAMP, is a major endogenous component in defining the TH phenotype of retina dopaminergic cells during development. PACAP type 1 receptor and its mRNA were detected in retinas since E6. PACAP was also immunodetected in cells localized in the inner nuclear layer of retinas since E8. This peptide promoted greater than 10-fold increase in cAMP accumulation of retinas obtained from embryos since E8, an effect that was blocked by PACAP6-38 (PAC1 receptor antagonist). In cultured retina cells from E8 and E9, maintained for 6 days in vitro with 10 nM PACAP (for 5 days), the number of dopaminergic cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase increased 2.4-fold. The cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) also increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells by 4- to 6-fold. IBMX plus PACAP treatment resulted in 17-fold increase in the number of cells positive for tyrosine hydroxylase. Under this condition the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase expression, as detected by western blot analysis, was also increased. The protein kinase-A inhibitor, rp-cAMPS, significantly reduced the effect of PACAP. Our data show that this peptide is an important factor influencing the definition of the tyrosine hydroxylase phenotype of retina dopaminergic cells within a narrow window of development.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Cell Count/methods
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Chick Embryo
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Nerve Growth Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Growth Factors/physiology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/enzymology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuropeptides/physiology
- Neurotransmitter Agents/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology
- Phenotype
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Retina/cytology
- Retina/embryology
- Retina/enzymology
- Retina/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Time Factors
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/genetics
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carrazzoni Borba
- Laboratórios de Neuroquímica and Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho-UFRJ, Centro de Ciências da Saúde-Bloco G, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-900, Brazil
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17
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Fradinger EA, Tello JA, Rivier JE, Sherwood NM. Characterization of four receptor cDNAs: PAC1, VPAC1, a novel PAC1 and a partial GHRH in zebrafish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 231:49-63. [PMID: 15713535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To understand the role of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and to examine the functional significance of the co-expression of GHRH and PACAP in fish, their receptors were characterized in zebrafish. Three cDNAs encoding the PAC(1) receptor, the VPAC(1) receptor, and the partial GHRH receptor were identified from zebrafish. Functional expression of the PAC(1) and VPAC(1) receptors revealed that both are potently coupled to the adenylyl cyclase pathway, but only the PAC(1) receptor is coupled to the phospholipase C pathway. Transcripts for all three receptors were widely distributed, often in an overlapping pattern in the adult zebrafish. Also, one splice variant of the partial GHRH receptor and three splice variants of the PAC(1) receptor were identified from adult zebrafish. The long GHRH receptor transcript contained a 27 amino acid insert in transmembrane domain 5 encoding a premature stop codon leading to a truncated receptor protein. For the PAC(1) receptor, two of the splice variants corresponded to the hop1 and hop2 variants characterized in mammals. The third splice variant identified from the gill encoded a novel 107 bp insert containing a premature stop codon. Therefore, PACAP and GHRH have widespread, overlapping target sites suggesting a coordinated role for these hormones in evolution.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Codon, Nonsense
- DNA, Complementary
- Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA Splicing
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Sequence Alignment
- Tissue Distribution
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- Zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Fradinger
- Department of Biology (EAF, JAT, NMS), University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3N5
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18
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Tachibana T, Saito ES, Takahashi H, Saito S, Tomonaga S, Boswell T, Furuse M. Anorexigenic effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the chick brain are mediated by corticotrophin-releasing factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 120:99-105. [PMID: 15177926 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) inhibits feeding in chicks. However, the underlying anorexigenic mechanism(s) has not yet been investigated. The present study investigated whether these peptides influence the activity of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) neural pathways in the brain of chicks. Firstly, we found that ICV injections of PACAP and VIP increased plasma corticosterone concentrations. The corticosterone-releasing effect of PACAP was completely attenuated by co-injection of astressin, a CRF receptor antagonist, but this effect was only partial for VIP. These results demonstrated that CRF neurons mediate the actions of PACAP and, to a lesser extent, VIP, and suggest that the signaling mechanisms differ between the two peptides. This difference may arise from the two peptides interacting with different receptors because the corticosterone-releasing effect of PACAP, but not VIP, was completely attenuated by co-injection of PACAP (6-38), a PACAP receptor antagonist. Finally, we examined the effect of ICV co-injection of astressin on the anorexigenic effects of PACAP and VIP and found that the effects of both peptides were attenuated by astressin. Overall, the present study suggests that the anorexigenic effects of PACAP and VIP are mediated by the activation of CRF neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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19
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Hollósy T, Józsa R, Jakab B, Németh J, Lengvári I, Reglodi D. Effects of in ovo treatment with PACAP antagonist on general activity, motor and social behavior of chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 123:99-106. [PMID: 15518899 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to influence nervous system development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of in ovo treatment with the PACAP antagonist PACAP6-38 during embryonic life (E8 and E16) on motor activity and social behavior in chicken. Our results showed that a single injection of PACAP6-38 during the first half of embryonic life caused subtle transient changes in general behavior and motor control when compared to saline-treated controls. Increased activity and reduced anxiety were observed also in a novel environment at 2 days after hatching. However, most of these behavioral differences disappeared by 2 weeks. PACAP6-38-treatment during the first half of embryonic life resulted in markedly reduced social behavior, which was still present at 2 weeks of age. Treatment during the second half of embryonic life resulted in no behavioral differences between control and PACAP6-38-treated chicken. PACAP content in different brain areas was not different between control and PACAP6-38-treated chicken at 5 days or 3 weeks of age, but it decreased significantly with age in both groups. In summary, our results show that PACAP6-38 treatment at E8 caused transient changes in motor behavior, and long-lasting reduction in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hollósy
- Department of Anatomy (Neurohumoral Regulations Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Medical Faculty, Pécs University, Szigeti u 12, Pécs 7624, Hungary
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20
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Nielsen KM, Chaverra M, Hapner SJ, Nelson BR, Todd V, Zigmond RE, Lefcort F. PACAP promotes sensory neuron differentiation: blockade by neurotrophic factors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:629-41. [PMID: 15080892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing neurons encounter a panoply of extracellular signals as they differentiate. A major goal is to identify these extrinsic cues and define the mechanisms by which neurons simultaneously integrate stimulation by multiple factors yet initiate one specific biological response. Factors that are known to exert potent activities in the developing nervous system include the NGF family of neurotrophic factors, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). Here we demonstrate that PACAP promotes the differentiation of nascent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in that it increases both the number of neural-marker-positive cells and axonogenesis without affecting the proliferation of neural progenitor cells. This response is mediated through the PAC1 receptor and requires MAP kinase activation. Moreover, we find that, in the absence of exogenously added PACAP, blockade of the PAC1 receptor inhibits neuronal differentiation. These data coupled with our finding that both PACAP and the PAC1 receptor are expressed during the peak period of neuronal differentiation in the DRG suggest that PACAP functions in vivo to promote the differentiation of nascent sensory neurons. Interestingly, we also demonstrate that the neurotrophic factors NT-3 and CNTF completely block the PACAP-induced neuronal differentiation. This points to the intricate integration of cellular signals by nascent neurons and, to our knowledge, is the first evidence for neurotrophic factor abrogation of a pathway regulated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology
- Cues
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/embryology
- Growth Cones/metabolism
- Growth Cones/ultrastructure
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Neurotrophin 3/metabolism
- Neurotrophin 3/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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21
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Erhardt NM, Sherwood NM. PACAP maintains cell cycling and inhibits apoptosis in chick neuroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 221:121-34. [PMID: 15223138 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) increased cAMP in neuroblast-enriched cultures from embryonic day 3.5 chick brain. Also, the neuroblasts expressed the mRNA, peptide, and receptor for PACAP. Here, we investigated downstream effects of increased cAMP by examining PACAP's role in regulating cell numbers during brain development. Using flow cytometry, we quantified proliferating cell nuclear antigen and DNA, and compared apoptotic cells and cells in cell cycle compartments under differing conditions. Untreated cultures showed high proliferative activity with little apoptosis. Addition of exogenous PACAP had no effect on this pattern. However, blocking endogenous PACAP with a receptor antagonist increased cell cycle exit, then increased apoptosis. We conclude that chick neuroblasts require production of PACAP to inhibit apoptosis and maintain full proliferative activity during early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nola M Erhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2
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22
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Zawilska JB, Niewiadomski P, Nowak JZ. Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in turkey cerebral cortex: characterization by [125I]-VIP binding and effects on cyclic AMP synthesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 137:187-95. [PMID: 15158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in turkey cerebral cortex were characterized using two approaches: (1) in vitro radioreceptor binding of [125I]-VIP, and (2) effects of peptides from the PACAP/VIP/secretin family on cyclic AMP formation. The binding of [125I]-VIP to turkey cortical membranes was rapid, stable, and reversible. Saturation analysis resulted in a linear Scatchard plot, suggesting binding to a single class of high affinity receptor binding sites with a Kd of 0.70 nM and a Bmax of 52 fmol/mg protein. Various peptides displaced the specific binding of 0.12 nM [125I]-VIP to turkey cerebral cortical membranes in a concentration-dependent manner. The relative rank order of potency of the tested peptides to inhibit [125I]-VIP binding to turkey cerebrum was: PACAP38 approximately PACAP27 approximately chicken VIP approximately mammalian VIP >>> PHI >> secretin, chicken VIP16-28 (inactive). About 65% of specific [125I]-VIP binding sites in turkey cerebral cortex was sensitive to Gpp(NH)p, a nonhydrolysable analogue of GTP. PACAP38, PACAP27, chicken VIP and, to a lesser extent, mammalian VIP potently stimulated cyclic AMP formation in turkey cerebral cortical slices in a concentration-dependent manner, displaying EC50 values of 8.7 nM (PACAP38), 21.3 nM (PACAP27), 67.4 nM (chicken VIP), and 202 nM (mammalian VIP). On the other hand, PHI and secretin very weakly affected the nucleotide production. The obtained results indicate that cerebral cortex of turkey contains VPAC type receptors that are positively linked to cyclic AMP-generating system and are labeled with [125I]-VIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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23
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Costagliola A, De Man JG, Majewski M, Lakomy M, Cecio A, Robberecht P, Pelckmans PA, Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP. Coexistence of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in a large neuronal subpopulation in the vaginal segment of the chicken oviduct. Auton Neurosci 2004; 112:37-48. [PMID: 15233929 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The presence, distribution and smooth muscle motor effects of galanin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) were studied in the nerves of the vaginal part of the oviduct of egg-laying hens. Galanin and PACAP immunoreactivity were found both in neuronal perikarya and nerve fibres within the wall of the vaginal segment. Both populations showed a similar distribution pattern. Particularly the circular muscle and the intramural vascular net were richly innervated. A few galanin- and PACAP-IR nerve fibres extended up to the mucosal folds. Multiple labelling showed galanin to be colocalised with PACAP as well as with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in a large, partly intrinsic neuronal subpopulation innervating the smooth muscle wall. Pharmacological in vitro experiments showed that isolated vaginal muscle strips had a spontaneous basal activity that was not affected by the neuronal conductance blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX). Galanin induced concentration-dependent contractions that were TTX-insensitive. PACAP, VIP, nitric oxide (NO) and the NO donor nitroglycerin caused concentration-dependent relaxations that were TTX-insensitive. Electrical field stimulation of isolated muscle strips induced frequency-dependent relaxations that were blocked by TTX and reduced by the NOS blocker L-nitroarginine. These data provide evidence that the vaginal part of the oviduct contains a largely intrinsic, neuronal subpopulation, capable of releasing multiple non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) motor agents for the control of local muscular activities. In addition, we provided pharmacological evidence that VIP, NO and PACAP exert an inhibitory and galanin an excitatory action on isolated muscle strips of the vaginal part of the chicken oviduct. Our results suggest that these NANC neurotransmitters play an important role in the regulation of neuromuscular activity in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Costagliola
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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24
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Xiao R, Cui ZJ. Mutual dependence of VIP/PACAP and CCK receptor signaling for a physiological role in duck exocrine pancreatic secretion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R189-98. [PMID: 12947031 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00265.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike in rodents, CCK has not been established as a physiological regulator in avian exocrine pancreatic secretion. In the isolated duck pancreatic acini, 1 nM CCK was required for stimulation of amylase secretion, maximal effect being achieved at 10 nM; picomolar CCK was without effect. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) receptor (VPAC) agonists PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 (10(-12)-10(-7) M) alone had no effect, but made picomolar CCK effective. VPAC agonist VIP 10(-10)-10(-7) M stimulated amylase secretion marginally, but made CCK 10(-12)-10(-10) M effective also. PACAP-27 and VIP both shifted the maximal CCK concentration from 10(-8) to 10(-9) M. This sensitizing effect was mimicked by forskolin. CCK dose dependently induced intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) oscillations. PACAP-38 (1 nM), PACAP-27 (1 nM), VIP (10 nM), or forskolin (10 microM) alone did not stimulate [Ca2+]i increase, neither did they modulate CCK (1 nM)-induced oscillations; but when they were added to cells simultaneously exposed to subthreshold CCK (10 pM), calcium spikes emerged. Amylase secretion induced by the simultaneous presence of 10 pM CCK and VPAC agonists was completely blocked by removing extracellular calcium, but the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (1 microM) was without effect. CCK (10 nM)-induced secretion was inhibited by CCK1 receptor antagonist FK480 (1 microM). Gastrin from 10(-12) to 10(-6) M did not stimulate amylase secretion nor did it (100 nM) induce [Ca2+]i increase. The above data suggest that duck pancreatic acini possess both CCK1 and VPAC receptors; simultaneous activation of both is required for each to play a physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- Institute of Cell Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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25
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Tachibana T, Tomonaga S, Oikawa D, Saito S, Takagi T, Saito ES, Boswell T, Furuse M. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibit feeding in the chick brain by different mechanisms. Neurosci Lett 2003; 348:25-8. [PMID: 12893417 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) inhibit feeding in chicks. However, the precise anorexigenic mechanisms have not been investigated, since both peptides activate the VPAC receptor in mammals. We investigated which receptor mediates the anorexigenic effects of these peptides in chicks. ICV co-injection of PACAP (6-38), a PAC1 receptor antagonist, attenuated the anorexigenic effect of PACAP but not VIP. On the other hand, ICV co-injection of [D-p-Cl-Phe6, Leu17]-VIP, a VPAC receptor antagonist, did not affect the effects of both peptides. Although these results imply that the effect of VIP was not specific, a subsequent experiment demonstrated that ICV injection of anti-chicken VIP antiserum stimulated feeding and suggested that endogenous VIP inhibits feeding in the chick brain. Collectively, the data suggest that the anorexigenic mechanism of PACAP is different from that of VIP and that an undiscovered VIP receptor may be present in the chicken brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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26
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Tachibana T, Saito S, Tomonaga S, Takagi T, Saito ES, Boswell T, Furuse M. Intracerebroventricular injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibits feeding in chicks. Neurosci Lett 2003; 339:203-6. [PMID: 12633888 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated an involvement of glucagon superfamily peptides in the regulation of feeding in the domestic chick brain. However the possible roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP) have not yet been investigated. We therefore examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of VIP or PACAP on food intake in chicks. ICV injection of both VIP and PACAP significantly inhibited food intake over 4 h at doses ranging from 12 to 188 pmol. Subsequently, we compared the anorexic effect the glucagon superfamily peptides VIP, PACAP, growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) after ICV injection at an equimolar dose (12 pmol). All four peptides significantly inhibited food intake, although the anorexic effects of VIP and PACAP were weaker than those of GRF and GLP-1. These findings support the hypothesis that glucagon superfamily peptides play an important role in the regulation of appetite in the chick brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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27
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Zawilska JB, Niewiadomski P, Nowak JZ. PAC1 receptors in chick cerebral cortex: characterization by binding of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, [125I]-PACAP27. Neurosci Lett 2003; 338:155-8. [PMID: 12566176 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study we characterized receptors for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in chick cerebral cortex by in vitro binding technique, using [125I]-PACAP27 as a ligand. The specific binding of [125I]-PACAP27 to chick cerebral cortical membranes was found to be rapid, stable, saturable, and of high affinity. Scatchard analysis suggested binding to a single class of receptor binding sites with high affinity (K(d)=0.41+/-0.08 nM) and high capacity (B(max)=457+/-35 fmol/mg protein). The relative rank order of potency of the tested peptides to inhibit [125I]-PACAP27 binding to chick cerebrum was: PACAP38 approximately PACAP27>PACAP6-27 approximately PACAP6-38 >> chicken VIP >> mammalian VIP >> secretin (inactive). It is concluded that the cerebral cortex of chick, in addition to VPAC recognition sites, contains a large population of PAC(1)-type receptor binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Biogenic Amines, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biogenic Amines, P.O. Box-225, 90-950, Lodz, Poland.
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28
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The Biological Significance of PACAP and PACAP Receptors in Human Tumors: From Cell Lines to Cancers. PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0243-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Nakahara K, Abe Y, Murakami T, Shiota K, Murakami N. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is involved in melatonin release via the specific receptor PACAP-r1, but not in the circadian oscillator, in chick pineal cells. Brain Res 2002; 939:19-25. [PMID: 12020847 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates melatonin release from pineal cells and modulates glutamatergic regulation of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock in rodents. We investigated whether PACAP is involved in melatonin release and the circadian oscillation system in chick pineal cells, and if so, whether its effects are mediated by the PACAP-specific receptor (PACAP-r1) or the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receptor. Chick pineal cells were maintained for 4 days under a 12-h light/dark cycle, and thereafter in constant darkness. In the dose-range 10(-10) to 10(-6) M, PACAP increased melatonin release dose-dependently during the 12-h light period on day 3 of culture, and the degree of stimulation was greater than that produced by VIP. VIP receptor antagonists only slightly inhibited PACAP-stimulated melatonin release. Simultaneous addition of VIP and PACAP produced almost additive melatonin release. Under constant dark conditions, 6-h pulses of PACAP started at zeitgeber times (ZT) 15, 21, 3 and 9 h in separate groups of pineal cells did not cause any phase shift in their melatonin rhythm. In addition, PACAP did not affect the light-induced phase advance (ZT 15 h) and delay (ZT 9 h) in melatonin rhythms. The expression of mRNA for the PACAP-r1 (including its splicing variant with a hop cassette) was observed in chick pineal cells. These results suggest that PACAP participates in melatonin release, but not in the circadian oscillator system, via the specific receptor PACAP-r1 in chick pineal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nakahara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
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30
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Nowak JZ, Pigulowska A, Kuba K, Zawilska JB. Stimulatory effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide on inositol phosphates accumulation in avian cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2002; 323:179-82. [PMID: 11959414 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study has demonstrated that the short and long form of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), i.e. PACAP(27) and PACAP(38), moderately but significantly, and in a concentration (0.5-5 microM)-dependent manner, stimulated inositol phosphates (IPs) accumulation in myo-[(3)H]inositol-prelabeled cerebral cortical and hypothalamal slices of chick and duck, and in slices of rat cerebral cortex; both peptides had no effect on IPs formation in rat hypothalamus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 0.5-5 microM) weakly enhanced IPs accumulation in chick hypothalamus, had no significant action in chick cerebral cortex (in fact there was a tendency to attenuate the IPs response in this tissue), and slightly, but significantly, inhibited the IPs accumulation in rat cerebral cortex. VIP showed no activity in rat hypothalamus. It is concluded that the stimulatory action of PACAP on phosphoinositide metabolism in avian cerebral cortex, similar to rat cerebral cortex, is mediated via phospholipase C-linked PAC(1) type receptors. In chick hypothalamus, however, there may be a component of VPAC type receptors stimulating IPs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Z Nowak
- Department of Biogenic Amines, Polish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box-225, 90-950 Lodz 1, Poland.
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31
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Józsa R, Somogyvári-Vigh A, Reglödi D, Hollósy T, Arimura A. Distribution and daily variations of PACAP in the chicken brain. Peptides 2001; 22:1371-7. [PMID: 11514017 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Levels of PACAP38 were measured in different areas of the chicken brain under various lighting conditions by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Selected groups of animals were maintained under light for 14 h alternating with 10 h of darkness (LD), reversed lighting conditions (DL) and constant light (LL) or constant dark (DD). Daily variations of PACAP levels were observed in the brainstem, diencephalon, telencephalon and retina. In the brainstem and diencephalon, levels of PACAP increased during subjective nighttime, except in the DL group where levels were elevated between 15-21 h. In the telencephalon, the lowest level of PACAP was measured between 12-21 h except in the DL group where two peaks occurred at 18 and 03 h. In the retina, all 4 groups showed a similar level and pattern, with lowest levels during midday hours. No daily variation was observed in the pineal gland. According to the present observations, it is suggested that PACAP levels differ in several areas of the chicken brain under various lighting conditions and photic stimuli do not appear to be the main regulators of the circadian variations of PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Józsa
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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32
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Yon L, Alexandre D, Montéro M, Chartrel N, Jeandel L, Vallarino M, Conlon JM, Kikuyama S, Fournier A, Gracia-Navarro F, Roubos E, Chow B, Arimura A, Anouar Y, Vaudry H. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and its receptors in amphibians. Microsc Res Tech 2001; 54:137-57. [PMID: 11458398 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a novel peptide of the secretin/glucagon/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide superfamily, has been initially characterized in mammals in 1989 and, only 2 years later, its counterpart has been isolated in amphibians. A number of studies conducted in the frog Rana ridibunda have demonstrated that PACAP is widely distributed in the central nervous system (particularly in the hypothalamus and the median eminence) and in peripheral organs including the adrenal gland. The cDNAs encoding the PACAP precursor and 3 types of PACAP receptors have been cloned in amphibians and their distribution has been determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Ontogenetic studies have revealed that PACAP is expressed early in the brain of tadpoles, soon after hatching. In the frog Rana ridibunda, PACAP exerts a large array of biological effects in the brain, pituitary, adrenal gland, and ovary, suggesting that, in amphibians as in mammals, PACAP may act as neurotrophic factor, a neurotransmitter and a neurohormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yon
- European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, INSERM U-413, UA CNRS, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Erhardt NM, Fradinger EA, Cervini LA, Rivier JE, Sherwood NM. Early expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and activation of its receptor in chick neuroblasts. Endocrinology 2001; 142:1616-25. [PMID: 11250943 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.4.8105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the involvement of pituitary adenylate cyclase- activating polypeptide (PACAP) and GH-releasing factor (GRF) during early chick brain development, we established neuroblast- enriched primary cell cultures derived from embryonic day 3.5 chick brain. We measured increases in cAMP generated by several species-specific forms of the peptides. Dose-dependent increases up to 5-fold of control values were measured in response to physiological concentrations of human/salmon, chicken, and tunicate PACAP27. Responses to PACAP38 were more variable, ranging from 5-fold for human PACAP38 to 4-fold for chicken PACAP38, to no significant response for salmon PACAP38, compared with control values. The responses to PACAP38 may reflect a greater difference in peptide structure compared with PACAP27 among species. Increases in cAMP generated by human, chicken, and salmon/carp GRF were not statistically significant, whereas increases in response to lower-range doses of tunicate GRF27-like peptide were significant, but small. We also used immunocytochemistry and Western blot to show synthesis of the PACAP38 peptide. RT-PCR was used to demonstrate that messenger RNAs for PACAP and GRF and a PACAP-specific receptor were present in the cells. This is a first report suggesting an autocrine/paracrine system for PACAP in early chick brain development, based on the presence of the ligand, messages for the ligand and receptor, and activation of the receptor in neuroblast-enriched cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Erhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2
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Nowak JZ, Kuba K. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate formation in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus of chick and rat: comparison of the chicken and mammalian peptide. Neurosci Lett 2001; 297:93-6. [PMID: 11121878 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chicken and mammalian (human/porcine/rat) vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP; 0.01-3 microM), whose structures differ by four amino acid residues in 11, 13, 26 and 28 positions, were compared with respect to their ability to stimulate adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) formation in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of chick and rat. In four tested biological systems, the chicken VIP appeared to be significantly more potent in evoking cyclic AMP response than its mammalian counterpart, the differences were more pronounced in the chick tissues, particularly in the hypothalamus, where the mammalian peptide produced only weak (but significant) effect at the highest used dose, i.e. 3 microM. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, a VIP-like peptide, applied as a reference drug at 0.1 microM, strongly stimulated cyclic AMP formation in all tested systems. The data demonstrate significant quantitative differences in biological activity between mammalian and non-mammalian peptides tested in brain tissue of chicks and rats, indicating that usage of the mammalian VIP in at least 'avian' studies may lead to some false conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Nowak
- Department of Biogenic Amines, Polish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 225, -1, 90-950, Lódz, Poland.
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Sherwood NM, Krueckl SL, McRory JE. The origin and function of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/glucagon superfamily. Endocr Rev 2000; 21:619-70. [PMID: 11133067 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.21.6.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/ glucagon superfamily includes nine hormones in humans that are related by structure, distribution (especially the brain and gut), function (often by activation of cAMP), and receptors (a subset of seven-transmembrane receptors). The nine hormones include glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), GH-releasing hormone (GRF), peptide histidine-methionine (PHM), PACAP, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The origin of the ancestral superfamily members is at least as old as the invertebrates; the most ancient and tightly conserved members are PACAP and glucagon. Evidence to date suggests the superfamily began with a gene or exon duplication and then continued to diverge with some gene duplications in vertebrates. The function of PACAP is considered in detail because it is newly (1989) discovered; it is tightly conserved (96% over 700 million years); and it is probably the ancestral molecule. The diverse functions of PACAP include regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in some cell populations. In addition, PACAP regulates metabolism and the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems, although the physiological event(s) that coordinates PACAP responses remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Sherwood
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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Peeters K, Gerets HH, Arckens L, Vandesande F. Distribution of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide type I receptor mRNA in the chicken brain. J Comp Neurol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20000717)423:1<66::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Peeters
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Catholic University of Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helga H.J. Gerets
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Catholic University of Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Catholic University of Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frans Vandesande
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Catholic University of Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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