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Gayathri SL, Bhakat M, Mohanty TK. Early Detection of Sub-clinical Mastitis in Murrah Buffaloes through Udder Thermogram Analysis during the Natural Progression of Infection. Vet J 2024; 306:106176. [PMID: 38901760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis is a global production disease that needs an intelligent solution to tackle effectively. Infrared Thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive technology that could be incorporated into routine day-to-day farm activities to monitor the health status of the animals. In this study, the udder health status was routinely monitored for 30 days among 41 Murrah buffaloes via IRT and the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Further, somatic cell count (SCC), microbial identification, and milk quality parameters were also estimated for representative samples. The thermal imaging data obtained was tabulated and back propagated from the 0th day to the -10th day and front propagated from the 0th day to +10th day for all the udder quarters. Results revealed that on the 0th day, the mean of udder skin surface temperature (USST) and teat skin surface temperature (TSST) showed a difference (p < 0.05) in the sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) affected quarters to the healthy quarters, and their degree of difference was the highest. The indication of infection was signaled during the -9th to -5th day to the 0th day in SCM and CM cases. There was a steep increment in the temperature from -2nd and -1st day to the 0th day of infection. Sometimes, some quarters show an increment in temperature due to mastitis during morning hours but recover by evening milking due to the animal's innate immune system. Thus, the initiation period in which the udder gets assaulted is crucial in the early assessment of SCM by monitoring temperature change using IRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gayathri
- Livestock Production Management Division, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India.
| | - M Bhakat
- Livestock Production Management Division, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India.
| | - T K Mohanty
- Livestock Production Management Division, ICAR, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India.
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Liu J, Liang Z, Zhongla M, Wang H, Sun X, Zheng J, Ding X, Yang F. Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Enterococci Isolated from Clinical Bovine Mastitis Cases in Ningxia. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:2121-2129. [PMID: 38828370 PMCID: PMC11141574 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s461587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic characterization of enterococcal isolates (Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae) isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in Ningxia, China. Patients and Methods The enterococci were identified by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion method. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected by PCR assays. Results Overall, 198 enterococcal isolates were identified from 2897 mastitis samples, including 137 (4.7%) E. faecalis, 50 (1.7%) E. faecium and 11 (0.4%) E. hirae. E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. hirae isolates showed high resistance to tetracycline (92.7%, 68.0%, 90.9%), followed by erythromycin (86.9%, 76.0%, 72.7%). The multidrug-resistant strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium were 29 (21.2%) and 13 (26.0%), respectively. The resistance of E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. hirae isolates to tetracycline is mainly attributed to the presence of tetL (alone or combined with tetM and/or tetK), the erythromycin resistance to ermB (alone or combined with ermC and/or ermA). Moreover, cpd (94.2%), gelE (77.4%), efaAfs (93.4%), and esp (79.6%) were the most common virulence genes in E. faecalis. In E. faecium, except for the gene efaAfs (82.0%), other virulence genes are rarely found. Only two strains of E. hirae carrying asa1 gene were detected. Conclusion The results of this study can provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis caused by enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeyi Liang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maocao Zhongla
- Gannan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Hezuo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Xiangyang Vocational and Technical College, Xiangyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanshan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Sesso L, Vanzetti T, Weber J, Vaccani M, Scettrini PR, Sartori C, Ivanovic I, Romanỏ A, Bodmer M, Bacciarini LN, Struchen R, Steiner A, Graber HU. District-Wide Herd Sanitation and Eradication of Intramammary Staphylococcus aureus Genotype B Infection in Dairy Herds in Ticino, Switzerland. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00809-9. [PMID: 38788844 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates successful herd sanitation and eradication of contagious mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus genotype B (S. aureus GTB) in an entire Swiss district (Ticino) including 3,364 dairy cows from 168 farms. Herd sanitation included testing of all cows using a highly GTB specific and sensitive qPCR assay, implementation of related on-farm measures, appropriate antibiotic therapy of GTB-positive cows and culling of therapy-resistant animals, respectively. A treatment index was used as an objective criterion to select GTB-positive cows eligible for culling and replacement payment. 62 herds (37%) were initially GTB-positive with a cow prevalence between 10% and 100% and were submitted to sanitation. Twenty mo after the start of the campaign, all these herds were free from S. aureus GTB, whereby 73% of them were sanitized during the first 7 mo. At the cow level, a total of 343 animals were infected. 50 of them were immediately culled and financially compensated based on their treatment index value. The remaining 293 cows were intramammarily treated with antibiotics either during lactation using the combination of cephalexin-kanamycin or penicillin-gentamicin or at dry-off using cloxacillin. Out of these cows, 275 (93.9%) were treated successfully meaning that their milk was twice GTB-negative by qPCR after therapy. For lactational treatment, control samples were taken ≥10 and ≥20 d after treatment, for dry off treatment ≥14 and ≥24 d after parturition. Neither lactation number nor SCC before treatment of the cow nor the type of therapy were associated with therapeutic cure. Using data of 30 GTB-positive and 71 GTB-negative herds (1855 observations), the impact of GTB sanitation on bulk tank milk SCC (BTSCC) was evaluated applying a linear mixed statistical model. In the year before sanitation, BTSCC was always higher in GTB positive than in GTB negative herds. After the start of the campaign, BTSCC declined rapidly in the herds under GTB sanitation and achieved values that no longer differed statistically from those of GTB-free herds after only 2 mo, remaining very similar for the rest of the campaign. The farmers were very satisfied with the outcome of the campaign as all GTB positive herds could be sanitized rapidly, sanitation was sustainable, and milk quality increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sesso
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, Department of Environment, Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - T Vanzetti
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - J Weber
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Vaccani
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - P Riva Scettrini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio della consulenza agricola, 6501 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - C Sartori
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - I Ivanovic
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Romanỏ
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Bodmer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - L N Bacciarini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - R Struchen
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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Chen T, Liu S, Zhang S, Song H, Zhuang Y, Ma J, Xiao J, Wang J, Ma Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Li S, Cao Z. Initial diet shapes resistance-gene composition and fecal microbiome dynamics in young ruminants during nursing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172103. [PMID: 38556024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine how colostrum pasteurization affects resistance genes and microbial communities in calf feces. Forty female Holstein calves were randomly assigned to either the control (CON) group, which received unheated colostrum, or the pasteurized colostrum (PAT) group. The calves body weight was measured weekly before morning feeding. Calf starter intake were measured and recorded daily before morning feeding. Samples of colostrum were collected before feeding. Blood was collected on d 1 and 70 before morning feeding. Ten calves were randomly selected from each group (n = 20 calves total) for fecal sampling on d 3, 28, 56 and 70 for subsequent DNA extraction and metagenomic sequencing. Total bacterial counts in the colostrum were markedly higher in the CON group than in the PAT group. Pasteurized colostrum administration substantially reduced the ARO diversity and diminishes the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, thereby decreasing their contribution to resistance genes. Pasteurization also reduced glucoside hydrolase-66 activity in 3-day-old calves which led to an increase in the activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics, resulting in 52.63 % of PAT-enriched bacteria acquiring aminoglycoside resistance genes. However, from the perspective of overall microbial community, the proportion of aminoglycoside, beta-lactam and tetracycline resistance genes carried by microbial community in PAT group was lower than CON group (P < 0.05). Fecal samples from the PAT group contained greater abundances of Subdoligranulum (P < 0.05) and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group (P < 0.05) on days 28 and 70 compared to CON. Network analysis and abundance variations of the different bacteria obtained by linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis showed that pasteurized colostrum feeding reduced the interactions among related bacteria and maintained stability of the hind-gut microbiome. In conclusion, these findings underscore the intricate interactions between early diet, calf resistance-gene transmission and microbial dynamics, which should be carefully considered in calf-rearing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haotong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Bochniarz M, Ziomek M, Szczubiał M, Dąbrowski R, Wochnik M, Kurek Ł, Kosior-Korzecka U, Nowakiewicz A. Interleukin-6 as a Milk Marker of Clinical and Subclinical Intramammary Infections (IMI) in Cows Caused by Streptococcus spp. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1100. [PMID: 38612339 PMCID: PMC11011106 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the concentrations of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in milk and serum of healthy cows (HE) and cows with mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp. The blood and milk samples were obtained from Holstein-Friesian cows (Lublin region, Poland). A total of 43 milk and serum samples from 28 cows with mastitis and 15 healthy cows were selected for study. IL-6 levels in milk from HE cows ranged from 6.09-80.24 pg/mL (median 26.6 pg/mL) and were significantly lower than in milk from both cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis (487.09 pg/mL vs. 26.6 pg/mL in CM, p < 0.001; and 165.31 pg/mL vs. 26.6 pg/mL in SCM, p < 0.001). The IL-6 concentration in the serum of HE was not significantly different from the serum IL-6 of the entire group of mastitis cows, regardless of whether the inflammation proceeded in a clinical or subclinical form (44.37 pg/mL vs. 78.09 pg/mL; 128.29 pg/mL vs. 78.09 pg/mL, respectively). The present study indicates that cows with mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp. develop a local immune response in the mammary gland in response to the pathogen. Monitoring of IL-6 levels in milk can allow early detection of mastitis, which is especially important in cases of subclinical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Bochniarz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Ziomek
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (R.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (R.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Marco Wochnik
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (R.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Łukasz Kurek
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Urszula Kosior-Korzecka
- Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
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Liu J, Gao Y, Zhang H, Hao Z, Zhou G, Wen H, Su Q, Tong C, Yang X, Wang X. Forsythiaside A attenuates mastitis via PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 125:155358. [PMID: 38241916 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine mastitis is the most common animal production disease in the global dairy industry, which affects the health of dairy cows. When bovine mastitis occurs, the mitochondrial metabolism of breast tissue increases, and the relationship between inflammation and mitophagy has become a hot topic for many scholars. The abuse of antibiotics leads to the increase of resistance to bovine mastitis. FTA is one of the main effective components of Forsythia suspensa, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, anti-oxidation and anti-virus pharmacological effects, and has broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis. However, the relationship between the anti-inflammatory effects of FTA and mitophagy is still unclear. PURPOSE This study mainly explores the anti-inflammatory effect of FTA in bovine mastitis and the relationship between mitophagy. METHODS MAC-T cells and wild-type mice were used to simulate the in vitro and in vivo response of mastitis. After the pretreatment with FTA, CsA inhibitors and siPINK1 were used to interfere with mitophagy, and the mitochondrial function impairment and the expression of inflammatory factors were detected. RESULTS It was found that pre-treatment with FTA significantly reduced LPS induced inflammatory response and mitochondrial damage, while promoting the expression of mitophagy related factors. However, after inhibiting mitophagy, the anti-inflammatory effect of FTA was inhibited. CONCLUSION This study is the first to suggest the relationship between the anti-inflammatory effect of FTA and mitophagy. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is one of the ways that FTA protects MAC-T cells from LPS-induced inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Yingkui Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Huaqiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Guangwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Haojie Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Qing Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Chao Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan province, PR China.
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Broda M, Yelle DJ, Serwańska-Leja K. Biodegradable Polymers in Veterinary Medicine-A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:883. [PMID: 38398635 PMCID: PMC10892962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, tremendous progress has been made in the development of biodegradable polymeric materials for various industrial applications, including human and veterinary medicine. They are promising alternatives to commonly used non-degradable polymers to combat the global plastic waste crisis. Among biodegradable polymers used, or potentially applicable to, veterinary medicine are natural polysaccharides, such as chitin, chitosan, and cellulose as well as various polyesters, including poly(ε-caprolactone), polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and polyhydroxyalkanoates produced by bacteria. They can be used as implants, drug carriers, or biomaterials in tissue engineering and wound management. Their use in veterinary practice depends on their biocompatibility, inertness to living tissue, mechanical resistance, and sorption characteristics. They must be designed specifically to fit their purpose, whether it be: (1) facilitating new tissue growth and allowing for controlled interactions with living cells or cell-growth factors, (2) having mechanical properties that address functionality when applied as implants, or (3) having controlled degradability to deliver drugs to their targeted location when applied as drug-delivery vehicles. This paper aims to present recent developments in the research on biodegradable polymers in veterinary medicine and highlight the challenges and future perspectives in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Broda
- Department of Wood Science and Thermal Techniques, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Daniel J. Yelle
- Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
| | - Katarzyna Serwańska-Leja
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
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Berteau M, Pepler PT, Broadhurst A, Hammond G, Zadoks RN, Viora L. Assessing teat canal morphology in the dry period and during lactation by high-resolution ultrasound. J DAIRY RES 2024; 91:57-64. [PMID: 38494752 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Our objectives were to quantify the dimensions of a fully 'closed' teat canal in dry cows and to describe recovery of the teat canal between milkings in lactating cows to assess whether and when full closure is attained, since this is an important determinant of udder health. Using an ultrasound scanner, teat canal length and diameter (proximal, midpoint and distal), teat cistern width, teat end width, whole teat width and teat wall thickness in 77 dry and 39 lactating dairy cows were measured. The dry cows represented a cross section of the dry population, with days since dry off ranging from 0 to 69 (median: 27). Data from lactating cows were recorded just before milking, and every 3 h post-milking. To control for location a cross-over (parlour vs. barn) study design was used. In dry cows, teat canal length and diameter did not vary by quarter or days since dry off, but multiparous cows had significantly wider teat canals than primiparous cows. The dry cow measurements can be used as baseline for dimensions for closed teats. In lactating cows, all teat dimensions except teat end width changed significantly during the 12-h milking cycle. Location (parlour vs. barn) did not affect the measurements, except teat end width and teat wall thickness. Teat canal length increased after milking and returned to pre-milking values by 9 h. Proximal and midpoint teat canal diameters decreased slightly just after milking and then progressively increased to above the pre-milking values by 9 h. Distal teat canal diameter increased after milking, partially contracting by 9 h. We found that during the dry period the teat canal is in a steady state, but its diameter is not zero, while during the lactation, the teat canal is in a near constant state of remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Berteau
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - P Theo Pepler
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ann Broadhurst
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gawain Hammond
- University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Viora
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Yu C, Zhang C, Huai Y, Liu D, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhao X, Bo R, Li J, Liu M. The inhibition effect of caffeic acid on NOX/ROS-dependent macrophages M1-like polarization contributes to relieve the LPS-induced mice mastitis. Cytokine 2024; 174:156471. [PMID: 38103301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is an adipose tissue containing not only adipocytes but also epithelial, endothelial, and immune cells. Epithelial cells and macrophages, as the integral components of the immune system, are on the front line of defense against infection. Our preliminary work proved that caffeic acid (CA) can effectively inhibit the inflammatory cascade of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and maintain cellular integrity and viability. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of CA on LPS-induced mice mastitis and explored its regulatory mechanism on macrophage inflammatory response induced by LPS in vitro. Firstly, the mice mastitis model was established by intramammary injection with 10 μg LPS, after which different CA doses (5, 10, 15 mg/kg) were administered. Then, the pathological section, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, proinflammatory factors and chemokines releasement, and redox state of mammary tissues were assessed, confirming CA's effectiveness on mice mastitis. In vitro, we validated the therapeutic relevance of CA in relieving LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. Moreover, we further provided evidence that CA significantly reduced LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via NADPH oxidase (NOX), which improved the imbalance relationship between nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and led to a marked weakening of M1 polarization. The NOX-ROS signal inhibited by CA weakened the oxidative burst and neutrophil chemotaxis of macrophages, thus alleviating the immune cascade in mammary gland tissue and reducing the LPS-induced inflammatory damage. Collectively, CA would be a potential candidate or antibacterial synergist for curbing mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuying Huai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Minxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ruonan Bo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jingui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingjiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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10
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Lin WC, Hsu KC, You MF, Lee KH, Chi CH, Chen JY. Octanoic acid promotes clearance of antibiotic-tolerant cells and eradicates biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from recurrent bovine mastitis. Biofilm 2023; 6:100149. [PMID: 37635811 PMCID: PMC10450856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment for bovine mastitis, but the drawbacks of this strategy include poor cure rate and economic losses from the need to discard milk with antibiotic residues. Unfortunately, few other treatment options are currently available for mastitis. Failure of antibiotic treatments is often attributed to formation of bacterial biofilms and abscesses in the mammary gland tissue, which lead to chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate and drive recurrent disease. A major mastitis-causing pathogen (MCP) associated with biofilms in bovine mastitis is Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we demonstrate that octanoic acid has broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against MCPs and effectively inhibits S. aureus biofilm formation in milk (>50% inhibition at 3.13 mM). Octanoic acid effectively clears biofilms (95% eradication at 1X minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC) and infrequently induces S. aureus small colony variants (SCVs) that may cause recurrent mastitis. Additionally, octanoic acid rapidly kills persistent biofilm cells and cells with antibiotic tolerance (within 4 h). In contrast, antibiotics treated at >100X MBC cannot eradicate biofilms but do induce SCVs and antibiotic-tolerant cells. These effects may accelerate the transition from biofilm to chronic infection. Thus, octanoic acid exhibits bactericidal action against S. aureus biofilms, and it is less likely than antibiotic therapy to induce persistent cells and pathogen tolerance. Moreover, octanoic acid acts additively with antibiotics against S. aureus, and it attenuates tetracycline-induced virulence factor gene expression in S. aureus cells. According to these data, octanoic acid may prevent the pathological progression of bovine mastitis and offer a new strategy for treating the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Lin
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chen Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng You
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Hsin-Chu Branch Station, COA- TRI, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwa Chi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center and the Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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11
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Tomanić D, Samardžija M, Kladar N, Pećin M, Ružić Z, Kovačević Z. Assessment of antibiotic use patterns in bovine mastitis treatment in the dairy sector in Serbia. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1756-1765. [PMID: 37855369 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The dairy sector is essential for the world's food systems, playing a vital role in agricultural production. Yet, mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, affects a considerable portion of the dairy cow population annually, leading to reduced productivity and sustainability. Insight into therapeutic protocols is essential for a better understanding of the situation on farms with the aim of developing new or harmonizing existing protocols in the mastitis treatment. This study conducted on dairy farm in Serbia aimed to explore the most commonly used antibiotics during bovine mastitis treatment and their association with daily milk yield. Data from 100 lactating cows, including therapeutic protocols, lactation numbers, mastitis episodes, milk yield, and antibiotic usage, were obtained from a computerized database and statistically analysed. The results demonstrated a high prevalence of narrow-spectrum antibiotics usage, with the majority of cows treated with combination therapy. The route of antibiotic application did not significantly impact daily milk yield, while treatment duration had no discernible effect. Nonetheless, specific antibiotics were associated with milk yield variations, suggesting the need for careful antibiotic selection and management in mastitis therapy. These findings emphasize the importance of prudent antibiotic use to safeguard animal health and long-term milk production sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Tomanić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Samardžija
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Pećin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Ružić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zorana Kovačević
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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12
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Sala G, Orsetti C, Meucci V, De Marchi L, Sgorbini M, Bonelli F. Case-Control Study: Endogenous Procalcitonin and Protein Carbonylated Content as a Potential Biomarker of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2023; 10:670. [PMID: 38133221 PMCID: PMC10747190 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) and protein carbonylated content (PCC) are promising biomarkers for bacterial infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. This study examined plasma PCT and PCC levels in healthy cows (H) and cows with subclinical mastitis (SCM). A total of 130 cows (65 H and 65 SCM) were included in this study. Blood samples were collected, and plasma was frozen at -80 °C. PCT levels were determined using a bovine procalcitonin ELISA kit, while PCC was measured following the methodology of Levine et al. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in PCT levels between H (75.4 pg/mL) and SCM (107.3 pg/mL) cows (p < 0.001) and significantly lower concentrations of PCC in the SCM group (H: 0.102 nmol/mL/mg, SCM: 0.046 nmol/mL/mg; p < 0.001). The PCT cut-off value for distinguishing healthy and subclinical mastitis animals was >89.8 pg/mL (AUC 0.695), with a sensitivity of 66.2% and specificity of 69.2%. PCT showed potential value as a diagnostic tool to help in decision making for subclinical mastitis cases, while PCC requires further studies to investigate the trend of this biomarker during localized pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Orsetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
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13
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Machado GTP, Ferreira RG, Veleirinho MB, Honorato LA, Ramos RDO, Silva MAS, Kuhnen S. In vitro evaluation of nanocomposites of linseed mucilage and k-carrageenan loaded with Achyrocline satureioides nanoemulsion: a gradual-release candidate of antimicrobials for the treatment of bovine mastitis. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:376-381. [PMID: 38186216 DOI: 10.1017/s002202992300064x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This research paper presents the development and evaluation of pioneering nanocomposites (NCs) based on the combination of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage. When loaded with macela extract nanoemulsion they present an innovative approach for the sustained release of antimicrobial herbal constituents, specifically tailored for bovine mastitis treatment. The NCs, encompassing various ratios of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage polymers (8:2, 7:3, and 5:5 w/w) with 1.25 mg of macela extract/g of gel, underwent in vitro assessment, emphasizing viscosity, degradation speed, release of herbal actives from macela nanoemulsion and antimicrobial activity. The NCs exhibited thermoreversible characteristics, transitioning from liquid at 60°C to a gel at 25°C. NCs allowed a gradual release of phenolic compounds, reaching approximately 80% of total phenolics release (w/v) within 72 h. NCs inhibited the growth of MRSA (ATCC 33592) until 8 h of incubation. No toxic effect in vitro of NCs was found on MAC-T cells. Thus, the developed materials are relevant for the treatment of bovine mastitis, especially in the dry period, and the data support future evaluations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tasso Pinheiro Machado
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gabriel Ferreira
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatriz Veleirinho
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aparecida Honorato
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Roberta de Oliveira Ramos
- Quality Control Laboratory- LABCQ, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Shirley Kuhnen
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
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14
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Zouharova M, Nedbalcova K, Matiaskova K, Slama P, Matiasovic J. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance Genes in Streptococcus uberis Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in the Czech Republic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1527. [PMID: 37887228 PMCID: PMC10604623 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is one of the most important causative agents of mastitis and is a common reason for the use of antimicrobials in dairy cows. In this study, we assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility of 667 S. uberis isolates originating from 216 Czech dairy farms collected between 2019 and 2023 using the broth microdilution method. We tested 140 of the isolates for the presence of antimicrobial genes using whole-genome sequencing and evaluated their relationship with phenotypic resistance. Streptococcus uberis isolates showed high levels of resistance to tetracycline (59%), followed by streptomycin (38%) and clindamycin (29%). Although all of the isolates were susceptible to beta-lactams, a relatively high percentage of intermediately susceptible isolates was recorded for ampicillin (44%) and penicillin (18%). The isolates were mainly resistant to tetracycline alone (31.3%); the second most frequent occurrence of the phenotypic profile was simultaneous resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and clindamycin (16.6%). The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes did not always match the phenotypic results; in total, 36.8% of isolates that possessed the ant(6)-Ia gene did not show phenotypic resistance to streptomycin. To a lesser extent, silent genes were also detected in clindamycin and tetracycline. This study confirmed the high susceptibility of S. uberis to penicillins used as first-line antimicrobials for S. uberis mastitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zouharova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.N.); (K.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Katerina Nedbalcova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.N.); (K.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Katarina Matiaskova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.N.); (K.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.N.); (K.M.); (J.M.)
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15
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Ji ZH, Gao F, Xie WY, Wu HY, Ren WZ, Yuan B. Mammary Epithelial Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-221-3p Regulates Macrophage Polarization by Targeting Igf2 bp2 during Mastitis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14742-14757. [PMID: 37757458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis affects the milk quality and yield and is the most expensive disease in dairy cows. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of mastitis is of great importance for disease control. As a medium of intercellular communication, exosomes play key roles in various inflammatory diseases by regulating macrophage polarization. However, the molecular factors in exosomes that mediate the intercellular communication between mammary epithelial cells and macrophages during mastitis remain to be further explored. In this study, we isolated and identified mammary epithelial cell-derived exosomes from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced mastitis cell model, and we demonstrated that exosomes from LPS/LTA-stimulated mammary epithelial cells promote M1-type macrophage polarization in vivo and in vitro. Based on the results of high-throughput sequencing, we constructed a differential miRNA (microRNA) expression profile of exosomes and demonstrated that miR-221-3p was highly expressed. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro experiments, combined with coculture experiments and fluorescence tracing, showed that high miR-221-3p expression promoted M1-type macrophage polarization, demonstrating the transcellular role of miR-221-3p. Mechanistically, dual luciferase reporter gene assays and rescue assays showed that miR-221-3p regulated macrophage polarization by targeting Igf2bp2. The results of this study will deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of mastitis, and the molecular regulatory axis that was established in this study is expected to be a target for mastitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hao Ji
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Yin Xie
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wu
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Ren
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
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16
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Morales-Ubaldo AL, Rivero-Perez N, Valladares-Carranza B, Velázquez-Ordoñez V, Delgadillo-Ruiz L, Zaragoza-Bastida A. Bovine mastitis, a worldwide impact disease: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and viable alternative approaches. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100306. [PMID: 37547227 PMCID: PMC10400929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is globally considered one of the most important diseases within dairy herds, mainly due to the associated economic losses. The most prevalent etiology are bacteria, classified into contagious and environmental, with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most common pathogens associated with mastitis cases. To date these pathogens are resistant to the most common active ingredients used for mastitis treatment. According to recent studies resistance to new antimicrobials has increased, which is why developing of alternative treatments is imperative. Therefore the present review aims to summarize the reports about bovine mastitis along 10 years, emphasizing bacterial etiology, its epidemiology, and the current situation of antimicrobial resistance, as well as the development of alternative treatments for this pathology. Analyzed data showed that the prevalence of major pathogens associated with bovine mastitis varied according to geographical region. Moreover, these pathogens are classified as multidrug-resistant, since the effectiveness of antimicrobials on them has decreased. To date, several studies have focused on the research of alternative treatments, among them vegetal extracts, essential oils, or peptides. Some other works have reported the application of nanotechnology and polymers against bacteria associated with bovine mastitis. Results demonstrated that these alternatives may be effective on bacteria associated with bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lizet Morales-Ubaldo
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Valladares-Carranza
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 15.5 Carretera Panamericana Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 15.5 Carretera Panamericana Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Lucía Delgadillo-Ruiz
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, CP. 98068, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P 43660, Hidalgo, Mexico
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17
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Tommasoni C, Fiore E, Lisuzzo A, Gianesella M. Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: On-Farm Diagnostics and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2538. [PMID: 37570346 PMCID: PMC10417731 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cattle farms, and it can affect the health status of the udder and the quantity and quality of milk yielded. The correct management of mastitis is based both on preventive and treatment action. With the increasing concern for antimicrobial resistance, it is strongly recommended to treat only the mammary quarters presenting intramammary infection. For this reason, a timely and accurate diagnosis is fundamental. The possibility to detect and characterize mastitis directly on farm would be very useful to choose the correct management protocol. Some on-field diagnostic tools are already routinely applied to detect mastitis, such as the California Mastitis Test and on-farm culture. Other instruments are emerging to perform a timely diagnosis and to characterize mastitis, such as Infra-Red Thermography, mammary ultrasound evaluation and blood gas analysis, even if their application still needs to be improved. The main purpose of this article is to present an overview of the methods currently used to control, detect, and characterize mastitis in dairy cows, in order to perform a timely diagnosis and to choose the most appropriate management protocol, with a specific focus on on-farm diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tommasoni
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
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18
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Jindal AB, Bhide AR, Salave S, Rana D, Benival D. Long-acting Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114862. [PMID: 37160247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The management of chronic conditions often requires patients to take daily medication for an extended duration. However, the need for daily dosing can lead to nonadherence to the therapy, which can result in the recurrence of the disease. Long-acting parenteral drug delivery systems have the potential to improve the treatment of chronic conditions. These systems use various technologies, such as oil-based injectables, PLGA-based microspheres, and in situ forming gel-based depots, to deliver different types of drugs. The use of long-acting parenteral formulations for the treatment of chronic infections such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis is a recent development in the field. Researchers are also exploring the use of long-acting parenteral formulations for the treatment of malaria, with the aim of reducing dosing frequency and improving adherence to treatment. This review discusses various aspects of long-acting formulation development, including the impact of the physicochemical properties of the drug, the type of long-acting formulation, and the route of administration. The clinical significance of long-acting formulations and recent advances in the field, such as long-acting nanoformulations and long-acting products currently in clinical trials, have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan - 333031, India.
| | - Atharva R Bhide
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan - 333031, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
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Tomanić D, Samardžija M, Kovačević Z. Alternatives to Antimicrobial Treatment in Bovine Mastitis Therapy: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:683. [PMID: 37107045 PMCID: PMC10135164 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite preventive and therapeutic measures, mastitis continues to be the most prevalent health problem in dairy herds. Considering the risks associated with antibiotic therapy, such as compromised effectiveness due to the emergence of resistant bacteria, food safety issues, and environmental impact, an increasing number of scientific studies have referred to the new therapeutic procedures that could serve as alternatives to conventional therapy. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide insight into the currently available literature data in the investigation of non-antibiotic alternative approaches. In general, a vast number of in vitro and in vivo available data offer the comprehension of novel, effective, and safe agents with the potential to reduce the current use of antibiotics and increase animal productivity and environmental protection. Constant progress in this field could overcome treatment difficulties associated with bovine mastitis and considerable global pressure being applied on reducing antimicrobial therapy in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Tomanić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Samardžija
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zorana Kovačević
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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20
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Wang H, Chen C, Liu C, Chen X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Han M, Liu Y, Li X. A PK/PD model for the evaluation of clinical rifaximin dosage for the treatment of dairy cow mastitis induced by Escherichia coli. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:19. [PMID: 36681807 PMCID: PMC9863146 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause clinical mastitis in dairy cows worldwide. Mastitis produces severe symptoms in dairy cows, such as udder inflammation, the production of harmful substances, reduced milk production, and altered milk quality. Intramammary injections of rifaximin have a beneficial effect on dairy cow mastitis, especially for mastitis caused by E. coli. However, we do not know whether the currently accepted clinical administration scheme is reasonable. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the clinical dosing regimen for curing mastitis induced by E. coli. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of four single dose groups (50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/gland) were studied in CD-1 lactating mice, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartment and two-compartment model of Phoenix 8.1 software. A total of 5,000 colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli ATCC25922 were injected into the mammary glands of mice under anatomic microscope guidance. After 12 h of growth in vivo, the mouse mastitis model was successfully developed. In pharmacodynamics experiment, 12 different dosing regimens (doses ranged from 25 to 800 µg/gland and two dosing intervals of 12 and 24 h) were used to study the therapeutic potential of rifaximin for mastitis. The PK/PD model was established by integrating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics using the inhibitory sigmoid Emax model. The optimal antibacterial effect was 2log10CFU/gland reduction of bacterial colony counts in vivo, when the magnitude of AUC24/MIC exceeded 57.80 h. A total of 57.80 h of AUC24/MIC was defined as a target value in the Monte Carlo simulation. The clinically recommended dosage regimen of 100 mg/gland every 12 h in a day achieved a 91.08% cure rate for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Chunshuang Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jingju Zhang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyue Han
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiubo Li
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Products On Feed-Origin Risk Factor, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.
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21
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Nemati G, Romanó A, Wahl F, Berger T, Rojo LV, Graber HU. Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: a European study of contagiousness and antimicrobial resistance. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154550. [PMID: 37206433 PMCID: PMC10188956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy herds managements, mastitis is the leading cause of economic losses. One of the most important pathogens responsible for intra-mammary infections is Staphylococcus aureus. The genetic properties of S. aureus have a strong influence on its pathogenicity and contagiousness. In this study, we aimed to obtain a comprehensive overview of the key bovine S. aureus clinical properties, such as contagiousness and antimicrobial resistance, present in European strains. For this, 211 bovine S. aureus strains from ten European countries that were used in a previous study were used in this study. Contagiousness was assessed using qPCR for the detection of the marker gene adlb. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated using a broth microdilution assay and mPCR for the detection of genes involved in penicillin resistance (blaI, blaR1, and blaZ). It was found that adlb was present in CC8/CLB strains; however, in Germany, it was found in CC97/CLI and in an unknown CC/CLR strains. CC705/CLC strains from all countries were found to be susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Major resistance to penicillin/ampicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and tetracycline was detected. Resistance to oxacillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and cephalosporins was rarely observed. In addition, contagiousness and antibiotic resistance seem to correlate with different CCs and genotypic clusters. Hence, it is recommended that multilocus sequence typing or genotyping be utilized as a clinical instrument to identify the most appropriate antibiotic to use in mastitis treatment. Actualization of the breakpoints of veterinary strains is necessary to address the existing antibiotic resistance of the bacteria involved in veterinary mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Nemati
- Food Microbial Systems, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ghazal Nemati
| | - Alicia Romanó
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Wahl
- Food Microbial Systems, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Berger
- Food Microbial Systems, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Vazquez Rojo
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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A Novel TLR4-SYK Interaction Axis Plays an Essential Role in the Innate Immunity Response in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010097. [PMID: 36672605 PMCID: PMC9855420 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland epithelium, as the first line of defense for bovine mammary gland immunity, is crucial in the process of mammary glands’ innate immunity, especially that of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). Our previous studies successfully marked SYK as an important candidate gene for mastitis traits via GWAS and preliminarily confirmed that SYK expression is down-regulated in bMECs with LPS (E. coli) stimulation, but its work mechanism is still unclear. In this study, for the first time, in vivo, TLR4 and SYK were colocalized and had a high correlation in mastitis mammary epithelium; protein−protein interaction results also confirmed that there was a direct interaction between them in mastitis tissue, suggesting that SYK participates in the immune regulation of the TLR4 cascade for bovine mastitis. In vitro, TLR4 also interacts with SYK in LPS (E. coli)-stimulated or GBS (S. agalactiae)-infected bMECs, respectively. Moreover, TLR4 mRNA expression and protein levels were little affected in bMECsSYK- with LPS stimulation or GBS infection, indicating that SYK is an important downstream element of the TLR4 cascade in bMECs. Interestingly, IL-1β, IL-8, NF-κB and NLRP3 expression in LPS-stimulated or GBS-infected bMECsSYK- were significantly higher than in the control group, while AKT1 expression was down-regulated, implying that SYK could inhibit the IL-1β, IL-8, NF-κB and NLRP3 expression and alleviate inflammation in bMECs with LPS and GBS. Taken together, our solid evidence supports that TLR4/SYK/NF-κB signal axis in bMECs regulates the innate immunity response to LPS or GBS.
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23
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Wan Z, Fu S, Wang Z, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Lin X, Lan R, Han X, Luo Z, Miao J. FABP4-mediated lipid droplet formation in Streptococcus uberis-infected macrophages supports host defence. Vet Res 2022; 53:90. [PMID: 36371263 PMCID: PMC9652580 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy macrophages containing prominent cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) are found in a variety of infectious diseases. However, their role in Streptococcus uberis-induced mastitis is unknown. Herein, we report that S. uberis infection enhances the fatty acid synthesis pathway in macrophages, resulting in a sharp increase in LD levels, accompanied by a significantly enhanced inflammatory response. This process is mediated by the involvement of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), a subtype of the fatty acid-binding protein family that plays critical roles in metabolism and inflammation. In addition, FABP4 siRNA inhibitor cell models showed that the deposition of LDs decreased, and the mRNA expression of Tnf, Il1b and Il6 was significantly downregulated after gene silencing. As a result, the bacterial load in macrophages increased. Taken together, these data demonstrate that macrophage LD formation is a host-driven component of the immune response to S. uberis. FABP4 contributes to promoting inflammation via LDs, which should be considered a new target for drug development to treat infections.
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24
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Alternative Practices in Organic Dairy Production and Effects on Animal Behavior, Health, and Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141785. [PMID: 35883331 PMCID: PMC9311922 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The basis of livestock farming is preventing disease and improving animal welfare and well-being. Organic dairy farmers have very few options for the treatment of diseases and for the mitigation of pain in dairy calves and cows. Calving may be stressful for first-lactation cows because they must adapt to many different situations when they are milking. Alternative therapies to improve animal welfare must be researched in organic livestock production to verify that their use improves animal well-being. This review provides a brief background on organic production systems, illustrates current understanding of pain management for disbudding dairy calves, and discusses managing transition heifer behaviors and udder health to improve organic livestock well-being. Abstract The number of organic dairy farms has increased because of the increased growth of the organic market, higher organic milk price, and because some consumers prefer to purchase products from less intensive production systems. Best management practices are expected from organic dairy farms to ensure animal health and milk production. Organic dairy producers typically transition from conventional systems to avoid chemicals and pesticides, enhance economic viability, improve the environment, and increase soil fertility. Organic dairy producers respect and promote a natural environment for their animals, is also an important component of animal welfare. Organic producers have few options to mitigate pain in dairy calves. In the United States, therapies to mitigate pain for disbudded organic dairy calves are regulated by the US National Organic Program. Organic producers regularly use naturally derived alternatives for the treatment of health disorders of dairy calves, heifers, and cows. Alternative natural products may provide an option to mitigate pain in organic dairy calves. Despite the reluctance to implement pain alleviation methods, some organic farmers have expressed interest in or currently implement plant-based alternatives. Efficacy studies of alternative remedies for organic livestock are needed to verify that their use improves animal welfare. Non-effective practices represent a major challenge for organic dairy animal welfare. The relationship between humans and animals may be jeopardized during milking because first-lactation cows may exhibit adverse behaviors during the milking process, such as kicking and stomping. The periparturient period is particularly challenging for first-lactation cows. Adverse behaviors may jeopardize animal welfare and reduce safety for humans because stressed heifers may kick off the milking unit, kick at milkers, and display other unwanted behaviors in the milking parlor. This may reduce milking efficiency, overall production, and ultimately reduce the profitability of the dairy farm. Positive animal welfare is a challenging balancing act between the three overlapping ethic concerns. Identifying animal welfare deficits in organic livestock production is the first step in capitalizing on these opportunities to improve welfare.
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25
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Lavy E, Kirmayer D, Nudelman Z, Orenshtein-Vilensky L, Rowan TG, Shenderovich-Gefter J, Friedman M. Aspects in controlled drug delivery for topical applications in veterinary medicine. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 15:100235. [PMID: 35265770 PMCID: PMC8899706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled release of drugs is an appealing area of research as it provides numerous benefits in veterinary and human medicine. In this paper we attempt to analyze certain aspects related to topical drug delivery systems, their successes and failures, and their place in veterinary medicine. Some emphasis is given to the pharmaceutical aspects of the delivery systems, where the material available made it possible. Purely topical devices, such as cattle ear tags and various collars, as well as some topically administered bioavailable delivery systems are discussed. Special attention is given to hitherto under-evaluated delivery systems, such as topical varnishes. A carefully selected bibliography aims to lead the reader easily to the facts, without providing overwhelming data of varying quality. We believe that the paper may be of interest to practicing veterinarians as well as to pharmaceutical scientists working or considering practice in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Lavy
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David Kirmayer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Zakhar Nudelman
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | - Julia Shenderovich-Gefter
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Israel Patent Authority, Ministry of Justice, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Friedman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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26
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Pinheiro Machado GT, Veleirinho MB, Ferreira RG, Zuglianello C, Lemos-Senna E, Kuhnen S. Protection of bovine mammary epithelial cells by a nanoemulsion of the medicinal herb Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC and its capacity of permeation through mammary epithelium. J DAIRY RES 2022; 89:1-6. [PMID: 35225191 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029922000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The low levels of toxicity and cytoprotective effect attributed to Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC, a medicinal plant native to South America, are of interest for bovine mastitis therapy. This research paper reports the hypothesis that a nanoemulsion of macela extract (Achyrocline satureioides) exerts protective effects on bovine mammary alveolar cells -T (MAC-T) and increases the permeation of flavonoid compounds through mammary epithelium. Extract-loaded nanoemulsions (2.5 mg/ml) (NE-ML) (n = 4) were prepared using high-pressure homogenization with varying concentrations of flaxseed oil and Tween 80. Permeation and retention of free and nanoencapsulated quercetin, 3-O-methylquercetin and luteolin were performed on mammary glandular epithelium using Franz diffusion cells. The cell viability was evaluated on mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T lineage) using the MTT method (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) after exposure to loaded and blank nanoemulsions (NE-ML and NE-BL). Necrotic or apoptotic cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry after exposure to nanoemulsions (NE-ML and NE-BL). Subsequently, the cell death was assessed by previously treating MAC-T cells with NE-ML for 23 h, followed by exposure to H2O2 (2 mM) for 1 h. Higher permeation of quercetin and 3-O-methylquercetin in NE-ML was found compared to that of free extract with a final permeated amount of 50.7 ± 3.2 and 111.2 ± 0.6 μg/cm2 compared to 35.0 ± 0.6 and 48.9 ± 1.2, respectively. For NE-BL, the IC50 was at least 1.3% (v/v), while for the NE-ML, it was at least 2.6% (v/v). After exposure to NE-ML (5 and 1.2%, v/v), the percentage of apoptotic cells was reduced (±30%). For the H2O2 assay, the percentage of cells in necrosis was reduced by 40% after exposure to NE-ML1% (v/v) + H2O2 2 mM. The protective effects and increased permeation of macela nanoemulsion make this a promising new candidate for bovine mastitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela T Pinheiro Machado
- Biochemistry and Natural Products Laboratory (LABINAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis88040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria B Veleirinho
- Biochemistry and Natural Products Laboratory (LABINAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis88040-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto G Ferreira
- Biochemistry and Natural Products Laboratory (LABINAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carine Zuglianello
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis88040-900, Brazil
| | - Elenara Lemos-Senna
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis88040-900, Brazil
| | - Shirley Kuhnen
- Biochemistry and Natural Products Laboratory (LABINAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis88040-900, Brazil
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27
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A potential treatment approach for subclinical mastitis in dairy cows: auriculotherapy of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. J DAIRY RES 2022; 88:407-412. [PMID: 34991741 DOI: 10.1017/s002202992100087x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to test the hypothesis that neural therapy (NT) on the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN) in dairy cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis (SCM) results in a reduction of the somatic cell count. Therapeutic options for SCM are mostly based on use of antibiotics and often lead to unsatisfactory results. An alternative therapy targeting the anti-inflammatory properties of the vagus nerve showing good efficacy, economic viability and without major side effects would be of considerable interest. Auriculotherapy (AT) was performed using three repeated infiltrations of 8.0 mg (0.4 ml) procaine hydrochloride (2%) at the location of the ear tag associated with the auricular acupuncture point (AAP) of the udder. Some 85 clinically healthy cows from nine dairy farms were sampled for evaluation of quarter somatic cell count (QSCC) on four days (d0, d2, d4 and d6). Quarters with a QSCC > 100 000 cells/ml on d0 were included in the analysis. Over the study period, a total of 784 quarters were analysed, 385 control (CON) quarters from 40 cows and 399 treated (TRE) quarters from 45 cows. Results showed that AT of the ABNV resulted in a significant reduction of the QSCC after three treatments. The effect was independent of bacteriological culture results of the quarter milk samples. The bacteriological cure rate, however, was not influenced by AT. To our knowledge this is the first report of AT reducing QSCC in dairy cows with SCM. Before AT can be regarded as an alternative therapeutic approach, further research should focus on possible long-term effects of AT on the reduction of SCC, any bacterial elimination and the neural pathways of AT in dairy cows with SCM.
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28
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An overview on mastitis-associated Escherichia coli: Pathogenicity, host immunity and the use of alternative therapies. Microbiol Res 2021; 256:126960. [PMID: 35021119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis; it can cause sub-clinical, and clinical mastitis characterized by systemic changes, abnormal appearance of milk, and udder inflammation. E. coli pathogenicity in the bovine udder is due to the interaction between its virulence factors and the host factors; it was also linked to the presence of a new pathotype termed mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC). However, the presence of this pathotype is commonly debated. Its main virulence factor is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is responsible for causing an endotoxic shock, and inducing a strong immune response by binding to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and stimulating the expression of chemokines (such as IL-8, and RANTES) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, and IL-1β). This strong immune response could be used to develop alternative and safe approaches to control E. coli causing bovine mastitis by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage the host tissue. The need for alternative treatments against E. coli is due to its ability to resist many conventional antibiotics, which is a huge challenge for curing ill animals. Therefore, the aim of this review was to highlight the pathogenicity of E. coli in the mammary gland, discuss the presence of the new putative pathotype, the mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) pathotype, study the host's immune response, and the alternative treatments that are used against mastitis-associated E. coli.
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29
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Seligsohn D, Crestani C, Gitahi N, Lejon Flodin E, Chenais E, Zadoks RN. Investigation of extramammary sources of Group B Streptococcus reveals its unusual ecology and epidemiology in camels. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252973. [PMID: 34860840 PMCID: PMC8641886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels are vital to food production in the drylands of the Horn of Africa, with milk as their main contribution to food security. A major constraint to camel milk production is mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland. The condition negatively impacts milk yield and quality as well as household income. A leading cause of mastitis in dairy camels is Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus (GBS), which is also a commensal and pathogen of humans and cattle. It has been suggested that extramammary reservoirs for this pathogen may contribute to the occurrence of mastitis in camels. We explored the molecular epidemiology of GBS in camels using a cross-sectional study design for sample collection and phenotypic, genomic and phylogenetic analysis of isolates. Among 88 adult camels and 93 calves from six herds in Laikipia County, Kenya, GBS was detected in 20% of 50 milk samples, 25% of 152 nasal swabs, 8% of 90 oral swabs and 3% of 90 rectal swabs, but not in vaginal swabs. Per camel herd, two to four sequence types (ST) were identified using Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). More than half of the isolates belonged to ST617 or its single-locus variant, ST1652, with these STs found across all sample types. Capsular serotype VI was detected in 30 of 58 isolates. In three herds, identical STs were detected in milk and swab samples, suggesting that extramammary sources of GBS may contribute to the maintenance and spread of GBS within camel herds. This needs to be considered when developing prevention and control strategies for GBS mastitis. The high nasal carriage rate, low recto-vaginal carriage rate, and high prevalence of serotype VI for GBS in camels are in stark contrast to the distribution of GBS in humans and in cattle and reveal hitherto unknown ecological and molecular features of this bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Seligsohn
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Crestani
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nduhiu Gitahi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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30
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Beuckelaere L, De Visscher A, Souza FN, Meyer E, Haesebrouck F, Piepers S, De Vliegher S. Colonization and local host response following intramammary Staphylococcus chromogenes challenge in dry cows. Vet Res 2021; 52:137. [PMID: 34711282 PMCID: PMC8554945 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensive research has been performed on bovine non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), several aspects such as bacteria-host interaction remain largely unstudied. Moreover, only a few mastitis pathogen challenge studies in cows have been conducted in the dry period, an important period that allows intramammary infection (IMI) to cure and new IMI to occur. We challenged 16 quarters of 4 Holstein Friesian cows at dry off with 100; 100 000 or 10 000 000 CFU of the udder-adapted S. chromogenes IM strain. Four quarters from one cow served as negative controls. Internally sealed quarters remained untouched, whereas non-sealed quarters were sampled 3 times during the dry period. After parturition, colostrum and daily milk samples were taken during the first week of lactation of all quarters. In total, 8 quarters appeared to be colonized, since S. chromogenes IM was recovered at least once during the experiment, as substantiated using Multilocus Sequence Typing. S. chromogenes IM shedding was highest in dry quarters inoculated with 10 000 000 CFU. Colonized quarters had the highest quarter somatic cell count (qSCC) in early lactation. Inoculated quarters (both colonized and non-colonized) had lower IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in the dry period, whilst IFN-γ levels tended to be higher in colonized quarters compared to non-inoculated quarters. Also, IgG2 levels were higher in inoculated compared to non-inoculated quarters and the IgG2/IgG1 ratio was on average above 1. To conclude, we showed that dry quarters can be colonized with S. chromogenes IM, resulting in a shift towards a Th1 response in late gestation and early lactation characterised by an increased IgG2 concentration. However, further research is needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beuckelaere
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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On the Biocompatibility and Teat Retention of In Situ Gelling Intramammary Formulations: Cattle Mastitis Prevention and Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101732. [PMID: 34684025 PMCID: PMC8539992 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment and prevention of cattle mastitis remains a formidable challenge due to the anatomical and physiological constraints of the cow udder. In this study, we investigated polymeric excipients and solvents that can form, (when combined) novel, non-toxic and biocompatible in situ gelling formulations in the mammary gland of bovine cattle. We also report on a new approach to screen intramammary formulations using fresh excised cow teats. Fourteen hydrophilic polymers and six solvents were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity and biocompatibility towards cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), microscopic and macroscopic examination upon contact with excised cow teats. No significant cytotoxicity (p > 0.05) was observed with polyethylene oxides, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate and xanthan gum. Polycarbophil and carbopol polymers showed significantly higher cytotoxicity (p < 0.05). Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity was observed for glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400, ethanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and 2-pyrrolidone, with the 2-pyrrolidone solvents showing higher cytotoxic effects (p < 0.05). In situ gelling formulations comprising hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose and solvents in specific ratios were biocompatible at higher concentrations with MAC-T cells compared to alginates. All investigated formulations could undergo in situ sol-to-gel phase transformation, forming non-toxic gels with good biocompatibility in excised cow teats hence, showing potential for use as intramammary carriers for sustained drug delivery.
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Zhang T, Niu G, Boonyayatra S, Pichpol D. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Genes in Streptococcus uberis Associated With Bovine Mastitis in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:705338. [PMID: 34485432 PMCID: PMC8416076 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.705338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is recognized as an environmental mastitis pathogen in dairy cattle. The varied success rate of antibiotic treatment for S. uberis intramammary infection may be associated with the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of these bacteria. This observational study aimed to analyze 228 S. uberis strains associated with bovine mastitis in northern Thailand from 2010 to 2017. AMR and AMR genes were determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a microdilution method and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The majority of S. uberis strains were resistant to tetracycline (187/228, 82.02%), followed by ceftiofur (44/228, 19.30%), and erythromycin (19/228, 8.33%). The MIC50 and MIC90 of ceftiofur in 2017 were 2–4-fold higher than those in 2010 (P < 0.01). Resistance to tetracycline and ceftiofur significantly increased between 2010 and 2017 (P < 0.05). The most common gene detected in S. uberis was tetM (199/228, 87.28%), followed by ermB (151/228, 66.23 %) and blaZ (15/228, 6.58 %). The association between tetracycline resistance and tetM detection was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The detection rates of tetM significantly increased, while the detection rates of tetO and ermB significantly decreased during 2010–2017. AMR monitoring for bovine mastitis pathogens, especially S. uberis, is necessary to understand the trend of AMR among mastitis pathogens, which can help create an AMR stewardship program for dairy farms in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingrui Zhang
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Guoyi Niu
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sukolrat Boonyayatra
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Research Group for Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Pichpol
- Research Group for Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Wang H, Chen C, Chen X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Li X. PK/PD Modeling to Assess Rifaximin Clinical Dosage in a Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mastitis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:651369. [PMID: 34195244 PMCID: PMC8236590 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.651369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen that causes mastitis, an infection of the milk-secreting tissue of the udder, in dairy cows, and presents a huge economic problem for the dairy industry worldwide. Thus, control and treatment of mastitis in dairy cows is vital in order to reduce the costs associated with the disease. The main purpose of the current work was to examine the current dosage of rifaximin for the treatment mastitis in cows caused by S. aureus using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration in a mouse mastitis model. The mouse mastitis model was established via injection of S. aureus Newbould 305 (400 CFU/gland) into the mouse mammary gland. A single dose of 50, 100, 200, or 400 μg/gland, administered via intramammary infusion, was used to study the pharmacokinetics of rifaximin. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by non-compartment and non-linear mixed-effect models using Phoenix software (version 8.1; Pharsight, USA). In vivo pharmacodynamics was used to examine 18 therapeutic regimens covering various doses ranging from 25 to 800 μg/gland and three dosing intervals of 8, 12, and 24 h per 24 h experiment cycle. The antibacterial effect of rifaximin was elevated with higher concentrations of rifaximin or shorter intervals of administration. The percentage of time that drug concentrations exceeded the MIC during a dose interval (%T > MIC) was generally 100% for rifaximin and was not better than AUC24/MIC in the sigmoid Emax model of inhibitory effect. The optimal antibacterial effect was 2log10CFU/gland when the magnitude of AUC24/MIC reached 14,281.63 h. A total of 14,281.63 h of AUC24/MIC was defined as a target value in the Monte Carlo simulation. The clinically recommended dosage regimen of 100 mg/gland every 8 h in 1 day achieved an 82.97% cure rate for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingju Zhang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiubo Li
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sharun K, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Gugjoo MB, Iqbal Yatoo M, Patel SK, Pathak M, Karthik K, Khurana SK, Singh R, Puvvala B, Amarpal, Singh R, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 41:107-136. [PMID: 33509059 PMCID: PMC7906113 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1882713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavani Puvvala
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Modeling the Growth and Death of Staphylococcus aureus against Melaleuca armillaris Essential Oil at Different pH Conditions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020222. [PMID: 33672314 PMCID: PMC7926965 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EO) are a great antimicrobial resource against bacterial resistance in public health. Math models are useful in describing the growth, survival, and inactivation of microorganisms against antimicrobials. We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca armillaris EO obtained from plants placed in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were close and decreased, slightly acidifying the medium from pH 7.4 to 6.5 and 5.0. This result was also evidenced by applying a sigmoid model, where the time and EO concentration necessaries to achieve 50% of the maximum effect decreased when the medium was acidified. Moreover, at pH 7.4, applying the Gompertz model, we found that subinhibitory concentrations of EO decreased the growth rate and the maximum population density and increased the latency period concerning the control. Additionally, we established physicochemical parameters for quality control and standardization of M. armillaris EO. Mathematical modeling allowed us to estimate key parameters in the behavior of S. aureus and Melaleuca armillaris EO at different pH. This is interesting in situations where the pH changes are relevant, such as the control of intracellular infections in public health or the development of preservatives for the food industry.
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Natural Agents against Bovine Mastitis Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020205. [PMID: 33669638 PMCID: PMC7922792 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is the most widespread and economically important disease worldwide. The present study aimed to determine bioactive compounds in two essential oils (EOs) from wild (Thymus serpyllum) and common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and to assess the antioxidant potential as well as antibacterial efficacy of the EOs against mastitis-associated bacteria. The study also included antibiotic susceptibility tests. The strains were previously isolated from lactating animals with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The antioxidant potential of the commercial EOs of wild and common thyme was evaluated by five in vitro assays. The antibacterial activity was performed using the microdilution technique, while antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The dominant compound in wild thyme was thymol (45.22%), followed by p-cymene (23.83%) and γ-terpinene (3.12%), while in common thyme, it was thymol (54.17%), followed by γ-terpinene (22.18%) and p-cymene (16.66%). Among the fourteen mastitis-associated bacteria, strain IX Streptococcus spp. (β-hemolytic) was the most sensitive to the tested EOs (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 0.78/1.56 and 0.39/0.78 mg/mL for T. serpyllum (TS) and T. vulgaris (TV), respectively). Regarding Streptococcus spp. β heamoliticus, MICs for TS ranged from 0.78 to 1.56 mg/mL, while for the same oil, MBCs ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. In the case of T. vulgaris, MICs ranged from 0.39 to 3.125 mg/ mL, while MBCs ranged from 3.125 to 6.25 mg/mL. TV is more active against E. coli, E. sakazakii, and Streptococcus spp., while it is less effective against Staphylococcus spp. than TS. The study revealed that the tested EOs possess remarkable antioxidative and antibacterial activities and could be used in the development of pharmaceutical formulation as an alternative to conventional mastitis therapy.
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Wang X, Su F, Yu X, Geng N, Li L, Wang R, Zhang M, Liu J, Liu Y, Han B. RNA-Seq Whole Transcriptome Analysis of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in Response to Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:642. [PMID: 33426011 PMCID: PMC7793973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a common mastitis pathogen widespread in the natural environment of dairy farms, is capable of invading mammary epithelial cells making treatment difficult. However, the mechanism of the response of bovine mammary epithelial cell to S. aureus invasion remains elusive. In this study, transcriptomic analysis and bioinformatics tools were applied to explore the differentially expressed RNAs in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) between the control and S. aureus-treated group. A total of 259 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 27 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and 21 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) were found. These RNAs mainly enrich the inflammatory response, immune response, endocytosis, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. qRT-PCR was used to analyze the quality of the RNA-seq results. In particular, to the defense mechanism of bovine mammary epithelial cells against intracellular S. aureus, the PPAR signaling pathway and the genes (ACOX2, CROT, and NUDT12) were found to be up-regulated to promote the production of peroxisomes and ROS, DRAM1 expression was also up-regulated to facilitate the activation of autophagy, indicating that the above mechanisms were involved in the elimination of intracellular S. aureus in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Feng Su
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Liping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Run Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Epidemiology and Classification of Mastitis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122212. [PMID: 33255907 PMCID: PMC7760962 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Farmers should focus on milk quality over quantity. However, in some situations, more attention is focused on the amount of milk produced. In the long term, this approach might represent an important economic cost as it leads to increased incidence of mastitis. Mastitis affects herds in all countries and is the most economically burdensome disease encountered by dairy farmers. The current review focuses on the main pathogens that cause this inflammation and their prevalence as well as strategies to prevent their proliferation. We discuss economic loss, with the goal of demonstrating that prevention is always better than disease management. Abstract Farmers should focus on milk quality over quantity because milk that contains unsuitable components and/or antibiotic residues, or has a high somatic cell count, cannot be used in food production and thereby results in reduced milk yield. One of the main problems affecting the ultimate milk yield of dairy cows is mastitis. This disease is the most serious economic and health problem associated with dairy cow herds and is a major reason for excessive culling. Therefore, many studies have addressed this problem to further our understanding of the agents causing mastitis and their classification and virulence factors. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding mastitis prevalence, the characteristics of its main causative agents, and the effects of mastitis on dairy production. The review also intends to provide guidance for future studies by examining external effects influencing dairy production in cows under field conditions.
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Ortega E, Alfonseca-Silva E, Posadas E, Tapia G, Sumano H. A non-inferiority study evaluating a new extended-release preparation of tilmicosin injected subcutaneously vs. ceftiofur administered intramammary, as dry-cow therapy in Holstein Friesian cows. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e87. [PMID: 33263234 PMCID: PMC7710465 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new, extended long-acting tilmicosin (TLAe) preparation was tested against intramammary ceftiofur (CEF) using a non-inferiority trial model during dry-cow therapy (DCT) in a farm with high bovine population density and deficient hygiene application. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the possibility that TLAe administered parenterally can achieve non-inferiority status compared to CEF administered intramammary for DCT. METHODS Cows were randomly assigned to TLAe (20 mg/kg subcutaneous; n = 53) or CEF (CEF-HCl, 125 mg/quarter; n = 38 cows) treatment groups. California mastitis testing, colony-forming unit assessment (CFU/mL), and number of cases positive for Staphylococcus aureus were quantified before DCT and 7 d after calving. A complete cure was defined as no bacteria isolated; partial cure when CFU/mL ranged from 150 to 700, and cure-failure when CFU/mL was above 700. RESULTS TLAe and CEF had overall cure rates of 57% and 53% (p > 0.05) and S. aureus cure rates of 77.7% and 25%, respectively (p < 0.05). The pathogens detected at DCT and 7 days after calving were S. aureus (62.71% and 35.55%), Staphylococcus spp. (22.03% and 35.55%), Streptococcus uberis (10.16% and 13.33%), and Escherichia coli (5.08% and 15.55%). Non-inferiority and binary logistic regression analyses revealed a lack of difference in overall efficacies of TLAe and CEF. Apart from S. aureus, S. uberis was the predominant pathogen found in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first successful report of parenteral DCT showing comparable efficacy as CEF, the gold-standard. The extended long-term pharmacokinetic activity of TLAe explains these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Ortega
- Department of Animal Production-Ruminants, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar Alfonseca-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Posadas
- Department of Animal Production-Ruminants, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Hector Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Efficacy of Natural Formulations in Bovine Mastitis Pathology: Alternative Solution to Antibiotic Treatment. J Vet Res 2020; 64:523-529. [PMID: 33367141 PMCID: PMC7734678 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the udder that causes important economic losses in the animal breeding and dairy product industries. Nowadays, the conventional livestock antibiotic treatments are slowly being replaced by alternative treatments. In this context, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of natural products in alternative treatment of bovine mastitis. Material and Methods Two natural formulations with previously suggested in vitro antimicrobial effect were tested in vivo on mastitic cows. Animals with a positive diagnosis for mastitis (n = 20) were divided into three treatment groups: two groups (n = 8) were administered formulations of propolis, alcoholic extracts of Brewers Gold and Perle hops, plum lichen, common mallow, marigold, absinthe wormwood, black poplar buds, lemon balm, and essential oils of oregano, lavender, and rosemary designated R4 and R7 (differing only in the latter being more concentrated) and one group (n = 4) a conventional antibiotic mixture. In vivo efficacy of treatments was evaluated by somatic cell and standard plate counts, the treatment being considered efficacious when both parameters were under the maximum limit. Results R7 was effective in the most cases, being therapeutically bactericidal in six out of eight cows, while R4 gave good results in three out of eight cows, and conventional antibiotics cured one out of four. Conclusion These results suggest the possible therapeutic potential of these natural products in bovine mastitis.
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He L, Li S, Xu C, Wei B, Zhang J, Xu Y, Zhu B, Cao Y, Wu X, Xiong Z, Huang R, Yang J, Wang H. A New Method of Gelatin Modified Collagen and Viscoelastic Study of Gelatin-Collagen Composite Hydrogel. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cheng WN, Han SG. Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments - A review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1699-1713. [PMID: 32777908 PMCID: PMC7649072 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common disease of dairy cattle causing economic losses due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk. The etiological agents include a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and can be either contagious (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) or environmental (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus uberis). Improving sanitation such as enhanced milking hygiene, implementation of post-milking teat disinfection, maintenance of milking machines are general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis, but treatment of active mastitis infection is dependant mainly on antibiotics. However, the extensive use of antibiotics increased concerns about emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and that led the dairy industries to reduce the use of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative therapies for prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis, particularly natural products from plants and animals, have been sought. This review provides an overview of bovine mastitis in the aspects of risk factors, control and treatments, and emerging therapeutic alternatives in the control of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nee Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Ishihara K, Sunagawa C, Haneishi T, Miyaguchi N, Endo N, Tanaka T. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates between cured and uncured cases of bovine mastitis. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:903-907. [PMID: 32378520 PMCID: PMC7399304 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of antimicrobial susceptibility on outcomes, we compared the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and the family Enterobacteriaceae from cured and uncured mastitis cases; milk shipment for uncured cases could not be resumed within 3 weeks after initial clinical examination. A higher MIC50 of ampicillin and a higher MIC90 of cefazolin for Enterobacteriaceae isolates were observed for cured rather than uncured cases with differences in ≥2 tubes. Endotoxins are generally released from Enterobacteriaceae upon antimicrobial treatment; their amounts are presumed to be greater in mastitis cases resulting from β-lactam antibiotic-susceptible rather than -resistant microbes. For staphylococcal and streptococcal isolates, the MIC50 and MIC90 of β-lactam antibiotics were similar for cured and uncured cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ishihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sunagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takashi Haneishi
- Central Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federated Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Chiba 299-0126, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Natsumi Endo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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A cross sectional study of prevalence and risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis and intramammary infections, in dairy herds linked to milk collection centers in Rwanda. Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:105007. [PMID: 32380364 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate prevalence, causative udder pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as well as cow and herd risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM = cows with at least one udder quarter with california mastitis test (CMT) score > 2) and intramammary infections (IMI) caused by Staphylococcus(S.) aureus or Non aureus staphylococci (NAS) in dairy cows linked to Milk Collection Centers (MCCs) in Rwanda. Screening for SCM with the CMT was done on 572 cows from 404 herds linked to two MCCs in each of four provinces. Milk from udder quarters with a CMT score ≥3 (scale 1-5) was sampled for bacteriological analysis. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated in 60 selected S. aureus isolates. Multivariable mixed effect and ordinary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify cow and herd level risk factors associated with SCM, NAS or S. aureus IMI in cows. The prevalence of SCM was 37.3 % at quarter level and 62.0 % at cow level. Bacteria were isolated 73.7 % of the cultured milk samples, whereas 23.3 % were culture-negative and 3.0 % were contaminated. Staphylococcus aureus and NAS were the most prevalent pathogens, representing more than half of all bacteriological findings. Staphylococcus chromogenes and S. epidermidis were the most prevalent NAS species identified. Of the S. aureus strains 83.3 % were resistant for penicillin, 100 % for clindamycin and 20 % tetracycline. The risk factor analysis showed that an increased stage of lactation, dirty udder and legs in single cow herds and lack of calf suckling the dam, dirty udder and legs and lack of feeding cow after milking in multiple cow herds were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with an increased odds of SCM. Similarly, increasing stage of lactation in single cow herds, and housing cows in individual cattle kraal or on earthen floor and hand washing between cows during milking in multiple cow herds were associated with increased odds for NAS IMI. Poor hygiene of milking area in single cow herds and absence of foremilk stripping in multiple cow herds were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with increased odds for S. aureus IMI in cows. In conclusion, SCM prevalence was high across MCCs. The majority of identified pathogens were contagious in nature and they exhibited resistance to penicillin. Control of the identified risks factors and improved biosecurity through adoption of best practices, and farmer training could contribute to lowering SCM prevalence in Rwanda.
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Pinheiro Machado GT, Veleirinho MB, Mazzarino L, Machado Filho LCP, Maraschin M, Cerri RLA, Kuhnen S. Development of propolis nanoparticles for the treatment of bovine mastitis: in vitro studies on antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development of propolis nanoparticles (PNP) to treat bovine mastitis. Three PNP prepared with varying concentrations of propolis (5% and 7%, w/v) and the surfactants [poloxamer (1%, 3%, and 4%, w/v) and soy lecithin (0.25%, 0.7%, and 1%, w/v)]. PNP were characterized according to their size, polydispersity, zeta potential, pH, morphology, and physical stability. PNP were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. PNP obtained were spherical with a monodisperse distribution (polydispersity index < 0.2) and an average particle size between 181 and 201 nm. Stability studies showed that PNP were stable over 150 d. The encapsulation efficiency of total phenolic content varied between 73% and 91%. The chromatographic profile of phenolic compounds from PNP showed selective encapsulation efficiency according to the polarity of compounds. All PNP showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 156 to 310 μg mL−1. The IC50 (the concentration responsible for reduction of cellular viability by half) for epithelial cells of bovine mammary gland (MAC-T, mammary alveolar cell-T) varied from 122.2 to 268.4 μg mL−1. Results showed that PNP represent a promising nanocarrier for high concentrations of propolis extract in a stable aqueous medium, while, at the same time, presenting antimicrobial activity accompanied by moderate cytotoxicity to the MAC-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Letícia Mazzarino
- NanoBioMat Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Maraschin
- NanoBioMat Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Luis Aoki Cerri
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Shirley Kuhnen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry — LABIMA, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
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Supa-Amornkul S, Mongkolsuk P, Summpunn P, Chaiyakunvat P, Navaratdusit W, Jiarpinitnun C, Chaturongakul S. Alternative Sigma Factor B in Bovine Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus: Characterization of Its Role in Biofilm Formation, Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide Stress, Regulon Members. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2493. [PMID: 31787937 PMCID: PMC6853994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines treatments of the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, namely, in the context of its being a major cause of subclinical bovine mastitis. Such infections caused by S. aureus among dairy cows are difficult to detect and can easily become chronic, leading to reduced productivity and large losses for dairy manufacturers. In this study, the role of alternative sigma factor B (σB), which has been shown to be a global regulator for S. aureus infections, was explored in a mastitis-causing S. aureus strain, RF122. For comparison with the wild-type strain, a sigB null (ΔsigB) mutant was constructed and analyzed for its phenotypes and transcriptome. Our study found that σB is essential for biofilm formation as the ΔsigB mutant strain produced significantly less biofilm than did the wild-type strain at 48 h. σB is involved in response to H2O2 stress. However, σB plays a minor or no role in resistance to antiseptics (e.g., povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine), resistance to tested antibiotics, hemolysin activity, and invasion ability. RNA sequencing identified 225 σB-dependent genes, of which 171 are positively regulated and 54 are negatively regulated. The identified genes are involved in stress response, pathogenesis, and metabolic mechanisms. Quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR was performed to verify the RNA sequencing results; i.e., σB is a positive regulator for asp23, sarA, katA, yabJ, sodA, SAB2006c, and nrdD expressions. In the RF122 strain, σB plays a role in biofilm formation, general stress response (e.g., H2O2), and regulation of virulence factors and virulence-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirirak Supa-Amornkul
- Mahidol International Dental School, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paninee Mongkolsuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pijug Summpunn
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Pongkorn Chaiyakunvat
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warisara Navaratdusit
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutima Jiarpinitnun
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Soraya Chaturongakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Araújo RS, Garcia GM, Vilela JMC, Andrade MS, Oliveira LAM, Kano EK, Lange CC, Brito MAVPE, Brandão HDM, Mosqueira VCF. Cloxacillin benzathine-loaded polymeric nanocapsules: Physicochemical characterization, cell uptake, and intramammary antimicrobial effect. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:110006. [PMID: 31499941 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work shows the development and evaluation of the veterinary antibiotic cloxacillin benzathine (CLOXB) loaded into poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanocapsules (NC), as a potential new treatment strategy to manage bovine intramammary infections, such as mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis is often a recurrent disease due to the persistence of bacteria within infected cells. CLOXB-PCL NC were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed biodegradable polymer followed by solvent displacement method. The mean diameter of NC varied from 241 to 428 nm and from 326 to 375 nm, when determined by dynamic light scattering and by atomic force microscopy, respectively. The zeta potential of NC was negative and varied from -28 to -51 mV. In vitro release studies from the NC were performed in two media under sink conditions: PBS with 1% polyethylene glycol or milk. A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to determine the NC entrapment efficiency and kinetics of CLOXB release from the NC. Free CLOXB dissolution occurred very fast in both media, while drug release from the NC was slower and incomplete (below 50%) after 9 h. CLOXB release kinetics from polymeric NC was fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicating that CLOXB release is governed by diffusion following Fick's law. The fluorescence confocal microscopy images of macrophage-like J774A.1 cells reveal NC uptake and internalization in vitro. In addition, antimicrobial effect of the intramammary administration of CLOXB-PCL NC in cows with mastitis resulted in no clinical signs of toxicity and allowed complete pathogen elimination after treatment. The in vivo results obtained in this work suggest that CLOXB-PCL NC could be a promising formulation for the treatment of intramammary infections in cattle, considering their physicochemical properties, release profiles and effects on bovine mastitis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Giani Martins Garcia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eunice Kazue Kano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Carla Christine Lange
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil.
| | | | - Humberto de Mello Brandão
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
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Ndahetuye JB, Persson Y, Nyman AK, Tukei M, Ongol MP, Båge R. Aetiology and prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in peri-urban areas of Kigali in Rwanda. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2037-2044. [PMID: 31030333 PMCID: PMC6695354 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and associated risk factors in dairy cows in peri-urban areas of Kigali, Rwanda, and identify causative udder pathogens. A sample of 256 cows from 25 herds was screened with the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and udder quarters with CMT score ≥ 3 (scale 1–5) were milk sampled for culture and final bacteriological identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). All resultant staphylococci species were tested for beta-lactamase production with the clover leaf method. In parallel, herd bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC) of each herd was analysed using a portable device, the DeLaval cell counter. The prevalence of SCM was 43.1% at quarter level and 76.2% at cow level based on CMT test. Multiparous, Holstein cows were 2.50 (C.I = 1.32–4.71) and 10.08 (C.I = 1.54–66.13) times more likely to contract SCM infection than primiparous animals or cows of other breeds, respectively. The median and mean SCC of all herds were 1108 × 103 cells/mL and 1179 × 103 cells/mL, respectively. The most prevalent pathogens were non-aureus staphylococci (NAS; 40.2%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and less prevalent pathogens (6%). Samples with no growth or contamination constituted 30.4% and 1.4% of the diagnoses, respectively. The most prevalent species within NAS were S. epidermidis (38.2%) followed by S. sciuri (19.5%), S. chromogenes (9.8%), and nine less prevalent NAS species (32.5%). Out of 209 staphylococci isolates, 77% exhibited beta-lactamase production. The study shows that there is high prevalence of SCM and high herd bulk milk SCC in herds in Kigali, indicating udder health problems in dairy cows. Additionally, beta-lactamase production among staphylococci species was common. Improved milking hygiene and application of biosecurity measures, or a complete mastitis control plan, is required to lower the prevalence of SCM and minimize the spread of pathogens among dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye
- Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. .,College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda.
| | - Ylva Persson
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Tukei
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Martin Patrick Ongol
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Renée Båge
- Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Božić A, Anderson RC, Arzola-Alvarez C, Ruiz-Barrera O, Corral-Luna A, Castillo-Castillo Y, Arzola-Rubio A, Poole TL, Harvey RB, Hume ME, Beier RC, Nisbet DJ. Inhibition of multidrug-resistant Staphylococci by sodium chlorate and select nitro- and medium chain fatty acid compounds. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1508-1518. [PMID: 30803130 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Determine the antimicrobial effects of 5 μmol ml-1 sodium chlorate, 9 μmol ml-1 nitroethane or 2-nitropropanol as well as lauric acid, myristic acid and the glycerol ester of lauric acid Lauricidin® , each at 5 mg ml-1 , against representative methicillin-resistant staphylococci, important mastitis- and opportunistic dermal-pathogens of humans and livestock. METHODS AND RESULTS Three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and two methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were cultured at 39°C in 5 μmol ml-1 nitrate-supplemented half-strength Brain Heart Infusion broth treated without or with the potential inhibitors. Results revealed that 2-nitropropanol was the most potent and persistent of all compounds tested, achieving 58-99% decreases in mean specific growth rates and maximum optical densities when compared with untreated controls. Growth inhibition did not persist by cultures treated solely with chlorate or nitroethane, with adaptation occurring by different mechanisms after 7 h. Adaptation did not occur in cultures co-treated with nitroethane and chlorate. The medium chain fatty acid compounds had modest effects on all the staphylococci tested except the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis strain NKR1. CONCLUSIONS The antimicrobial activity of nitrocompounds, chlorate and medium chain fatty acid compounds against different methicillin-resistant staphylococci varied in potency. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Results suggest that differential antimicrobial activities exhibited by mechanistically dissimilar inhibitors against methicillin-resistant staphylococci may yield potential opportunities to combine the treatments to overcome their individual limitations and broaden their activity against other mastitis and dermal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Božić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - R C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C Arzola-Alvarez
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - O Ruiz-Barrera
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - A Corral-Luna
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Y Castillo-Castillo
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - A Arzola-Rubio
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - T L Poole
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R B Harvey
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M E Hume
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R C Beier
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - D J Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
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50
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Higham LE, Deakin A, Tivey E, Porteus V, Ridgway S, Rayner AC. A survey of dairy cow farmers in the United Kingdom: knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding antimicrobial use and resistance. Vet Rec 2018; 183:746. [PMID: 30413678 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the most pressing challenges facing humanity. This survey of dairy cow farmers (n=372) was conducted to explore knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding veterinary medicine use and to identify farmer-led solutions to reducing, replacing and refining antimicrobial use. Antimicrobials were the most commonly reported veterinary medicines used. Twenty-two per cent of the antibiotics used by dairy farmers contained a highest priority critically important active ingredient. Mastitis was rated as the most important health and welfare challenge and was the most common reason for medicine use. Frequency of veterinary contact was associated with a decrease in the use of antibiotic footbaths, more 'responsible' treatment choices and increased knowledge of AMR. Purchasing medicine from a vet practice rather than elsewhere was associated with an increased likelihood of disposing of waste milk responsibly. These findings highlight the important role of veterinarians in guiding responsible medicine use. Ninety per cent of participants stated that they were trying to reduce their antimicrobial use. Farmers suggested a wide array of alternative treatments and potential interventions for managing herd health. Findings from this project could be used to target education and training surrounding best practice, supporting the important role that farmers play in protecting public health.
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