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Liu Y, Cong H, Bi C, Zha H, Yu S, Zhao L, Zhu Q. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) from roughskin sculpin (Trachidermus fasciatus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:513-526. [PMID: 38103084 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin1(Prx1), also known as natural killer enhancing factor A (NKEF-A), is a crucial antioxidant involving in various cellular activities and immune response against bacterial and viral infection in fish. In the present study, a full-length Prx1 cDNA sequence (TfPrx1) was firstly cloned from roughskin sculpin (Trachidermus fasciatus), which was composed of 1044 bp nucleotides encoding a peptide of 199 amino acids with a molecular weight of 22.35 kDa and a theoretical pI of 6.42, respectively. The predicted peptide was a typical 2-cys Prx containing two conserved characteristic motifs 43FYPLDFTFVCPTEI56 and 170GEVCPA175 with the two conserved peroxidatic and resolving cysteine residuals forming disulfide bond. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that TfPrx1 was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues with the highest expression in the intestine. It could be significantly induced following LPS injection and heavy metal exposure. Recombinant TfPrx1 (rTfPrx1) displayed insulin disulfide reduction and ROS-scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner, and further exhibited DNA and cytoprotective effects under oxidative stress. These results suggested that TfPrx1 protein may play an important role in fish immune protection from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Cong
- Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Caihong Bi
- Weihai No. 4 High School, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Haidong Zha
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China.
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Udonsom R, Adisakwattana P, Popruk S, Reamtong O, Jirapattharasate C, Thiangtrongjit T, Rerkyusuke S, Chanlun A, Hasan T, Kotepui M, Siri S, Nishikawa Y, Mahittikorn A. Evaluation of Immunodiagnostic Performances of Neospora caninum Peroxiredoxin 2 (NcPrx2), Microneme 4 (NcMIC4), and Surface Antigen 1 (NcSAG1) Recombinant Proteins for Bovine Neosporosis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:531. [PMID: 38396498 PMCID: PMC10885977 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine neosporosis is among the main causes of abortion in cattle worldwide, causing serious economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. A highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method for the assessment of the epidemiology of the disease, as well as it surveillance and management, is imperative, due to the absence of an effective treatment or vaccine against neosporosis. In the present study, the immunodiagnostic performance of Neospora caninum peroxiredoxin 2 (NcPrx2), microneme 4 (NcMIC4), and surface antigen 1 (NcSAG1) to detect IgG antibodies against N. caninum in cattle were evaluated and compared with that of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed that NcSAG1 had the highest sensitivity and specificity, with values of 88.4% and 80.7%, respectively, followed by NcPrx2, with a high sensitivity of 87.0% but a low specificity of 67.0%, whereas NcMIC4 showed sensitivity and specificity of 84.1% and 78.9%, respectively, when compared with IFAT. A high degree of agreement was observed for NcSAG1 (k = 0.713) recombinant protein, showing the highest diagnostic capability, followed by NcMIC4 (k = 0.64) and NcPrx2 (k = 0.558). The present study demonstrates that NcSAG1 is helpful as an antigen marker and also demonstrates the potential immunodiagnostic capabilities of NcPrx2 and NcMIC4, which could serve as alternative diagnostic markers for detecting N. caninum infection in cattle. These markers may find utility in future treatment management, surveillance, and risk assessment of neosporosis in livestock or other animal host species. Further research should be directed toward understanding the in vivo immune response differences resulting from immunization with both recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruenruetai Udonsom
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (R.U.); (S.P.)
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (R.U.); (S.P.)
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (O.R.); (T.T.)
| | - Charoonluk Jirapattharasate
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (O.R.); (T.T.)
| | - Sarinya Rerkyusuke
- Division of Livestock Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Aran Chanlun
- Division of Livestock Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Tanjila Hasan
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Sukhontha Siri
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (R.U.); (S.P.)
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In vitro efficacy of albendazole-loaded β-cyclodextrin against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Freire ML, Rego FD, Lopes KF, Coutinho LA, Grenfell RFQ, Avelar DM, Cota G, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Oliveira E. Anti-mitochondrial Tryparedoxin Peroxidase Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunohistochemistry for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790906. [PMID: 35295679 PMCID: PMC8918995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a globally spreading public health problem. Among Latin America countries, Brazil has the greatest number of recorded CL cases with several Leishmania species being associated with human cases. Laboratory diagnosis is one of the major challenges to disease control due to the low accuracy of parasitological techniques, the restricted use of molecular techniques, and the importance of differential diagnosis with regard to several dermatological and systemic diseases. In response, we have developed and validated an immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique for CL diagnosis using anti-mTXNPx monoclonal antibody (mAb). Recombinant Leishmania–mTXNPx was produced and used as an immunogen for mAb production through the somatic hybridization technique. The viability of mAb labeling of Leishmania amastigotes was tested by IHC performed with skin biopsies from hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania guyanensis. The enzymes horseradish peroxidase (IHC-HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (IHC-AP), both biotin-free polymer detection systems, were used in the standardization step. The IHC was further validated with skin biopsies from 49 CL patients diagnosed by clinical examination and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and from 37 patients presenting other dermatological infectious diseases. Other parasitological techniques, such as direct examination and culture, were also performed for confirmed CL patients. Histopathology and IHC were performed for all included patients. Overall, the highest sensitivity was observed for IHC-AP (85.7%), followed by IHC-HRP (79.6%), direct examination (77.6%), histopathological examination (HE; 65.3%), and in vitro culture (49%). Only IHC and HE presented specificity over 90% and were able to detect CL patients regardless of parasite burden (odds ratio > 1.94; 95%CI: 0.34–11.23). A significant increase in positivity rates was observed when IHC-AP was combined with direct examination (95.9%) and HE (93.9%). The IHC techniques evaluated in here detected the main Leishmania species causing CL in Brazil and can support diagnostic strategies for controlling this neglected disease, especially if used in combination with other approaches for an integrative laboratorial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Dutra Rego
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gláucia Cota
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antônio Pascoal-Xavier
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Edward Oliveira,
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Dorey A, Cwiklinski K, Rooney J, De Marco Verissimo C, López Corrales J, Jewhurst H, Fazekas B, Calvani NED, Hamon S, Gaughan S, Dalton JP, Lalor R. Autonomous Non Antioxidant Roles for Fasciola hepatica Secreted Thioredoxin-1 and Peroxiredoxin-1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:667272. [PMID: 34026663 PMCID: PMC8131638 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.667272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trematode parasites of the genus Fasciola are the cause of liver fluke disease (fasciolosis) in humans and their livestock. Infection of the host involves invasion through the intestinal wall followed by migration in the liver that results in extensive damage, before the parasite settles as a mature egg-laying adult in the bile ducts. Genomic and transcriptomic studies revealed that increased metabolic stress during the rapid growth and development of F. hepatica is balanced with the up-regulation of the thiol-independent antioxidant system. In this cascade system thioredoxin/glutathione reductase (TGR) reduces thioredoxin (Trx), which then reduces and activates peroxiredoxin (Prx), whose major function is to protect cells against the damaging hydrogen peroxide free radicals. F. hepatica expresses a single TGR, three Trx and three Prx genes; however, the transcriptional expression of Trx1 and Prx1 far out-weighs (>50-fold) other members of their family, and both are major components of the parasite secretome. While Prx1 possesses a leader signal peptide that directs its secretion through the classical pathway and explains why this enzyme is found freely soluble in the secretome, Trx1 lacks a leader peptide and is secreted via an alternative pathway that packages the majority of this enzyme into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we propose that F. hepatica Prx1 and Trx1 do not function as part of the parasite’s stress-inducible thiol-dependant cascade, but play autonomous roles in defence against the general anti-pathogen oxidative burst by innate immune cells, in the modulation of host immune responses and regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Dorey
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - James Rooney
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heather Jewhurst
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Barbara Fazekas
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Hamon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Gaughan
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John P Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Ryan S, Shiels J, Taggart CC, Dalton JP, Weldon S. Fasciola hepatica-Derived Molecules as Regulators of the Host Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2182. [PMID: 32983184 PMCID: PMC7492538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths (worms) are one of the most successful organisms in nature given their ability to infect millions of humans and animals worldwide. Their success can be attributed to their ability to modulate the host immune response for their own benefit by releasing excretory-secretory (ES) products. Accordingly, ES products have been lauded as a potential source of immunomodulators/biotherapeutics for an array of inflammatory diseases. However, there is a significant lack of knowledge regarding the specific interactions between these products and cells of the immune response. Many different compounds have been identified within the helminth "secretome," including antioxidants, proteases, mucin-like peptides, as well as helminth defense molecules (HDMs), each with unique influences on the host inflammatory response. HDMs are a conserved group of proteins initially discovered in the secretome of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. HDMs interact with cell membranes without cytotoxic effects and do not exert antimicrobial activity, suggesting that these peptides evolved specifically for immunomodulatory purposes. A peptide generated from the HDM sequence, termed FhHDM-1, has shown extensive anti-inflammatory abilities in clinically relevant models of diseases such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and acute lung injury, offering hope for the development of a new class of therapeutics. In this review, the current knowledge of host immunomodulation by a range of F. hepatica ES products, particularly FhHDM-1, will be discussed. Immune regulators, including HDMs, have been identified from other helminths and will also be outlined to broaden our understanding of the variety of effects these potent molecules exert on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Ryan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Shiels
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John P Dalton
- Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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A review on the druggability of a thiol-based enzymatic antioxidant thioredoxin reductase for treating filariasis and other parasitic infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 142:125-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang H, Li J, Zhang C, Guo B, Wei Q, Li L, Yang N, Peter McManus D, Gao X, Zhang W, Wen H. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto: silencing of thioredoxin peroxidase impairs the differentiation of protoscoleces into metacestodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:57. [PMID: 30474598 PMCID: PMC6254101 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan parasitic disease caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx) may play an essential role in the antioxidant defence system of E. granulosus s.l. as neither catalase nor glutathione peroxidase activities have been detected in the parasite. However, it is not known whether TPx affects the survival and growth of E. granulosus s.l. during development. In this study, three fragments of siRNA specific for EgTPx (siRNA-1/2/3) were designed and transfected into protoscoleces of E. granulosus sensu stricto by electroporation. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis showed that siRNA-3 significantly reduced the expression of EgTPx. Coincidentally, knockdown of EgTPx expression in protoscoleces with siRNA-3 significantly reduced the viability of the parasite under oxidative stress induced by 0.6 mM H2O2. In vitro culture studies showed that protoscoleces treated with siRNA-3 reduced pre-microcyst formation. In vivo experiments showed that injecting mice intraperitoneally with protoscoleces treated with siRNA-3 resulted in a significant reduction in the number, size and weight of CE cysts compared with those of control animals. Silencing of EgTPx led to the impairment of growth of E. granulosus s.s. both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that EgTPx is an important factor for protoscoleces survival and plays an important role in the antioxidant defence against the host during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Changji, Xinjiang 831100, PR China - State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China
| | - Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China
| | - Qin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China
| | - Donald Peter McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Pharmacy College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, PR China - Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Changji, Xinjiang 831100, PR China
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Ghorbani M, Farhoudi R. Leishmaniasis in humans: drug or vaccine therapy? DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 12:25-40. [PMID: 29317800 PMCID: PMC5743117 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s146521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells. Approximately 30 different species of Phlebotomine sand flies can transmit this parasite either anthroponotically or zoonotically through their bites. Leishmaniasis affects poor people living around the Mediterranean Basin, East Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia. Affected regions are often remote and unstable, with limited resources for treating this disease. Leishmaniasis has been reported as one of the most dangerous neglected tropical diseases, second only to malaria in parasitic causes of death. People can carry some species of Leishmania for long periods without becoming ill, and symptoms depend on the form of the disease. There are many drugs and candidate vaccines available to treat leishmaniasis. For instance, antiparasitic drugs, such as amphotericin B (AmBisome), are a treatment of choice for leishmaniasis depending on the type of the disease. Despite the availability of different treatment approaches to treat leishmaniasis, therapeutic tools are not adequate to eradicate this infection. In the meantime, drug therapy has been limited because of adverse side effects and unsuccessful vaccine preparation. However, it can immediately make infections inactive. According to other studies, vaccination cannot eradicate leishmaniasis. There is no perfect vaccine or suitable drug to eradicate leishmaniasis completely. So far, no vaccine or drug has been provided to induce long-term protection and ensure effective immunity against leishmaniasis. Therefore, it is necessary that intensive research should be performed in drug and vaccine fields to achieve certain results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghorbani
- Department of Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Research and Production Complex, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ramin Farhoudi
- Department of Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Research and Production Complex, Karaj, Iran
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Fereig RM, Kuroda Y, Terkawi MA, Mahmoud ME, Nishikawa Y. Immunization with Toxoplasma gondii peroxiredoxin 1 induces protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176324. [PMID: 28448521 PMCID: PMC5407612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii, a vaccine antigen with immune-stimulating activity is required. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenicity and prophylactic potential of T. gondii peroxiredoxin 1 (TgPrx1). The TgPrx1 was detected in the ascitic fluid of mice 6 days postinfection, while specific antibody levels were low in the sera of chronically infected mice. Treatment of murine peritoneal macrophages with recombinant TgPrx1 triggered IL-12p40 and IL-6 production, but not IL-10 production. In response to TgPrx1, activation of NF-kB and IL-6 production were confirmed in mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). These results suggest the immune-stimulating potentials of TgPrx1. Immunization of mice with recombinant TgPrx1 stimulated specific antibody production (IgG1 and IgG2c). Moreover, spleen cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production significantly increased in the TgPrx1- sensitized cells from mice immunized with the same antigen. Immunization with TgPrx1 also increased mouse survival and decreased cerebral parasite burden against lethal T. gondii infection. Thus, our results suggest that TgPrx1 efficiently induces humoral and cellular immune responses and is useful as a new vaccine antigen against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab M. Fereig
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City, Qena, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kuroda
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Kita-kaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Animal Behavior, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag City, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Zhang H, Wang Z, Gong H, Cao J, Zhou Y, Zhou J. Identification and functional study of a novel 2-cys peroxiredoxin (BmTPx-1) of Babesia microti. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:21-27. [PMID: 27567985 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Babesia microti is an emerging human pathogen and the primary causative agent of human babesiosis in many regions of the world. Although the peroxiredoxins (Prxs) or thioredoxin peroxidases (TPx) enzymes of this parasite have been sequenced and annotated, their biological properties remain largely unknown. Prxs are a family of antioxidant enzymes that protect biological molecules against metabolically produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In this study, TPx-1 cDNA was cloned from B. microti (designated BmTPx-1). Recombinant BmTPx-1 (rBmTPx-1) was expressed in Escherichia coli as a histidine fusion protein and purified using Ni-NTA His bind resin. To test the defense capacity of enzymatic antioxidants against the effect of ROS, a mixed-function oxidation system was utilized with the recombinant BmTPx-1 protein. A decreased ability of rBmTPx-1 to donate electrons to the thioredoxin (Trx)/TrxR reductase system was clarified by reaction with H2O2. These results suggest that BmTPx-1 has a great impact on protecting parasites from oxidative stress in the erythrocytic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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12
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The Role of Signaling via Aqueous Pore Formation in Resistance Responses to Amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5122-9. [PMID: 27381391 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00878-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance studies have played an important role in the validation of antibiotic targets. In the case of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB), such studies have demonstrated the essential role that depletion of ergosterol plays in the development of AmB-resistant (AmB-R) organisms. However, AmB-R strains also occur in fungi and parasitic protozoa that maintain a normal level of ergosterol at the plasma membrane. Here, I review evidence that shows not only that there is increased protection against the deleterious consequences of AmB-induced ion leakage across the membrane in these resistant pathogens but also that a set of events are activated that block the cell signaling responses that trigger the oxidative damage produced by the antibiotic. Such signaling events appear to be the consequence of a membrane-thinning effect that is exerted upon lipid-anchored Ras proteins by the aqueous pores formed by AmB. A similar membrane disturbance effect may also explain the activity of AmB on mammalian cells containing Toll-like receptors. These resistance mechanisms expand our current understanding of the role that the formation of AmB aqueous pores plays in triggering signal transduction responses in both pathogens and host immune cells.
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13
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A 2-Cys peroxiredoxin in response to oxidative stress in the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27438. [PMID: 27271000 PMCID: PMC4895224 DOI: 10.1038/srep27438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease that has devastated pine forests in Asia. Parasitic nematodes are known to have evolved antioxidant stress responses that defend against host plant defenses. In this study, the infestation of whitebark pine, Pinus bungean, with B. xylophilus led to a significant increase in plant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and salicylic acid levels. Correspondingly, the expression of an antioxidative enzyme, 2-Cysteine peroxiredoxin (BxPrx), was elevated in B. xylophilus following the H2O2 treatments. Recombinant BxPrx, a thermal stabile and pH tolerant enzyme, exhibited high level of antioxidant activity against H2O2, suggesting that it is capable of protecting cells from free radical attacks. Immunohistochemical localization study showed that BxPrx was broadly expressed across different tissues and could be secreted outside the nematode. Finally, the number of BxPrx homologs in both dauer-like and fungi-feeding B. xylophilus were comparable based on bioinformatics analysis of existing EST libraries, indicating a potential role of BxPrx in both propagative and dispersal nematodes. These combined results suggest that BxPrx is a key genetic factor facilitating the infestation and distribution of B. xylophilus within pine hosts, and consequently the spread of pine wilt disease.
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Hong S, Kim JH, Yoon S, Kim K, Sim S, Park WY, Yu JR. Expression of Cryptosporidium parvum thioredoxin peroxidase in COS-7 cells confers radioprotection. Exp Parasitol 2016; 163:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Schistosoma mekongi cathepsin B and its use in the development of an immunodiagnosis. Acta Trop 2016; 155:11-9. [PMID: 26655041 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis mekongi is one of the most important human parasitic diseases caused by Schistosoma mekongi in South-east Asia. The endemic area is the Mekong River sub-region from Laos to Cambodia. This parasite also infects dogs and pigs which are its alternative host species. Currently, the lack of reliable rapid diagnosis makes it difficult to monitor the infection and spreading of the disease. In this study, we screened the antigens of the parasite with sera of infected mice using Western blotting and identified proteins of interest with LC-MS/MS to obtain potential candidate proteins for diagnostic development. This assay yielded 2 immunoreactive bands at molecular masses of 31 and 22kDa. The 31kDa protein was the major band identified as cathepsin B, and its gene was cloned to obtain a full cDNA sequence (SmekCatB). The cDNA consisted of 1123bp and its longest reading frame encoded for 342 amino acids with some putative post translation modifications. The recombinant SmekCatB (rSmekCatB) with hexahistidine tag at the C-terminus was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA resin under denaturing conditions. The rSmekCatB reacted with sera of S. mekongi-infected mice. Indirect ELISA using rSmekCatB as the antigen to detect mouse antibodies, revealed a sensitivity of 91.67% for schistosomiasis mekongi and the specificity of 100%. Our data suggested that SmekCatB is one of the most promising parasitic antigens that could be used for the diagnosis of S. mekongi infection.
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16
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Up-regulation of cytosolic tryparedoxin in Amp B resistant isolates of Leishmania donovani and its interaction with cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase. Biochimie 2016; 121:312-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Pomaznoy MY, Logacheva MD, Young ND, Penin AA, Ershov NI, Katokhin AV, Mordvinov VA. Whole transcriptome profiling of adult and infective stages of the trematode Opisthorchis felineus. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Diaz-Valencia JD, Pérez-Yépez EA, Ayala-Sumuano JT, Franco E, Meza I. A surface membrane protein of Entamoeba histolytica functions as a receptor for human chemokine IL-8: its role in the attraction of trophozoites to inflammation sites. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:915-23. [PMID: 26343219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites respond to the presence of IL-8, moving by chemotaxis towards the source of the chemokine. IL-8 binds to the trophozoite membrane and triggers a response that activates signaling pathways that in turn regulate actin/myosin cytoskeleton organisation to initiate migration towards the chemokine, suggesting the presence of a receptor for IL-8 in the parasite. Antibodies directed to the human IL-8 receptor (CXCR1) specifically recognised a 29 kDa protein in trophozoite membrane fractions. The same protein was immunoprecipitated by this antibody from total amebic extracts. Peptide analysis of the immunoprecipitated protein revealed a sequence with high homology to a previously identified amebic outer membrane peroxiredoxin and a motif within the third loop of human CXCR1, which is an important site for IL-8 binding and activation of signaling processes. Immunodetection assays demonstrated that the anti-human CXCR1 antibody binds to the 29 kDa protein in a different but close site to where IL-8 binds to the trophozoite surface membrane, suggesting that human and amebic receptors for this chemokine share common epitopes. In the context of the human intestinal environment, a receptor for IL-8 could be a great advantage for E. histolytica trophozoite survival, as they could reach an inflammatory milieu containing abundant nutrients. In addition, it has been suggested that the high content of accessible thiol groups of the protein and its peroxidase activity could provide protection in the oxygen rich milieu of colonic lesions, allowing trophozoite invasion of other tissues and escape from the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Diaz-Valencia
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, DF 07630, Mexico
| | - Eloy Andrés Pérez-Yépez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, DF 07630, Mexico
| | | | - Elizabeth Franco
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, DF 07630, Mexico
| | - Isaura Meza
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, DF 07630, Mexico.
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Differential Immune Response against Recombinant Leishmania donovani Peroxidoxin 1 and Peroxidoxin 2 Proteins in BALB/c Mice. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:348401. [PMID: 26380320 PMCID: PMC4562178 DOI: 10.1155/2015/348401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the immune response against recombinant proteins of two related, albeit functionally different, peroxidoxins from Leishmania donovani: peroxidoxin 1 (LdPxn1) and peroxidoxin 2 (LdPxn2) in BALB/c mice. We also evaluated the effect of coadministration of TLR agonists (CpG ODN and GLA-SE) on the antigen-specific immune response. Immunization with recombinant LdPxn1 alone induced a predominantly Th2 type immune response that is associated with the production of high level of IgG1 and no IgG2a isotype while rLdPxn2 resulted in a mixed Th1/Th2 response characterized by the production of antigen-specific IgG2a in addition to IgG1 isotype. Antigen-stimulated spleen cells from mice that were immunized with rLdPxn1 produced low level of IL-10 and IL-4 and no IFN-γ, whereas cells from mice immunized with rLdPxn2 secreted high level of IFN-γ, low IL-4, and no IL-10. Coadministration of CpG ODN or GLA-SE with rLdPxn1 skewed the immune response towards a Th 1 type as indicated by robust production of IgG2a isotype. Furthermore, the presence of TLR agonists together with rLdPxn1 antigen enhanced the production of IFN-γ and to a lesser extent of IL-10. TLR agonists also enhanced a more polarized Th 1 type immune response against rLdPxn2.
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20
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Huaxia Y, Wang F, Yan Y, Liu F, Wang H, Guo X, Xu B. A novel 1-Cys thioredoxin peroxidase gene in Apis cerana cerana: characterization of AccTpx4 and its role in oxidative stresses. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:663-72. [PMID: 25971604 PMCID: PMC4463924 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin peroxidase (Tpx), also named peroxiredoxin (Prx), is an important peroxidase that can protect organisms against stressful environments. AccTpx4, a 1-Cys thioredoxin peroxidase gene from the Chinese honey bee Apis cerana cerana, was cloned and characterized. The AccTpx4 gene encodes a protein that is predicted to contain the conserved PVCTTE motif from 1-Cys peroxiredoxin. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) and Western blotting revealed that AccTpx4 was induced by various oxidative stresses, such as cold, heat, insecticides, H(2)O(2), and HgCl(2). The in vivo peroxidase activity assay showed that recombinant AccTpx4 protein could efficiently degrade H(2)O(2) in the presence of DL-dithiothreitol (DTT). In addition, disc fusion assays revealed that AccTpx4 could function to protect cells against oxidative stresses. These results indicate that AccTpx4 plays an important role in oxidative stress responses and may contribute to the conservation of honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Huaxia
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- />College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- />College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baohua Xu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 People’s Republic of China
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21
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Sun CC, Dong WR, Zhao J, Nie L, Xiang LX, Zhu G, Shao JZ. Cysteine-independent Catalase-like Activity of Vertebrate Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19942-54. [PMID: 26088136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.659011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant proteins that are known as thioredoxin peroxidases. Here we report that Prx1 proteins from Tetraodon nigroviridis and humans also possess a previously unknown catalase-like activity that is independent of Cys residues and reductants but dependent on iron. We identified that the GVL motif was essential to the catalase (CAT)-like activity of Prx1 but not to the Cys-dependent thioredoxin peroxidase (POX) activity, and we generated mutants lacking POX and/or CAT activities for individually delineating their functional features. We discovered that the TnPrx1 POX and CAT activities possessed different kinetic features in reducing H2O2. The overexpression of wild-type TnPrx1 and mutants differentially regulated the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and p38 phosphorylation in HEK-293T cells treated with H2O2. These observations suggest that the dual antioxidant activities of Prx1 may be crucial for organisms to mediate intracellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen-Cen Sun
- From the College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China and
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- From the College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China and
| | - Jing Zhao
- From the College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China and
| | - Li Nie
- From the College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China and
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- From the College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China and
| | - Guan Zhu
- From the College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China and the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- From the College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University and Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China and
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22
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Ascorbate peroxidase, a key molecule regulating amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6172-84. [PMID: 25114128 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02834-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene macrolide, is now a first-line treatment of visceral leishmaniasis cases refractory to antimonials in India. AmB relapse cases and the emergence of secondary resistance have now been reported. To understand the mechanism of AmB, differentially expressed genes in AmB resistance strains were identified by a DNA microarray and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) approach. Of the many genes functionally overexpressed in the presence of AmB, the ascorbate peroxidase gene from a resistant Leishmania donovani strain (LdAPx gene) was selected because the gene is present only in Leishmania, not in humans. Apoptosis-like cell death after exposure to AmB was investigated in a wild-type (WT) strain in which the LdAPx gene was overexpressed and in AmB-sensitive and -resistant strains. A higher percentage of apoptosis-like cell death after AmB treatment was noticed in the sensitive strain than in both the resistant isolate and the strain sensitive to LdAPx overexpression. This event is preceded by AmB-induced formation of reactive oxygen species and elevation of the cytosolic calcium level. Enhanced cytosolic calcium was found to be responsible for depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) into the cytosol. The redox behavior of Cyt c showed that it has a role in the regulation of apoptosis-like cell death by activating metacaspase- and caspase-like proteins and causing concomitant nuclear alterations, as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and DNA fragmentation in the resistant strain. The present study suggests that constitutive overexpression of LdAPx in the L. donovani AmB-resistant strain prevents cells from the deleterious effect of oxidative stress, i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular death induced by AmB.
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23
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Ruan Z, Liu G, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Chang Y, Wang B, Zheng J, Zhang L. First report of a thioredoxin homologue in jellyfish: molecular cloning, expression and antioxidant activity of CcTrx1 from Cyanea capillata. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97509. [PMID: 24824597 PMCID: PMC4019632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trx proteins) are a family of small, highly-conserved and ubiquitous proteins that play significant roles in the resistance of oxidative damage. In this study, a homologue of Trx was identified from the cDNA library of tentacle of the jellyfish Cyanea capillata and named CcTrx1. The full-length cDNA of CcTrx1 was 479 bp with a 312 bp open reading frame encoding 104 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the putative CcTrx1 protein harbored the evolutionarily-conserved Trx active site 31CGPC34 and shared a high similarity with Trx1 proteins from other organisms analyzed, indicating that CcTrx1 is a new member of Trx1 sub-family. CcTrx1 mRNA was found to be constitutively expressed in tentacle, umbrella, oral arm and gonad, indicating a general role of CcTrx1 protein in various physiological processes. The recombinant CcTrx1 (rCcTrx1) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and then purified by affinity chromatography. The rCcTrx1 protein was demonstrated to possess the expected redox activity in enzymatic analysis and protection against oxidative damage of supercoiled DNA. These results indicate that CcTrx1 may function as an important antioxidant in C. capillata. To our knowledge, this is the first Trx protein characterized from jellyfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengliang Ruan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Guo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinlong Chang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiemin Zheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Analysis of the expression and antioxidant activity of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin protein in Fasciola gigantica. Exp Parasitol 2014; 140:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Han Y, Fu Z, Hong Y, Zhang M, Han H, Lu K, Yang J, Li X, Lin J. Inhibitory effects and analysis of RNA interference on thioredoxin glutathione reductase expression in Schistosoma japonicum. J Parasitol 2014; 100:463-9. [PMID: 24628421 DOI: 10.1645/13-397.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes infect around 280 million people worldwide. The worms survive in the veins of the final host, where thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) activity helps the parasites to survive in the aerobic environment. In the present study, we synthesized 4 small interfering RNAs (siRNA S1, S2, S3, and S4) targeting the Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) TGR gene and used them to knockdown the TGR gene. The knockdown effects of the siRNAs on SjTGR, and the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity of SjTGR, were evaluated in vitro. The results of transfection with the siRNAs via the soaking method in vitro were confirmed by flow cytometry. S2 siRNA at a final concentration of 200 nM partially inhibited the expression of SjTGR at both the transcript and protein levels in vitro. TrxR-activity was lower in worms in the S2 siRNA-treated group compared with the control groups. Further analysis revealed that purified recombinant SjTGR could remove oxygen free radicals but not H(2)O(2) directly, which may explain the incomplete effects of RNA interference on SjTGR. The results of this study indicate that SjTGR may play an important role in the clearance of oxygen free radicals and protection of S. japonicum parasites against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
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26
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Bhardwaj PK, Mala D, Kumar S. 2-Cys peroxiredoxin responds to low temperature and other cues in Caragana jubata, a plant species of cold desert of Himalaya. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2951-61. [PMID: 24477582 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A 2-Cys peroxiredoxin cDNA (CjPrx) was isolated and characterized from Caragana jubata, a temperate/alpine plant species of high altitude cold desert of Himalaya and Eurasia. The cDNA obtained was 1,064 bp long consisting of an open reading frame of 789 bp encoding 262 amino acids. The calculated molecular mass of the mature protein was 28.88 kDa and pI was 5.84. Deduced amino acid sequence of CjPrx shared a high degree homology with 2-CysPrx proteins from other plants. CjPrx had both the PRX_type 2-Cys domain and thioredoxin-like superfamily domains. CjPrx contained 26.72% α-helices, 6.87% β-turns, 20.61% extended strands and 45.80% random coils, and was a hydrophilic protein. Expression of CjPrx was modulated by low temperature, methyl jasmonate (MJ), salicylic acid and drought stress, but no significant change was observed in response to abscisic acid treatment. Among all the treatments, a strong up-regulation of CjPrx was observed in response to MJ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kumar Bhardwaj
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 6, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
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27
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First report of a peroxiredoxin homologue in jellyfish: molecular cloning, expression and functional characterization of CcPrx4 from Cyanea capillata. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:214-31. [PMID: 24413803 PMCID: PMC3917271 DOI: 10.3390/md12010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We first identified and characterized a novel peroxiredoxin (Prx), designated as CcPrx4, from the cDNA library of the tentacle of the jellyfish Cyanea capillata. The full-length cDNA sequence of CcPrx4 consisted of 884 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding a mature protein of 247 amino acids. It showed a significant homology to peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx4) with the highly conserved F-motif (93FTFVCPTEI101), hydrophobic region (217VCPAGW222), 140GGLG143 and 239YF240, indicating that it should be a new member of the Prx4 family. The deduced CcPrx4 protein had a calculated molecular mass of 27.2 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point of 6.3. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that CcPrx4 mRNA could be detected in all the jellyfish tissues analyzed. CcPrx4 protein was cloned into the expression vector, pET-24a, and expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS. Recombinant CcPrx4 protein was purified by HisTrap High Performance chelating column chromatography and analyzed for its biological function. The results showed that the purified recombinant CcPrx4 protein manifested the ability to reduce hydrogen peroxide and protect supercoiled DNA from oxidative damage, suggesting that CcPrx4 protein may play an important role in protecting jellyfish from oxidative damage.
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Masatani T, Asada M, Ichikawa-Seki M, Usui M, Terkawi MA, Hayashi K, Kawazu SI, Xuan X. Cloning and characterization of a 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from Babesia gibsoni. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:139-43. [PMID: 24025459 PMCID: PMC3979947 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes. Here, we cloned a 2-Cys Prx,
BgTPx-1, from the canine Babesia parasite B.
gibsoni. Sequence identity between BgTPx-1 and 2-Cys Prx of B.
bovis was 81% at the amino acid level. Enzyme activity assay by using
recombinant BgTPx-1 (rBgTPx-1) indicated that BgTPx-1 has antioxidant activity. Antiserum
from a mouse immunized with rBgTPx-1 reacted with parasite lysates and detect a protein
with a monomeric size of 22 kDa and also a 44 kDa protein, which might be an inefficiently
reduced dimer. BgTPx-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm of B. gibsoni
merozoites. These results suggest that the BgTPx-1 may play a role to control redox
balance in the cytoplasm of B. gibsoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Masatani
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Zhang R, Zheng W, Wu X, Jise Q, Ren Y, Nong X, Gu X, Wang S, Peng X, Lai S, Yang G. Characterisation and analysis of thioredoxin peroxidase as a potential antigen for the serodiagnosis of sarcoptic mange in rabbits by dot-ELISA. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:336. [PMID: 23875925 PMCID: PMC3733899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei is a widespread but a neglected tropical zoonosis. In this study, we characterised a S. scabiei thioredoxin peroxidase (SsTPx) and evaluated a recombinant SsTPx as a diagnostic antigen in rabbits. METHODS The open reading frame of the gene encoding SsTPx-2 was amplified and the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli cells and purified. SsTPx was localized in mite tissue by immunolocalisation using the purified recombinant protein. Serodiagnosis assays were carried out in 203 New Zealand White rabbit serum samples by dot-ELISA. RESULT The open reading frame (489 bp) of the gene encodes an 18.11 kDa protein, which showed highly homology to that of Psoroptes cuniculi (98.77% identity) and belongs to the 2-Cys family of peroxiredoxins. SsTPx was mainly distributed in muscle tissues of mites, integument of the epidermis and the anterior end of S. scabiei. Although SsTPx cross-reactivity with psoroptic mites was observed, the SsTPx dot-ELISA showed excellent diagnostic ability, with 95.3% sensitivity and 93.8% specificity in mange-infected and uninfected groups. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the purified SsTPx is a highly sensitive antigen for the diagnosis of mange infection by dot-ELISA. This technique is a rapid and convenient method that can be used worldwide for the clinical diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in rabbits, and is especially useful in developing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Wanpeng Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Xuhang Wu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Quwu Jise
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Husbandry Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiang Nong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Songjia Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
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Tandem antioxidant enzymes confer synergistic protective responses in experimental filariasis. J Helminthol 2013; 88:402-10. [PMID: 23676147 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites use antioxidant defence strategies for survival during oxidative stress due to free radicals in the host. Accordingly, tissue-dwelling filarial parasites counteract host responses by releasing a number of antioxidants. Targeting these redox regulation proteins together, would facilitate effective parasite clearance. Here, we report the combined effect of protective immune responses trigged by recombinant Wuchereria bancrofti thioredoxin (WbTRX) and thioredoxin peroxidase (WbTPX) in an experimental filarial model. The expression of WbTRX and WbTPX in different stages of the parasite and their cross-reactivity were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immunogenicity of recombinant proteins and their protective efficacy were studied in animal models when immunized in single or cocktail mode. The antigens showed cross-reactive epitopes and induced high humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Further, parasite challenge against Brugia malayi L3 larvae in Mastomys coucha conferred significant protection of 57% and 62% against WbTRX and WbTPX respectively. The efficacy of L3 clearance was significantly higher (71%) (P < 0.001) when the antigens were immunized together, showing a synergistic effect in multiple-mode vaccination. Hence, the study suggests WbTRX and WbTPX to be attractive vaccine candidates when immunized together and provides a tandem block for parasite elimination in the control of lymphatic filariasis.
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Robinson MW, Dalton JP, O’Brien BA, Donnelly S. Fasciola hepatica: The therapeutic potential of a worm secretome. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hong Y, Han Y, Fu Z, Han H, Qiu C, Zhang M, Yang J, Shi Y, Li X, Lin J. Characterization and Expression of theSchistosoma japonicumThioredoxin Peroxidase-2 Gene. J Parasitol 2013; 99:68-76. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-3096.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Lu Y, Zhang P, Li C, Su X, Jin C, Li Y, Xu Y, Li T. Characterisation of immune-related gene expression in clam (Venerupis philippinarum) under exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:142-146. [PMID: 23089525 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) mediates the immune system mainly by triggering the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in higher animals. In the present study, spatial variation in the expression of immune-related genes in clam (Venerupis philippinarum) under acute short-term DEHP treatment was assessed by qPCR. The expression of six genes including glutamine synthetase (GS), IkB (IK), transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), cyclophilin A-1 (CypA-1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was dose-dependent. A negative correlation between expression and DEHP treatment was observed for big defensin (BD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin peroxidase (TP). Surprisingly, lysozyme (LYZ) exhibited two distinct expression patterns at two DEHP doses. Significant differences between the experimental and control groups were observed for all tested genes at the various time points. Overall, our results revealed that DEHP mediates immune responses in clams by various means, and certain genes are promising candidate for biomarkers in DEHP monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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Enzymatic antioxidant system in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta after chronic infection of the rat. Open Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-012-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Engin AB, Dogruman-Al F, Ercin U, Celebi B, Babur C, Bukan N. Oxidative stress and tryptophan degradation pattern of acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1725-30. [PMID: 22790966 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a very common obligate single-cell protozoan parasite which induces overproduction of interferon (IFN)-gamma and of other proinflammatory cytokines. Although immunomodulatory role of IFN-gamma favors tryptophan (Trp) degradation via indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and is related with nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, the mechanism of antitoxoplasma activity is complex. In order to characterize the Trp degradation pattern during the acute T. gondii infection, serum Trp, kynurenine (Kyn), and urinary biopterin levels of mice were measured. The possible oxidative status was evaluated by the liver, spleen, brain, and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO levels. Increased free radical toxicity may cause elevation in tissue MDA in T. gondii-infected mice, while unchanged serum MDA might indicate the increased oxidative stress due to T. gondii infection restricted to intracellular area. Elevated serum NO most probably might be due to the formation of reactive nitrogen radicals. The Kyn/Trp ratio was higher in T. gondii-infected mice compared to healthy animals (p < 0.05); however, it was not correlated with urinary biopterin. These results suggested that Trp degradation might be promoted by a pathway other than IDO during T. gondii infection and the reduction of Trp concentration favors the local immunosuppression and systemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey.
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Morphew RM, Hamilton CM, Wright HA, Dowling DJ, O'Neill SM, Brophy PM. Identification of the major proteins of an immune modulating fraction from adult Fasciola hepatica released by Nonidet P40. Vet Parasitol 2012; 191:379-85. [PMID: 23021260 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica NP-40 released protein extract (FhNPE) exhibits potent Th1 immunosuppressive properties in vitro and in vivo. However, the protein composition of this active fraction, responsible for Th1 immune modulatory activity, has yet to be resolved. Therefore, FhNPE, a Nonidet P-40 extract, was subjected to a proteomic analysis in order to identify individual protein components. This was performed using an in house F. hepatica EST database following 2D electrophoresis combined with de novo sequencing based mass spectrometry. The identified proteins, a mixture of excretory/secretory and membrane-associated proteins, are associated with stress response and chaperoning, energy metabolism and cytoskeletal components. The immune modulatory properties of these identified protein(s) are discussed and HSP70 from F. hepatica is highlighted as a potential host immune modulator for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell M Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales SY23 3FG, UK.
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Yoon S, Park WY, Yu JR. Recombinant thioredoxin peroxidase from Cryptosporidium parvum has more powerful antioxidant activity than that from Cryptosporidium muris. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:333-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Differential proteomics analysis of female and male adults of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Diaz-Albiter H, Sant'Anna MRV, Genta FA, Dillon RJ. Reactive oxygen species-mediated immunity against Leishmania mexicana and Serratia marcescens in the sand phlebotomine fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23995-4003. [PMID: 22645126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.376095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are the vectors of medically important Leishmania. The Leishmania protozoa reside in the sand fly gut, but the nature of the immune response to the presence of Leishmania is unknown. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a major component of insect innate immune pathways regulating gut-microbe homeostasis. Here we show that the concentration of ROS increased in sand fly midguts after they fed on the insect pathogen Serratia marcescens but not after feeding on the Leishmania that uses the sand fly as a vector. Moreover, the Leishmania is sensitive to ROS either by oral administration of ROS to the infected fly or by silencing a gene that expresses a sand fly ROS-scavenging enzyme. Finally, the treatment of sand flies with an exogenous ROS scavenger (uric acid) altered the gut microbial homeostasis, led to an increased commensal gut microbiota, and reduced insect survival after oral infection with S. marcescens. Our study demonstrates a differential response of the sand fly ROS system to gut microbiota, an insect pathogen, and the Leishmania that utilize the sand fly as a vehicle for transmission between mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Diaz-Albiter
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
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40
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Joung M, Yoon S, Choi K, Kim JY, Park WY, Yu JR. Characterization of the thioredoxin peroxidase from Cryptosporidium parvum. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maggioli G, Silveira F, Martín-Alonso JM, Salinas G, Carmona C, Parra F. A recombinant thioredoxin-glutathione reductase from Fasciola hepatica induces a protective response in rabbits. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mechanism of amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:1031-41. [PMID: 22123699 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00030-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical value of amphotericin B, the mainstay therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in sodium antimony gluconate-nonresponsive zones of Bihar, India, is now threatened by the emergence of acquired drug resistance, and a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is the need of the hour. We have selected an amphotericin B-resistant clinical isolate which demonstrated 8-fold-higher 50% lethal doses (LD(50)) than an amphotericin B-sensitive strain to explore the mechanism of amphotericin B resistance. Fluorimetric analysis demonstrated lower anisotropy in the motion of the diphenylhexatriene fluorescent probe in the resistant strain, which indicated a higher fluidity of the membrane for the resistant strain than for the sensitive strain. The expression patterns of the two transcripts of S-adenosyl-l-methionine:C-24-Δ-sterol methyltransferase and the absence of ergosterol, replaced by cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3β-ol in the membrane of the resistant parasite, indicate a decreased amphotericin B affinity, which is evidenced by decreased amphotericin B uptake. The expression level of MDR1 is found to be higher in the resistant strain, suggesting a higher rate of efflux of amphotericin B. The resistant parasite also possesses an upregulated tryparedoxin cascade and a more-reduced intracellular thiol level, which helps in better scavenging of reactive oxygen species produced by amphotericin B. The resistance to amphotericin B was partially reverted by the thiol metabolic pathway and ABC transporter inhibitors. Thus, it can be concluded that altered membrane composition, ATP-binding cassette transporters, and an upregulated thiol metabolic pathway have a role in conferring amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani.
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Hymenolepis diminuta: Experimental studies on the antioxidant system with short and long term infection periods in the rats. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Identification and biochemical characterization of two novel peroxiredoxins in a liver fluke,Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitology 2011; 138:1143-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWe identified 2 novel genes encoding different 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (PRxs), designated CsPRx2 and CsPRx3, inClonorchis sinensis, which invades the human hepatobiliary tracts. TheCsPRx2gene expression was temporally increased along with the parasite's development and its protein product was detected in almost all parts of adult worms including subtegument, as well as excretory-secretory products. Conversely,CsPRx3expression was temporally maintained at a basal level and largely restricted within interior parts of various tissues/organs. The recombinant forms of CsPRx proteins exhibited reducing activity against various hydroperoxides in the presence of either thioredoxin or glutathione (GSH) as a reducing equivalent, although they preferred H2O2and GSH as a catalytic substrate and electron donor, respectively. A steady-state kinetic study demonstrated that the CsPRx proteins followed a saturable, Michaelis-Menten-type equation with the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) ranging from 103to 104M−1s−1, somewhat lower than those for other PRxs studied (104–105M−1s−1). The expression patterns and histological distributions specific to CsPRx2 and CsPRx3 might suggest different physiological functions of the antioxidant enzymes in protecting the worms against oxidative damage.
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Li Z, Liu X, Chu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhou X. Cloning and characterization of a 2-cys peroxiredoxin in the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a putative genetic factor facilitating the infestation. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:823-36. [PMID: 21814479 PMCID: PMC3149278 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is an invasive plant parasitic nematode and a worldwide quarantine pest. An indigenous species in North America and the causal agent of pine wilt disease, B. xylophilus has devastated pine production in Southeastern Asia including Japan, China, and Korea since its initial introduction in the early 1900s. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the first line of defense utilized by host plants against parasites, while nematodes, counteractively, employ antioxidants to facilitate their infection. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a large class of antioxidants recently found in a wide variety of organisms. In this report, a gene encoding a novel 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin protein in B. xylophilus was cloned and characterized. The 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin in B. xylophilus (herein refers to as "BxPrx") is highly conserved in comparison to 2-cysteine peroxiredoxins (Prx2s) in other nematodes, which have two conserved cysteine amino acids (Cp and Cr), a threonine-cysteine-arginine catalytic triad, and two signature motifs (GGLG and YF) sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. In silico assembly of BxPrx tertiary structure reveals the spatial configuration of these conserved domains and the simulated BxPrx 3-dimensional structure is congruent with its presumed redox functions. Although no signal peptide was identified, BxPrx was abundantly expressed and secreted under the B. xylophilus cuticle. Upon further analysis of this leader-less peptide, a single transmembrane α-helix composed of 23 consecutive hydrophobic amino acids was found in the primary structure of BxPrx. This transmembrane region and/or readily available ATP binding cassette transporters may facilitate the transport of non-classical BxPrx across the cell membrane. Recombinant BxPrx showed peroxidase activity in vitro reducing hydrogen peroxide using glutathione as the electron donor. The combined results from gene discovery, protein expression and distribution profiling (especially the "surprising" presence under the nematode cuticle), and recombinant antioxidant activity suggest that BxPrx plays a key role in combating the oxidative burst engineered by the ROS defense system in host plants during the infection process. In summary, BxPrx is a genetic factor potentially facilitating B. xylophilus infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- 2. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanna Chu
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Wang
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- 2. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
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Suttiprapa S, Matchimakul P, Loukas A, Laha T, Wongkham S, Kaewkes S, Brindley PJ, Sripa B. Molecular expression and enzymatic characterization of thioredoxin from the carcinogenic human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasitol Int 2011; 61:101-6. [PMID: 21740981 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, induces inflammation of the hepatobiliary system. Despite being constantly exposed to inimical oxygen radicals released from inflammatory cells, the parasite survives for years. Defense against oxidative damage can be mediated through glutathione and/or thioredoxin utilizing systems. Here, we report the molecular expression and biochemical characterization of a thioredoxin (Trx) from O. viverrini. O. viverrini Trx cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 105 amino acid residues, of molecular mass 11.63 kDa. The predicted protein has similarity to previously characterized thioredoxins with 26-51% identity. Recombinant O. viverrini Trx (Ov-Trx-1) was expressed as soluble protein in E. coli. The recombinant protein showed insulin reduction activity and supported the enzymatic function of O. viverrini thioredoxin peroxidase. Expression of Ov-Trx-1 at mRNA and protein levels was observed in all obtainable developmental stages of the liver fluke. Ov-Trx-1 was also detected in excretory-secretory products released by adult O. viverrini. Immunohistochemistry, Ov-Trx-1 was expressed in nearly all parasite tissue excepted ovary and mature sperms. Interestingly, Ov-Trx-1 was observed in the infected biliary epithelium but not in normal bile ducts. These results suggest that Ov-Trx-1 is essential for the parasite throughout the life cycle. In the host-parasite interaction aspect, Ov-Trx-1 may support thioredoxin peroxidase in protecting the parasite against damage induced by reactive oxygen species from inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutas Suttiprapa
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Lack of protective efficacy in buffaloes vaccinated with Fasciola gigantica leucine aminopeptidase and peroxiredoxin recombinant proteins. Acta Trop 2011; 118:217-22. [PMID: 21376699 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene coding for leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), a metalloprotease, was identified in the tropical liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica; that on sequence analysis showed a close homology (98.6%) with leucine aminopeptidase of the temperate liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. The recombinant leucine aminopeptidase protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. F. gigantica peroxiredoxin, a hydrogen peroxide scavenger and an immunomodulating protein, was also cloned and expressed in E. coli. A vaccination trial in buffaloes was conducted with these two recombinant proteins, with 150 and 300 μg of leucine aminopeptidase and a cocktail of 150 μg each of recombinant leucine aminopeptidase and peroxiredoxin in three groups, respectively. Both Th1- and Th2-associated humoral immune responses were elicited to immunization with these antigens. A challenge study with 400 metacercariae did not show a significant protection in terms of reduction in the worm burden (8.4%) or anti-fecundity/embryonation effect in the immunized groups, as to the non-immunized control animals. Our observations in this buffalo vaccination trial are contrary to the earlier promise shown by leucine aminopeptidase of F. hepatica as a leading candidate vaccine molecule. Identification of leucine aminopeptidase gene and evaluation of the protein for its protective efficacy in buffaloes is the first scientific report on this protein in F. gigantica.
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Proliferative responses of Brugia malayi TPX-1 and its epitopic peptide(29-43) in an endemic population of human lymphatic filariasis. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:602-6. [PMID: 21288496 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the antioxidant thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX) is a putative target exploited in vaccine studies of lymphatic filariasis, the high sequence homology with host peroxiredoxins remains a great concern. The emergence of immunomics offers a powerful tool for novel vaccine design. Further, due to the cellular hypo-response in filariasis, analysis of T epitope repertoire becomes imperative in disease control. Here, we report the cellular responses of filarial TPX-1 and the identification of T epitope (29-43) in the host non-homologous region. The strong proliferative responses induced by the peptide mimetic in mice splenocytes and human PBMC's prove the existence of T epitope recognized in endemic population.
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Cryptosporidium parvum: Radiation-induced alteration of the oocyst proteome. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Implication of intracellular glutathione and its related enzymes on resistance of malaria parasites to the antimalarial drug arteether. Parasitol Int 2010; 60:97-100. [PMID: 20971213 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The control of malaria has been complicated by the increasing resistance of malarial parasites to multiple drugs. However, artemisinin-based drugs offer hope in the fight against drug-resistant parasites. The mode of action of these drugs remains unclear, but evidence suggests a role for free radicals in their mechanism of action. In this study, we examined the relationship between the intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes and resistance to the artemisinin-based drug arteether in experimentally selected arteether-resistant Plasmodium vinckei. GSH plays a critical role in the detoxification and protection of cells against oxidative stress. Our comparative studies showed a significant (2.9-fold) increase in the GSH level in arteether-resistant parasites as compared to arteether-sensitive parasites. Simultaneously, significantly increased activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione-S transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and decreased activity of superoxide dismutase were recorded in resistant parasites; the activity of glutathione peroxidase was comparable in arteether-sensitive and -resistant parasites. Artemisinin derivatives act by generating free radicals and our results indicate that glutathione's antioxidant effects may counteract that drug effect and thereby contribute to the parasites' resistance to arteether and other artemisinin-based antimalarials.
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