1
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Burgess IF. Do some families act as a reservoir of head lice in the community? Surveys for prevalence and insecticide resistance suggest this is the case. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:945-952. [PMID: 36792775 PMCID: PMC9931556 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In response to increasing complaints of head louse infestation in the area of Cambridge, UK, in the mid-1990s, a series of prevalence surveys in selected schools coupled with collection of lice were commissioned by the local health authority. Carers of infested children were provided with advice on treatment by school nurses. Lice collected during these surveys were tested in the laboratory for evidence of resistance to insecticides. These data were used by the health authority to make decisions about recommended insecticide use for control of head infestations. Surveys over 3 years 1995-1997 found increasing prevalence of lice and increasing resistance to pyrethroids and malathion insecticides across the city. In two selected linked schools, the school nurse initiated a series of workshops and demonstrations to encourage families to treat by wet combing with conditioner in line with government recommendations and local general practitioner advice. Surveys conducted before and after the combing initiative found that prevalence increased in one school and was effectively unchanged in the other. Data collected in 1996 and 1997 from two schools showed that some families were continuously infested across 2 years and would act as a reservoir of infestation for the rest of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Burgess
- Medical Entomology Centre, Insect Research & Development Limited, Cambridge, CB25 9AU, UK.
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2
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Kozina P, Izdebska JN, Kowalczyk R. The first description of the nymphal stages of Hoplopleura longula (Psocodea: Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) from the harvest mouse Micromys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae). Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e63747. [PMID: 33911917 PMCID: PMC8076165 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e63747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the widespread belief that an extensive body of knowledge exists for the sucking lice (Anoplura), some of their common, Eurasian or even cosmopolitan species still lack complete taxonomic descriptions, especially those for their nymphal stages. This applies especially to the most common rodent parasites: the lice of the genus Hoplopleura. In Europe, only two of the five most common Hoplopleura species have full taxonomic characteristics with a description of the nymphal stages. This study enriches the current state of knowledge for another species, Hoplopleuralongula and presents the first description of its nymphal stages. The study includes five rare louse specimens (two nymphs I, one nymph II, two nymphs III) of H.longula collected from 63 Eurasian harvest mice Micromysminutus. The collected lice were fixed and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol solution and then placed in polyvinyl-lactophenol to form total preparations. New information Only two of the five species found in Eurasia (H.acanthopus, H.affinis, H.captiosa, H.edentula and H.longula) have been given full taxonomic descriptions, including immature stages. This paper presents a description of the nymphal stages of H.longula (described for the first time).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kozina
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Biology, Gdansk, Poland University of Gdansk, Faculty of Biology Gdansk Poland
| | - Joanna N Izdebska
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Biology, Gdansk, Poland University of Gdansk, Faculty of Biology Gdansk Poland
| | - Rafal Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, Poland Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Bialowieza Poland
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3
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Hatam-Nahavandi K, Ahmadpour E, Pashazadeh F, Dezhkam A, Zarean M, Rafiei-Sefiddashti R, Salimi-Khorashad A, Hosseini-Teshnizi S, Hazratian T, Otranto D. Pediculosis capitis among school-age students worldwide as an emerging public health concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis of past five decades. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3125-3143. [PMID: 32803332 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pediculosis by Pediculus humanus capitis is still an important health issue in school-age students worldwide. Although pediculicidal agents effectively kill head lice, the re-infestation rate is still high. This study was conducted to provide a summary of evidence about the prevalence of pediculosis capitis among school-age students worldwide. Different databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for publications related to pediculosis capitis in school-age students from 1977 to 2020. All peer-reviewed original research articles describing pediculosis capitis among school-age students were included. Statistical heterogeneity of the different years among studies was assessed using the standard chi squared and I2 tests. Due to the significant heterogeneity, a random effect model was adopted to estimate the pooled, continent, and gender-specific prevalence of pediculosis. Two hundred and one papers met the inclusion criteria of this review and entered into the meta-analysis including 1,218,351 individuals. Through a random effect model, the prevalence of pediculosis capitis among school students was estimated as 19% (CI 95% = 0.18-0.20%, I2 = 99.89%). The prevalence of pediculosis capitis among boys was 7% (CI 95% = 0.05-0.10) compared to 19% (CI 95% = 0.15-0.24) in girls. The highest prevalence was in Central and South America (33%, CI 95% = 0.22-0.44, I2 = 99.81%) and the lowest was in Europe (5%, CI 95% = 4-6, I2 = 99.28%). Relatively high pediculosis capitis prevalence among school-age students observed in this study emphasizes the need for implementing screening and prophylaxis tailored to the local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi
- School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.,Research Center for Contagious Diseases and Tropical Infections, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fariba Pashazadeh
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asiyeh Dezhkam
- School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarean
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Teimour Hazratian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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4
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Mumcuoglu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed DL, Barker SC, Gordon S, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Taylan-Ozkan A, Chosidow O, Habedank B, Ibarra J, Meinking TL, Vander Stichele RH. International recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations. Int J Dermatol 2020; 60:272-280. [PMID: 32767380 PMCID: PMC7984059 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Head louse infestations continue to be a concern of public health in most countries, including the most developed ones. The present recommendations are intended to inform and stress the role and impact of the different authorities, institutions, industry, and the public in the control of head lice in order to reduce the prevalence of this parasite. We encourage health authorities to pursue more effective methods to correctly identify such infestations, and evaluate existing and new pediculicides, medical devices, louse repellents, and louse- and nit-removal remedies. Pediculicides and medical devices must have verifiable claims in the instructions for use and should be tested periodically to document current levels of resistance by lice to the active ingredients and to the formulated products. Where the prevalence of lice is claimed to be epidemic, children should be periodically evaluated objectively to document the actual level of prevalence. Continuing education for health providers and the general population promises to correct misinformation regarding the biology, prevention, and management of lice. Parents should regularly inspect their children for head lice and treat as necessary. Health authorities are encouraged to eliminate policies and practices that rely upon school exclusion as a means to reduce incidence and prevalence, e.g., the 'no-nit' policy which lacks scientific justification, and are counterproductive to the health and welfare of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard J Pollack
- Harvard University, Environmental Health and Safety, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David L Reed
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Discipline of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shirley Gordon
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Ariel C Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Buenos Aires (CIPEIN-CITEFA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria I Picollo
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Buenos Aires (CIPEIN-CITEFA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey.,Near-East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Habedank
- Umweltbundesamt - German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Firooziyan S, Sadaghianifar A, Taghilou B, Galavani H, Ghaffari E, Gholizadeh S. Identification of Novel Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Mutations in Human Head and Body Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1337-1343. [PMID: 28549171 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the increase of head louse infestation in Iran (7.4%) and especially in West-Azerbaijan Province (248%) has raised the hypothesis of insecticide resistance development. There are different mechanisms of resistance to various groups of insecticides, and knockdown resistance (kdr) is a prominent mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids, an insecticide group which is used conventionally for pediculosis control. For detection of kdr-type well-known amino acid substitutions (M815I-T917I-L920F) and additional sodium channel mutations potentially associated with kdr resistance in head and body lice, louse populations were collected from West-Azerbaijan and Zanjan Provinces of Iran. Six novel mutations were found to be located in the IIS1-2 extracellular loop (H813P) and IIS5 (I927F, L928A, R929V, L930M, and L932M) of the α-subunit. Genotyping results showed that all specimens (100%) have at least one of these or the well-known mutations. Therefore, the presence of kdr-related and novel mutations in the sodium channel is likely to be the reason for the frequent use of pyrethroid insecticides due to treatment failure against lice. Further studies are now required to evaluate the prevalence of the kdr-like mutant allele for monitoring of insecticide resistance and the management of head and body lice in other provinces of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Firooziyan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5756115111, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5756115198, Iran
| | - Ali Sadaghianifar
- Urmia Health Center, Disease Control Unit, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5713759185, Iran
| | - Behrooz Taghilou
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4515613191, Iran
| | - Hossein Galavani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5756115111, Iran
| | - Eslam Ghaffari
- Urmia Health Center, Environmental Health Unit, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5713759185, Iran
| | - Saber Gholizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5756115111, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5756115198, Iran
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6
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López-Valencia D, Medina-Ortega Á, Vásquez-Arteaga LR. Prevalence and variables associated with pediculosis capitis in kindergarten children from Popayán, Colombia. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v65n3.58812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. La pediculosis capitis es una dermatosis que afecta el pelo y el cuero cabelludo; esta es causada por el ectoparásito Pediculus humanus capitis. La infestación presenta una distribución mundial y en su mayoría afecta a la población infantil.Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia y las variables asociadas a la pediculosis capitis en un hogar infantil de Popayán, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 148 niños entre 1 y 5 años. Solo se examinó la cabeza y se realizó la remoción mecánica de liendres, ninfas y piojos adultos por medio de peines liendrera con el pelo húmedo siguiendo las áreas frontotemporal, parietooccipital, región mastoidea y nuca. Cada padre de familia o tutor a cargo diligenció un consentimiento informado y respondió una encuesta estructurada.Resultados. La prevalencia de pediculosis capitis en la población infantil estudiada fue del 11.5%. Las variables asociadas a la ectoparasitosis fueron sexo femenino, pelo largo (>3cm) y prurito del cuero cabelludo.Conclusiones. La pediculosis capitis está presente y se perpetúa en niños de Popayán. Se recomienda realizar campañas de promoción, prevención y desparasitación.
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7
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Tagka A, Lambrou GI, Braoudaki M, Panagiotopoulos T, Papanikolaou E, Laggas D. Socioeconomical Factors Associated With Pediculosis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) in Athens, Greece. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:919-922. [PMID: 27134208 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pediculosis in humans and especially in children is a very common dermatological disorder caused by the ectoparasite Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer. We investigated the socioeconomic factors affecting the prevalence of pediculosis in the Greek urban area of Athens during 2004-2006. The target population consisted of children from kindergartens. In total, 434 children from single- or two-parent families were investigated with respect to socioeconomic factors such as education, income and family composition, and the prevalence of pediculosis. The overall pediculosis rate was 5.30%. Head louse infestations were significantly higher in female children and in two-parent families. Lice infestations peaked in low- and medium-income families. Head louse infestation rates were influenced by income, parents' education, and nationality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tagka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens, Greece ,
| | - George I Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Choremeio Research Laboratory, University of Athens, Athens-Goudi 11527, Greece (; ),
| | - Maria Braoudaki
- First Department of Pediatrics, Choremeio Research Laboratory, University of Athens, Athens-Goudi 11527, Greece (; )
| | - Takis Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Child Health, National School of Public Health, 196 Alexandras Av., 11521 Athens, Greece (; )
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Athens Medical School, "Eugenideion" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Laggas
- Department of Child Health, National School of Public Health, 196 Alexandras Av., 11521 Athens, Greece (; )
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8
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Iwamatsu T, Miyamoto D, Mitsuno H, Yoshioka Y, Fujii T, Sakurai T, Ishikawa Y, Kanzaki R. Identification of repellent odorants to the body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis, in clove essential oil. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1659-66. [PMID: 26864790 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The control of body lice is an important issue for human health and welfare because lice act as vectors of disease such as typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Body lice exhibit avoidance behavior to some essential oils, including clove essential oil. Therefore, odorants containing clove essential oil components may potentially be useful in the development of repellents to body lice. However, such odorants that induce avoidance behavior in body lice have not yet been identified from clove essential oil. Here, we established an analysis method to evaluate the avoidance behavior of body lice to specific odorants. The behavioral analysis of the body lice in response to clove essential oil and its constituents revealed that eugenol, a major component of clove essential oil, has strong repellent effect on body lice, whereas the other components failed to induce obvious avoidance behavior. A comparison of the repellent effects of eugenol with those of other structurally related odorants revealed possible moieties that are important for the avoidance effects to body lice. The repellent effect of eugenol to body lice was enhanced by combining it with the other major component of clove essential oil, β-caryophyllene. We conclude that a synthetic blend of eugenol and β-caryophyllene is the most effective repellent to body lice. This finding will be valuable as the potential use of eugenol as body lice repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Iwamatsu
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Research Fellow, Kojimachi Business Center Building, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mitsuno
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yoshioka
- Osaka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hondori 3-2-4, Takaida, Higashioosaka, Osaka, 577-0066, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan. .,Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.
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9
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Yoon KS, Ketzis JK, Andrewes SW, Wu CS, Honraet K, Staljanssens D, Rossel B, Marshall Clark J. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Infestation Deterrents Against Lice. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:970-978. [PMID: 26336209 PMCID: PMC4566486 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The human head louse is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite and frequently infests many people, particularly school-age children. Due to widespread pyrethroid resistance and the lack of efficient resistance management, there has been a considerable interest in the protection of uninfested people and prevention of reinfestation by disrupting lice transfer. In this study, two nonclinical model systems (in vitro and in vivo) were used to determine the efficacy of the infestation deterrents, Elimax lotion and Elimax shampoo, against human head lice or poultry chewing lice, respectively. With in vitro assessments, female head lice exhibited significantly higher avoidance responses to hair tufts treated with either of the test formulations, which led to significantly higher ovipositional avoidance when compared with female lice on control hair tufts. Additionally, both formulations were determined to be competent infestation deterrents in a competitive avoidance test in the presence of a known attractant (head louse feces extract). In in vivo assessments using a previously validated poultry model, Elimax shampoo was determined to be an efficacious deterrent against poultry chewing lice within Menopon spp. and Menacanthus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026. These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Jennifer K Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, PO box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, PO box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Samuel W Andrewes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Christopher S Wu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kris Honraet
- Oystershell laboratories, Booiebos 24, 9031, Drongen, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Rossel
- Oystershell laboratories, Booiebos 24, 9031, Drongen, Belgium
| | - J Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.
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10
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Yoon KS, Previte DJ, Hodgdon HE, Poole BC, Kwon DH, El-Ghar GEA, Lee SH, Clark JM. Knockdown resistance allele frequencies in North American head louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) populations. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:450-7. [PMID: 24724296 PMCID: PMC4007213 DOI: 10.1603/me13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The study examines the extent and frequency of a knockdown-type resistance allele (kdr type) in North American populations of human head lice. Lice were collected from 32 locations in Canada and the United States. DNA was extracted from individual lice and used to determine their zygosity using the serial invasive signal amplification technique to detect the kdr-type T917I (TI) mutation, which is most responsible for nerve insensitivity that results in the kdr phenotype and permethrin resistance. Previously sampled sites were resampled to determine if the frequency of the TI mutation was changing. The TI frequency was also reevaluated using a quantitative sequencing method on pooled DNA samples from selected sites to validate this population genotyping method. Genotyping substantiated that TI occurs at high levels in North American lice (88.4%). Overall, the TI frequency in U.S. lice was 84.4% from 1999 to 2009, increased to 99.6% from 2007 to 2009, and was 97.1% in Canadian lice in 2008. Genotyping results using the serial invasive signal amplification reaction (99.54%) and quantitative sequencing (99.45%) techniques were highly correlated. Thus, the frequencies of TI in North American head louse populations were found to be uniformly high, which may be due to the high selection pressure from the intensive and widespread use of the pyrethrins- or pyrethroid-based pediculicides over many years, and is likely a main cause of increased pediculosis and failure of pyrethrins- or permethrin-based products in Canada and the United States. Alternative approaches to treatment of head lice infestations are critically needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Domenic J. Previte
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Hilliary E. Hodgdon
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Bryan C. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Deok Ho Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J. Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
- Corresponding author,
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11
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Pediculosis capitis: new insights into epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2105-10. [PMID: 22382818 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pediculosis capitis is a ubiquitous parasitic skin disease caused by Pediculus humanus capitis. Head lice are highly specialised parasites which can propagate only on human scalp and hair. Transmission occurs by direct head-to-head contact. Head lice are vectors of important bacterial pathogens. Pediculosis capitis usually occurs in small epidemics in play groups, kindergartens and schools. Population-based studies in European countries show highly diverging prevalences, ranging from 1% to 20%. The diagnosis of head lice infestation is made through the visual inspection of hair and scalp or dry/wet combing. The optimal method for the diagnosis of active head lice infestation is dry/wet combing. Topical application of a pediculicide is the most common treatment. Compounds with a neurotoxic mode of action are widely used but are becoming less effective due to resistant parasite populations. Besides, their use is restricted by safety concerns. Dimeticones, silicone oils with a low surface tension and the propensity to perfectly coat surfaces, have a purely physical mode of action. This group of compounds is highly effective and safe, and there is no risk that head lice become resistant. The control of epidemics requires active contact tracing and synchronised treatment with an effective and safe pediculicide.
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12
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Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Zahir AA, Jayaseelan C, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S. Contact and fumigant toxicity of hexane flower bud extract of Syzygium aromaticum and its compounds against Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1329-40. [PMID: 21541752 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer is an obligate ectoparasite of humans that causes pediculosis capitis, a nuisance for millions of people worldwide, with high prevalence in children. P. humanus capitis has been treated by methods that include the physical remotion of lice, various domestic treatments, and conventional insecticides. None of these methods render complete protection, and there is clear evidence for the evolution of resistance and cross-resistance to conventional insecticides. Non-toxic alternative options are hence needed for head lice treatment and/or prevention, and natural products from plants are good candidates for safer control agents that may provide good anti-lice activity. The plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. The present study carried out the pediculocidal activity using the hexane flower bud extract of Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) against P. humanus capitis examined by direct contact and fumigant toxicity (closed- and open-container methods) bioassay. The chemical composition of S. aromaticum flower bud hexane extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituent (58.79%) of flower bud hexane extract S. aromaticum was identified as chavibetol (5-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) by comparison of mass spectral data and retention times. The hexane extract of S. aromaticum was subjected to gas chromatography analysis, and totally 47 compounds were detected, of which chavibetol was predominantly present. The other major constituents present in the hexane extract were eugenol acetate (phenol,2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-,acetate (15.09%), caryophyllene-(I1) (2,6,10,10-tetramethyl bicyclo [7.2.0] undeca-1,6-diene (13.75%), caryophyllene oxide (3.04%), 2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-1,4,8-cycloundecatriene (1.67%), and copaene (1.33%). The filter paper contact bioassay study showed pronounced pediculicidal activity in the flower bud hexane extract of S. aromaticum. The toxic effect was determined for every five in an 80-min treatment. The result showed percent mortality of 40, 82, and 100 at 5, 10, and 20 min, and the median lethal time (LT(50)) value was 5.83 (0.5 mg/cm(2)); 28, 82, and 100 at 5, 10, and 30 min. (LT(50) = 6.54; 0.25 mg/cm(2)); and 13, 22, 42, 80, and 100 at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 min (LT(50) = 18.68; 0.125 mg/cm(2)), respectively. The vapor phase toxicity was tested at 0.25 mg/cm(2). There was a significant difference in pediculicidal activity of S. aromaticum extract against P. humanus capitis between closed- and open-container methods. Adult mortalities were determined for every five in 60 min (closed method) and for every ten in 180 min (open method). The closed method showed the percent mortality was 45, 88, and 100 at 5, 10, and 15 min (LT(50) = 5.39), respectively. In the open-container method, the percent mortality was observed 5, 20, 47, 84, and 100 at 10, 20, 60, 120, and 180 min (LT(50) = 47.91), respectively. The mortality was more effective in the closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of hexane extract was largely a result of action in the vapor phase exhibited fumigant toxicity. Studies of anti-lice activity of extract provide the basis for preliminary conclusions of structure activity relationships; although no clear patterns can yet be drawn. We here attempt to provide a concise compilation of the available information on anti-lice activity of plant extracts and plant-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asokan Bagavan
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam - 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Amirkhani MA, Alavian SM, Maesoumi H, Aminaie T, Dashti M, Ardalan G, Ziaoddini H, Mirmoghtadaee P, Poursafa P, Kelishadi R. A nationwide survey of prevalence of pediculosis in children and adolescents in iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 13:167-70. [PMID: 22737457 PMCID: PMC3371940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2005, pediculosis is one of the obligatory reportable diseases from community to the Center of Disease Control. This study is the first nationwide survey on the prevalence of pediculosis and some associated risk factors in Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS National data of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education were gathered in 2005 through school screening programs and obligatory reports from the country health centers. RESULTS 12,359,448 Iranian children and adolescents were screened in 2005. Overall, 213,450 students, consisting of 198,947 girls and 14,320 boys were reported to have pediculosis. The prevalence of pediculosis was 581 per 100,000 population that varied from 1/100 000 to 8,303/100,000. In general, the highest prevalence of pediculosis was documented in south-eastern cities. The prevalence of pediculosis was significantly higher in girls than in boys (93% vs.7%, respectively, p<0.0001). In both genders, the highest prevalence of pediculosis was documented in the 6-10- year age group. Of those infected, 62% lived in rural areas, and 32% of those infected with pediculosis had a previous history of this infection. Most (99.37%) infected individuals had head lice, the rest had body and pubic pediculosis. CONCLUSION The prevalence of pediculosis is low in Iranian children and adolescents, but this infestation is still a health problem in some south-eastern cities with warm climate and low to middle socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Amirkhani
- Direcor General, Family, Health, Population and School Health Bureau, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S M Alavian
- Department of Gastroentrology and Hepatology, Liver and Gastrointestinal Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Maesoumi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - T Aminaie
- Senior Expert of Youth and School Health Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Dashti
- Senior Expert of Youth and School Health Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Ardalan
- Head of Adolescents, Youth and School Health Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Ziaoddini
- Department of Health and Physical Activity and Prevention of Social Hazards, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - P Mirmoghtadaee
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - P Poursafa
- Environmental Protection Engineer, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Research and Science Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Correspondence: Roya Kelishadi, MD,Professor of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Tel.: +98-311-7922246, Fax: +98-311-6687898, E-mail:
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Jayaseelan C, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Vishnu Kirthi A, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Elango G. Synthesis of pediculocidal and larvicidal silver nanoparticles by leaf extract from heartleaf moonseed plant, Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:185-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hodgdon HE, Yoon KS, Previte DJ, Kim HJ, Aboelghar GE, Lee SH, Clark JM. Determination of knockdown resistance allele frequencies in global human head louse populations using the serial invasive signal amplification reaction. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:1031-40. [PMID: 20564731 PMCID: PMC2926167 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediculosis is the most prevalent parasitic infestation of humans. Resistance to pyrethrin- and pyrethroid-based pediculicides is due to knockdown (kdr)-type point mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel alpha-subunit gene. Early detection of resistance is crucial for the selection of effective management strategies. RESULTS Kdr allele frequencies of lice from 14 countries were determined using the serial invasive signal amplification reaction. Lice collected from Uruguay, the United Kingdom and Australia had kdr allele frequencies of 100%, while lice from Ecuador, Papua New Guinea, South Korea and Thailand had kdr allele frequencies of 0%. The remaining seven countries investigated, including seven US populations, two Argentinian populations and populations from Brazil, Denmark, Czech Republic, Egypt and Israel, displayed variable kdr allele frequencies, ranging from 11 to 97%. CONCLUSION The newly developed and validated SISAR method is suitable for accurate monitoring of kdr allele frequencies in head lice. Proactive management is needed where kdr-type resistance is not yet saturated. Based on sodium channel insensitivity and its occurrence in louse populations resistant to pyrethrin- and pyrethroid-based pediculicides, the T917I mutation appears to be a key marker for resistance. Results from the Egyptian population, however, indicate that phenotypic resistance of lice with single or double mutations (M815I and/or L920F) should also be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilliary E. Hodgdon
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Domenic J. Previte
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA 01003
- Current address, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine,
University of California, Davis, CA 95618
| | | | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South
Korea
| | - J. Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA 01003
- Send comments and proofs to, Dr. J. Marshall Clark, Dept. of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Morrill 1 N311B, 639 North Pleasant St., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Tel (413) 545-1052; Fax (413) 577-4267;
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Neira PE, Molina LR, Correa AX, Américo Muñoz NR, Oschilewski DE. [Metal microchanelled fine-toothed comb use in the diagnosis of pediculosis]. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 84:615-21. [PMID: 20191173 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962009000600007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods for the diagnosis of Pediculus humanus var. capitis are controversial and most studies are based on direct visual exam. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the diagnosis efficacy of both direct visual exam and the use of a metal microchanelled fine-toothed comb. METHODS 946 children and teenagers 4 to 19 years of age were examined. Each individual's hair was examined twice to determine whether there was infestation by lice or nits, through direct visual exam and the use of a metal microchanelled fine-toothed comb. RESULTS The visual diagnosis detected infestation in 30.7% of the cases, while the metal comb detected infestation in 51.5%. Females were the most affected. The forms of parasites detected through direct visual exam were: only lice (adults and/or nymphs) 1.4%, only live nits 64.8% and live nits and lice, 33.8%; with the metal comb the percentages were 6.4%, 23.6% and 70%, respectively. The average time to find a louse was 57 seconds with the fine-toothed comb and 116.4 seconds through the direct visual exam. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis with the microchanelled fine-toothed comb is twice as fast and 3.6 times more efficient than through direct visual exam.The direct visual exam detects non-active, past infestations, and underestimates active ones.
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Burgess IF, Brunton ER, Burgess NA. Clinical trial showing superiority of a coconut and anise spray over permethrin 0.43% lotion for head louse infestation, ISRCTN96469780. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:55-62. [PMID: 19343362 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-009-0978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Permethrin is the most widely used pediculicide, but evidence of resistance from several countries and anecdotal reports from Germany suggest that permethrin lotion is now less effective. We designed a randomized, controlled, parallel group trial involving 100 participants with active head louse infestation to investigate the activity of a coconut and anise spray and to see whether permethrin lotion is still effective, using two applications of product 9 days apart. The spray was significantly more successful (41/50, 82.0%) cures compared with permethrin (21/50, 42.0%; p < 0.0001, difference 40.0%, 95% confidence interval of 22.5% to 57.5%). Per-protocol success was 83.3% and 44.7%, respectively. Thirty-three people reported irritant reactions following alcohol contact with excoriated skin. We concluded that, although permethrin lotion is still effective for some people, the coconut and anise spray can be a significantly more effective alternative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Burgess
- Medical Entomology Centre, Insect Research & Development Limited, 6 Quy Court, Colliers Lane, Stow-cum-Quy, Cambridge CB25 9AU, UK.
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Yang YC, Lee SH, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal activities of Origanum majorana essential oil constituents against insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid/malathion-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2282-7. [PMID: 19292466 DOI: 10.1021/jf803738z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of essential oil constituents from marjoram, Origanum majorana, to eggs and adult females of the susceptible KR-HL and dual malathion- and permethrin-resistant BR-HL strains of human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, was examined using contact + fumigant mortality bioassay. Results were compared with those following treatment with two pyrethroid pediculicides, d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. As judged by the lethal time to 50% mortality (LT(50)) values at the exposure rate of 0.25 mg/cm(2), 1,8-cineole (14.1 min) was the most toxic compound, followed by linalool (15.4 min) to KR-HL females. These compounds were faster acting than either d-phenothrin (24.1 min) or pyrethrum (33.4 min). Based on the lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LC(50)) values, (-)-camphor (0.022 mg/cm(2)) was the most toxic compound, followed by linalool (0.035 mg/cm(2)), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (0.040 mg/cm(2)), alpha-terpineol (0.045 mg/cm(2)), and 1,8-cineole (0.068 mg/cm(2)) against KR-HL females. These monoterpenoids were less toxic than either d-phenothrin (LC(50), 0.0015 mg/cm(2)) or pyrethrum (0.0013 mg/cm(2)). However, the toxicities of these monoterpenoids were almost identical against females from either of the two strains, even though the BR-HL females exhibited high levels of resistance to d-phenothrin [resistance ratio (RR), 667] and pyrethrum (RR, 754). After a 24 h exposure to linalool, BR-HL egg hatch was inhibited 100 and 84% at 0.25 or 0.125 mg/cm(2), respectively, while (-)-terpinen-4-ol caused 94 and 69% inhibition of egg hatch at 0.25 and 0.125 mg/cm(2). alpha-Terpineol caused 88 and 76% inhibition of egg hatch at 0.5 and 0.25 mg/cm(2), respectively. Thus, certain monoterpenoids from O. majorana essential oil, particularly linalool, (-)-terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol, merit further study as potential pediculicides and ovicides for the control of insecticide-resistant P. h. capitis populations as fumigants with contact action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Yang
- Naturobiotech Research Institute, Naturobiotech Co, Ltd, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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19
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Bauer E, Jahnke C, Feldmeier H. Seasonal fluctuations of head lice infestation in Germany. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:677-81. [PMID: 19015879 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pediculosis capitis is one of the most frequent infectious diseases in childhood. If not diagnosed and treated rapidly, considerable clinical pathology may develop. The ubiquitous parasitic skin disease is characterized by a lack of sound epidemiological data, and factors which influence disease occurrence are still enigmatic. To investigate whether, in Germany, head lice infestation follows a seasonal pattern, we analyzed the weekly head lice consultations at the Health Department of Braunschweig City, Lower Saxony, for a period of 5 years, and compared the data with the units of pediculocides sold by two wholesalers to German pharmacies during a period of 2 and 3 years, respectively. The number of consultations did not show a clear seasonality, although there was a tendency of fewer consultations during school holidays, and an increase when schools opened again after Christmas, Easter, summer, and autumn holidays. In contrast, the number of packages of pediculocides sold followed a distinct seasonal rhythm with a maximum between calendar week 34 and 40, i.e., from mid September to end of October. In Germany, occurrence of pediculosis capitis varies according to the season of the year with a maximum in late summer and early autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Bauer
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Prevalencia y factores asociados a la pediculosis en niños de un jardín infantil de Bogotá. BIOMEDICA 2008. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v28i2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Burgess IF, Lee PN, Matlock G. Randomised, controlled, assessor blind trial comparing 4% dimeticone lotion with 0.5% malathion liquid for head louse infestation. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1127. [PMID: 17987114 PMCID: PMC2043492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malathion 0.5% has been the most prescribed pediculicide in the United Kingdom for around 10 years, and is widely used in Europe and North America. Anecdotal reports suggest malathion treatments are less effective than formerly, but this has not been confirmed clinically. This study was designed to determine whether malathion is still effective and if 4% dimeticone lotion is a more effective treatment for head louse infestation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We designed this study as an assessor blinded, randomised, controlled, parallel group trial involving 58 children and 15 adults with active head louse infestation. Each participant received two applications 7 days apart of either 4% dimeticone lotion, applied for 8 hours or overnight, or 0.5% malathion liquid applied for 12 hours or overnight. All treatment and check-up visits were conducted in participants' homes. Cure of infestation was defined as no evidence of head lice after the second treatment. Some people were found free from lice but later reinfested. Worst case, intention to treat, analysis found dimeticone was significantly more effective than malathion, with 30/43 (69.8%) participants cured using dimeticone compared with 10/30 (33.3%) using malathion (p<0.01, difference 36.4%, 95% confidence interval 14.7% to 58.2%). Per protocol analysis showed cure rates of 30/39 (76.9%) and 10/29 (34.5%) respectively. Irritant reactions were observed in only two participants, both treated with malathion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We concluded that, although malathion liquid is still effective for some people, dimeticone lotion offers a significantly more effective alternative treatment for most people. TRIAL REGISTRATION Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN47755726.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Burgess
- Medical Entomology Centre, Insect Research & Development Limited, Royston, United Kingdom.
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Meinking TL, Vicaria M, Eyerdam DH, Villar ME, Reyna S, Suarez G. A randomized, investigator-blinded, time-ranging study of the comparative efficacy of 0.5% malathion gel versus Ovide Lotion (0.5% malathion) or Nix Crème Rinse (1% permethrin) used as labeled, for the treatment of head lice. Pediatr Dermatol 2007; 24:405-11. [PMID: 17845167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One hundred seventy-two subjects with head lice participated in a five-way, investigator-blinded, parallel-group, active-controlled study comparing 0.5% malathion gel (30, 60, and 90 minutes applications), Ovide Lotion (0.5% malathion), and Nix Crème Rinse (1% permethrin). All subjects were treated on day 1. Participants were reevaluated at day 8 +/- 1 and those with live lice were retreated with the same product, for the same duration as day 1. Cure, defined as the absence of live lice, was evaluated 14 +/- 2 days after the last treatment and 161 subjects completed the study according to the protocol. Compared to Nix, treatment success rates were statistically superior for all malathion gel and Ovide groups. Retreatment rate for Nix was 70%, which was statistically more than the malathion groups. The highest treatment success rates were observed for the 30-minute malathion gel (98% intent-to-treat and 100% per-protocol [PP]) and the 8 to 12 hour Ovide application (97% intent-to-treat and 100% PP). In conclusion, the 30-minute malathion gel, which contains the same ingredients and concentrations as Ovide, provides comparable efficacy, offers increased safety and is more cosmetically acceptable than Ovide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Meinking
- Global Health Associates of Miami, Inc., Miami, Florida 33143, USA.
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Lebwohl M, Clark L, Levitt J. Therapy for head lice based on life cycle, resistance, and safety considerations. Pediatrics 2007; 119:965-74. [PMID: 17473098 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of head lice maturation most favorable to their survival in the presence of anti-lice agents is the maximum time as an ovum (12 days) and the shortest possible time of maturing from newly hatched nymph to egg-laying adult (8.5 days). Pediculicides that are not reliably ovicidal (pyrethroids and lindane) require 2 to 3 treatment cycles to eradicate lice. Ovicidal therapies (malathion) require 1 to 2 treatments. Treatment with an agent to which there is genetic resistance is unproductive. In the United States, lice have become increasingly resistant to pyrethroids and lindane but not to malathion. Treatment with malathion has favorable efficacy and safety profiles and enables the immediate, safe return to school. Nit combing can be performed adjunctively. No-nit policies should be rendered obsolete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lebwohl
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Lee SW, Kasai S, Komagata O, Kobayashi M, Agui N, Kono Y, Tomita T. Molecular characterization of two acetylcholinesterase cDNAs in Pediculus human lice. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 44:72-9. [PMID: 17294923 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[72:mcotac]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNA sequences encoding Drosophila Ace-orthologous and -paralogous acetylcholinesterase precursors (AO- and AP-AChE precursors, respectively), were identified from the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. In vitro inhibition studies with an insecticide-susceptible body louse strain exhibited a simplex inhibitory response of AChE. The I50 values of fenitroxon and carbaryl were estimated to be 2.2 and 1.9 microM for the susceptible lice, respectively. The mRNA level of AP-AChE gene was 3.1- and 9.3-fold higher than that of AO-AChE gene in the abdomen and the combined parts of the head and thorax, respectively, suggesting, due to its abundance, the potential significance of the AP-AChE isoform in Pediculus human lice in association with the efficacy of AChE-targeting pediculicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Woo Lee
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Pittendrigh BR, Clark JM, Johnston JS, Lee SH, Romero-Severson J, Dasch GA. Sequencing of a new target genome: the Pediculus humanus humanus (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) genome project. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 43:1103-11. [PMID: 17162941 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1103:soantg]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus (L.), and the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, belong to the hemimetabolous order Phthiraptera. The body louse is the primary vector that transmits the bacterial agents of louse-borne relapsing fever, trench fever, and epidemic typhus. The genomes of the bacterial causative agents of several of these aforementioned diseases have been sequenced. Thus, determining the body louse genome will enhance studies of host-vector-pathogen interactions. Although not important as a major disease vector, head lice are of major social concern. Resistance to traditional pesticides used to control head and body lice have developed. It is imperative that new molecular targets be discovered for the development of novel compounds to control these insects. No complete genome sequence exists for a hemimetabolous insect species primarily because hemimetabolous insects often have large (2000 Mb) to very large (up to 16,300 Mb) genomes. Fortuitously, we determined that the human body louse has one of the smallest genome sizes known in insects, suggesting it may be a suitable choice as a minimal hemimetabolous genome in which many genes have been eliminated during its adaptation to human parasitism. Because many louse species infest birds and mammals, the body louse genome-sequencing project will facilitate studies of their comparative genomics. A 6-8X coverage of the body louse genome, plus sequenced expressed sequence tags, should provide the entomological, evolutionary biology, medical, and public health communities with useful genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Abstract
Head lice infestation is a common and growing problem, primarily affecting school-aged children. There are growing numbers of treatment failures due to the emergence of treatment-resistant lice to the popular over-the-counter products that have been used for the past several decades. Resistance has also decreased the efficacy of lindane, a prescription pediculicide that has been commonly used for several generations. Malathion, recently reintroduced in the US as a prescription pediculicide, has been associated with some treatment resistance depending upon its formulation. Other insecticidal treatments, such as ivermectin, will have to be developed further, given the limited options presently available for the treatment of head lice. Given the number of anecdotal and market-driven reported studies on head lice, assessment of topical lice therapies requires standardised in vitro testing. Based on concerns about safety and decreasing efficacy due to resistance, a reassessment of the general topic of pediculicides for head lice is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G Burkhart
- Medical University of Ohio at Toledo, Department of Internal Medicine, 5600 Monroe Street, Suite 106-B, Sylvania OH 43560, USA.
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Yang YC, Lee HS, Lee SH, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil compounds and related compounds against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculicidae). Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:1595-600. [PMID: 16188263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, bark essential oil compounds against eggs and adult females of human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, was examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of their related compounds, benzyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde, as well as two widely used pediculicides, d-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In a filter-paper contact toxicity bioassay with female lice at 0.25 mg/cm(2), benzaldehyde was 29- and 27-fold more toxic than pyrethrum and d-phenothrin, respectively, as judged by median lethal time (LT(50)) values. Salicylaldehyde was nine and eight times more active than pyrethrum and d-phenothrin, respectively. Pediculicidal activity of linalool was comparable with that of d-phenothrin and pyrethrum. Cinnamomum bark essential oil was slightly less effective than either d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. Benzyl alcohol and (E)-cinnamaldehyde exhibited moderate pediculicidal activity. After 24h of exposure, no hatching was observed with 0.063 mg/cm(2) salicylaldehyde, 0.125 mg/cm(2) benzaldehyde, 0.5mg/cm(2)Cinnamomum bark essential oil, 1.0 mg/cm(2) (E)-cinnamaldehyde, and 1.0 mg/cm(2) benzyl cinnamate. Little or no ovicidal activity was observed with d-phenothrin or pyrethrum. In vapour phase toxicity tests with female lice, benzaldehyde and salicylaldehyde were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was largely due to action in the vapour phase. Neither d-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Cinnamomum bark essential oil and test compounds described merit further study as potential pediculicides or ovicides for the control of P. h. capitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Yang
- Research Institute, Naturobiotech Co., Ltd., Suwon 441-744, South Korea
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Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Winter B, Feldmeier H. Epidemiology and morbidity of scabies and pediculosis capitis in resource-poor communities in Brazil. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:150-6. [PMID: 16029341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediculosis capitis and scabies are common parasitic skin diseases, especially in resource-poor communities, but data on epidemiology and morbidity are scanty. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence, seasonal variation and morbidity of pediculosis capitis and scabies in poor neighbourhoods in north-east Brazil. METHODS The study comprised cross-sectional surveys of a representative population of an urban slum (n = 1460) in Fortaleza, the capital of Ceará State (Brazil) and a fishing community 60 km south of the city (n = 605). Study participants were examined for the presence of scabies and pediculosis capitis. In a longitudinal study in the slum, variation of prevalence in different seasons of the year was assessed. RESULTS Prevalence of pediculosis capitis was 43.4% in the slum and 28.1% in the fishing community. Children aged 10-14 years and females were most frequently affected. Scabies was present in 8.8% of the population in the slum and in 3.8% of the population in the fishing community. There was no consistent pattern of age distribution. Superinfection was common in patients with scabies, and cervical lymphadenopathy in patients with pediculosis capitis. Multivariate analysis showed that age < or = 15 years, being of female sex and living in the urban slum were independent factors contributing to the simultaneous coinfestation with pediculosis capitis and scabies. The longitudinal data from the urban slum showed a characteristic seasonal variation of pediculosis capitis, but no fluctuation of scabies. CONCLUSIONS Pediculosis capitis and scabies are hyperendemic in the study areas and are associated with considerable morbidity. There is an urgent need to develop control measures for these parasitic skin diseases in resource-poor communities. This is the first community-based study describing in detail the epidemiology and morbidity of scabies and head lice infestation in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heukelbach
- Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Prof. Costa Mendes 1608-5 andar, Fortaleza, CE 60430-140, Brazil.
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Treatment of head louse infestation with 4% dimeticone lotion: randomised controlled equivalence trial. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2005; 330:1423. [PMID: 15951310 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38497.506481.8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 4% dimeticone lotion for treatment of head louse infestation. DESIGN Randomised controlled equivalence trial. SETTING Community, with home visits. PARTICIPANTS 214 young people aged 4 to 18 years and 39 adults with active head louse infestation. INTERVENTIONS Two applications seven days apart of either 4.0% dimeticone lotion, applied for eight hours or overnight, or 0.5% phenothrin liquid, applied for 12 hours or overnight. OUTCOME MEASURES Cure of infestation (no evidence of head lice after second treatment) or reinfestation after cure. RESULTS Cure or reinfestation after cure occurred in 89 of 127 (70%) participants treated with dimeticone and 94 of 125 (75%) treated with phenothrin (difference -5%, 95% confidence interval -16% to 6%). Per protocol analysis showed that 84 of 121 (69%) participants were cured with dimeticone and 90 of 116 (78%) were cured with phenothrin. Irritant reactions occurred significantly less with dimeticone (3/127, 2%) than with phenothrin (11/125, 9%; difference -6%, -12% to -1%). Per protocol this was 3 of 121 (3%) participants treated with dimeticone and 10 of 116 (9%) treated with phenothrin (difference -6%, -12% to -0.3%). CONCLUSION Dimeticone lotion cures head louse infestation. Dimeticone seems less irritant than existing treatments and has a physical action on lice that should not be affected by resistance to neurotoxic insecticides.
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Meinking TL, Vicaria M, Eyerdam DH, Villar ME, Reyna S, Suarez G. Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice. Pediatr Dermatol 2004; 21:670-4. [PMID: 15575855 DOI: 10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5% malathion) compared to Nix (1% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98%) compared to Nix (55%) at day 15 (p < 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0% with Ovide and 33% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Meinking
- Global Health Associates of Miami, 7800 SW 57th Ave., Suite 219E, Miami, FL 33143, USA.
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Yang YC, Lee HS, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:699-704. [PMID: 15311463 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal activity of 54 plant essential oils against female Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer was examined using direct contact and fumigation methods, and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. humanus capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced in eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils than in delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum on the basis of LT50 values at 0.0625 mg/cm2. At 0.125 mg/cm2, pediculicidal activity of cade, cardamone ceylon, clove bud, myrtle, rosewood, and sage oils was comparable with that of the test insecticides. In fumigation tests with female P. humanus capitis at 0.25 mg/cm2, eucalyptus, marjoram, pennyroyal, and rosemary oils were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of these oils was largely a result of action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential control agents for P. humanus capitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Yang
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yang YC, Choi HY, Choi WS, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil terpenoids against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:2507-11. [PMID: 15113148 DOI: 10.1021/jf0354803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf oil-derived monoterpenoids [1,8-cineole, l-phellandrene, (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, trans-pinocarveol, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol] and the known Eucalyptusleaf oil terpenoids (beta-eudesmol and geranyl acetate) on eggs and females of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, were examined using direct contact and fumigation bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum, two commonly used pediculicides. In a filter paper contact bioassay with female P. h. capitis, the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced with Eucalyptus leaf oil than with either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum on the basis of LT(50) values (0.125 vs 0.25 mg/cm(2)). 1,8-Cineole was 2.2- and 2.3-fold more toxic than either delta-phenothrin or pyrethrum, respectively. The pediculicidal activities of (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and (E)-pinocarveol were comparable to those of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. l-Phellandrene, gamma-terpinene, and 1-alpha-terpineol were relatively less active than delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. beta-Eudesmol and geranyl acetate were ineffective. 1-alpha-Terpineol and (E)-pinocaveol were highly effective at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/cm(2), respectively, against P. h. capitis eggs. At 1.0 mg/cm(2), (-)-alpha-pinene, 2-beta-pinene, and gamma-terpinene exhibited moderate ovicidal activity, whereas little or no ovicidal activity was observed with the other terpenoids and with delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In fumigation tests with female P. h. capitis at 0.25 mg/cm(2), 1,8-cineole, (-)-alpha-pinene, (E)-pinocarveol, and 1-alpha-terpineol were more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the effect of the monoterpenoids was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. Eucalyptus leaf oil, particularly 1,8-cineole, 1-alpha-terpineol, and (E)-pinocaveol, merits further study as potential pediculicides or lead compounds for the control of P. h. capitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Yang
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
CONTEXT Ectoparasitoses (infestations with parasites that live on or in the skin) can cause considerable morbidity. Whereas pediculosis and scabies are ubiquitous, cutaneous larva migrans and tungiasis (sand-flea disease) occur mainly in hot climates. The prevalence of ectoparasitoses in the general population is usually low, but can be high in vulnerable groups. Scientific knowledge on how to deal best with parasitic skin diseases in different settings is scanty, and evidence-based measures for control are not available. For head lice and scabies the situation is daunting, because resistance of Pediculus humanus capitis and Sarcoptes scabiei to insecticides is spreading and unpredictable. STARTING POINT J Hunter and S Barker reported different patterns of resistance in schoolchildren in Brisbane, Australia: full resistance to malathion, permethrin, and pyrethrum in two schools, whereas head lice were susceptible to malathion and, to a lesser extent, to pyrethrums in three other schools (Parasitol Res 2003; 90: 476-78). K Yoon and colleagues found different resistance patterns in the USA and Ecuador (Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 994-1000). Head lice from Florida were less susceptible to permethrin than those from Texas, and parasites from Ecuador were susceptible to both insecticides tested. WHERE NEXT? The occurrence of resistant pediculosis and scabies is expected to increase numerically and geographically. Clinicoepidemiological studies are urgently needed to identify the factors which govern the emergence and spread of strains of P humanus capitis and S scabiei that are resistant to insecticide or acaricide. Oral treatment with ivermectin could substitute for topically applied compounds, particularly in resource-poor communities where polyparasitism is common. A better understanding of local epidemiology is required to develop control measures. This knowledge has to be applied in combination with environmental sanitation, health education, and culturally acceptable interventions that are affordable by the underprivileged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Heukelbach
- Mandacaru Foundation and Department of Community Medicine, Federal University of Ceará State, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Abstract
Current research on human louse biology has focused on the long-standing debate about speciation of head and body lice but using new tools of DNA and enzyme analysis. These studies have indicated that head and body lice from the same geographical zone may be more closely allied than insects inhabiting the same ecological niche in other regions. However, the majority of research over the past decade has involved clinical aspects including transmission, treatment, and the appearance and identification of resistant strains within populations of lice. Despite advances, there is a need for a better understanding of louse biology, as existing therapies fail and lice remain potential vectors of disease for millions of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Burgess
- Insect Research & Development Limited, Cambridge Road, Fulbourn, Cambridge CB1 5EL, United Kingdom.
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35
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Abstract
Head lice are present in all age groups, however, the peak age for infestation is 7-8 years and the incidence varies throughout the year with higher incidence during the winter. Different insecticides have been used over the past 60 years to manage this condition. There is now strong evidence of insecticide resistance established in many countries to such an extent that some of these chemicals have become obsolete. Resistance to some pediculicides can vary from country to country and region to region within a country. The lack of a local monitoring system of resistance patterns means that parents and pupils are hampered in making an informed decision regarding how to treat head lice. One should no longer assume that treatment failure is due to poor treatment compliance or re-infestation. Clear treatment guidelines drawn up by healthcare professionals with an interest in head lice and taking into account regional/national resistance patterns should be implemented. These guidelines should combine chemical and non-chemical approaches to treatment and be coordinated and regularly reviewed by local public health departments. Drug companies should be made to provide up-to-date efficacy of their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M R Downs
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
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36
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the improvement of health standards, head lice infestation remains a problem worldwide. In addition, there is increasing evidence that head lice are becoming resistant to common pediculocides. AIM To test the potential effectiveness of thiabendazole, a potent and broad-spectrum antiparasitic and scabicidal agent, for the treatment of pediculosis capitis. METHODS Twenty-three female patients, aged 7-12 years, who had active head lice infestation, were treated with oral thiabendazole, 20 mg/kg twice daily for 1 day, with repeat treatment after 10 days. RESULTS On the 11th day, meticulous hair examination showed that 21 patients had responded to treatment [91%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 71-98%], with 14 showing complete responsiveness (61%; 95% CI, 40-78%). The only adverse reactions observed were nausea and mild dizziness, which occurred in four patients, three of whom took the drug on an empty stomach. CONCLUSIONS Thiabendazole may be a promising treatment for head lice infestation. The primary action of this drug seems to be the inhibition of parasite microtubule polymerization by binding to beta-tubulin. In addition, thiabendazole may interfere with the synaptic transmission of lice through its probable cholinergic effect. As pediculosis capitis is a very communicable disease, the unresponsiveness to thiabendazole could largely be attributed to new infestations during the drug-free interval. Therefore, massive and simultaneous rather than individual and isolated treatments should be used to achieve the epidemiologic control of this ectoparasitosis. As this is a preliminary study, the performance of double-blind, randomized controlled trials on this subject is warranted. Thiabendazole, either alone or in combination with other agents, may prove to be of particular use in areas in which head lice show resistance to common pediculocides.
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Takano-Lee M, Velten RK, Edman JD, Mullens BA, Clark JM. An automated feeding apparatus for in vitro maintenance of the human head louse, Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 40:795-799. [PMID: 14765655 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An automated feeding apparatus was developed to maintain the human head louse (Pediculus capitis DeGeer) in vitro. With the use of valves and timers, banked human blood and saline from refrigerated reservoirs were pumped into and flushed out of the system every 7 d. During this rotational interval, bloodmeals were provided to head lice continuously and ad libitum through a stretched Nescofilm-silicone sandwich membrane. Compared with our previous in vitro human head louse-rearing apparatus, greater numbers of lice could be fed simultaneously with minimal human monitoring. Development of second to third instars and third instars to adults was significantly faster when lice were reared in vivo than on either of the in vitro rearing systems; there was no significant difference in the duration of the first instar. Although fecundity and hatch rates were significantly higher for female lice reared in vivo, similar trends have been observed for other membrane-fed arthropods. Body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius [L.]) also completed most of their life cycle on this apparatus. Our automated mass-rearing system has broad applications for maintaining fluid-sucking ectoparasites and will facilitate various toxicological, behavioral, and disease-transmission investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takano-Lee
- Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kokturk A, Baz K, Bugdayci R, Sasmaz T, Tursen U, Kaya TI, Ikizoglu G. The prevalence of pediculosis capitis in schoolchildren in Mersin, Turkey. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42:694-8. [PMID: 12956680 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediculosis capitis is an endemic parasitosis affecting many countries of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of head lice infestation in Mersin, Turkey. METHODS A total of 5318 elementary schoolchildren, aged 8-16 years, were examined for the presence of Pediculus capitis. If any evidence of head lice was detected, such as live or dead eggs, or nits, the child was considered to be infected. The following details were recorded for each child: age, sex, family size, monthly income, number of siblings, parents' education, presence or absence of social security of the family, pet (cat or dog) ownership, and frequency of hair washing (per week). The chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the results. RESULTS Pediculosis capitis was detected in 360 (6.8%) children. The prevalence of infestation was significantly higher in girls (13.3%) than in boys (1.1%) (chi2 = 313.2, d.f. = 1, P = 0.000). Children aged 8-9 years exhibited a significantly lower prevalence rate than those aged 10-11 years and those aged 12 years and above. The following variables were found to be statistically significantly related to pediculosis capitis: sex, age, father's education level, and pet ownership (cat or dog). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the prevalence of pediculosis capitis is not very high in Mersin, Turkey, and is observed in all schools regardless of the socio-economic and personal hygiene status of the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysin Kokturk
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
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Yang YC, Lee SH, Lee WJ, Choi DH, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of Eugenia caryophyllata bud and leaf oil compounds on Pediculus capitis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:4884-4888. [PMID: 12903940 DOI: 10.1021/jf034225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of Eugenia caryophyllata bud and leaf oil-derived compounds (acetyleugenol, beta-caryophyllene, eugenol, alpha-humulene, and methyl salicylate) and congeners of eugenol (isoeugenol and methyleugenol) against eggs and females of Pediculus capitis was examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods and compared with those of the widely used delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In a filter paper diffusion bioassay with female P. capitis, the pediculicidal activity of the Eugenia bud and leaf oils was comparable to those of delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum on the basis of LT(50) values at 0.25 mg/cm(2). At 0.25 mg/cm(2), the compound most toxic to female P. capitis was eugenol followed by methyl salicylate. Acetyleugenol, beta-caryophyllene, alpha-humulene, isoeugenol, and methyleugenol were not effective. Eugenol at 0.25 mg/cm(2) was as potent as delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum but was slightly less effective than the pyrethroids at 0.125 mg/cm(2). Against P. capitis eggs, methyl salicylate and eugenol were highly effective at 0.25 and 1.0 mg/cm(2), respectively, whereas little or no activity at 5 mg/cm(2) was observed with the other test compounds as well as with delta-phenothrin and pyrethrum. In fumigation tests with female P. capitis at 0.25 mg/cm(2), eugenol and methyl salicylate were more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the effect of the compounds was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Neither delta-phenothrin nor pyrethrum exhibited fumigant toxicity. The Eugenia bud and leaf essential oils, particularly eugenol and methyl salicylate, merit further study as potential P. capitis control agents or lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Yang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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KASAI S, MIHARA M, TAKAHASHI M, AGUI N, TOMITA T. Rapid evaluation of human louse susceptibility to phenothrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.7601/mez.54.31_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji KASAI
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Minoru MIHARA
- Department of Environmental Biology, Japan Environmental Sanitation Center
| | - Masakazu TAKAHASHI
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Noriaki AGUI
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takashi TOMITA
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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Downs AMR, Stafford KA, Hunt LP, Ravenscroft JC, Coles GC. Widespread insecticide resistance in head lice to the over-the-counter pediculocides in England, and the emergence of carbaryl resistance. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146:88-93. [PMID: 11841371 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing resistance to insecticides used for the control of head lice infestation has been documented over the last decade. Treatment failure and tolerance to insecticides have been validated in a number of studies undertaken in several U.K. centres. OBJECTIVES To establish the extent of insecticide resistance in head lice and acetylcholinesterase activity in the presence of carbaryl in head lice. METHODS Head lice were collected from school children in four centres across England (Exmouth, Loughborough, Leeds and South Shields), and tested in their response to the insecticides permethrin, phenothrin, malathion and carbaryl. Data were compared with information collected in Bristol and Bath in 1998 and with susceptible body lice. The activity of louse acetylcholinesterase was measured with and without carbaryl in head lice collected in Bristol, Leeds, Loughborough and in body lice. The efficacy of a 1% carbaryl lotion was compared in children in Bristol and Leeds. RESULTS Compared with body lice, head lice from all six centres were significantly different in their response (P < 0.0001) to permethrin, phenothrin and malathion after 2-h exposure tests. There were significant differences in louse acetylcholinesterase activity in body lice, and head lice collected in Loughborough and Bristol in the presence or absence of carbaryl (P < 0.001), indicating enzyme inhibition. However, the difference for lice from Leeds was not significant (P = 0.363) suggesting that the enzyme was resistant to carbaryl. Eighty-nine per cent of children treated in Leeds with carbaryl were cured compared with 100% in Bristol. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest head lice resistance is present in many parts of England to over-the-counter products containing synthetic insecticides (permethrin, phenothrin and malathion). They further suggest that resistance is starting to develop to carbaryl in head lice in Leeds and that extensive use of this product would lead to significant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M R Downs
- Department of Dermatology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
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Abstract
Dermatologists are the nominal experts in the management of head lice in Australia, yet many dermatologists infrequently treat patients with this condition. Most people are managed in the community by school nurses, local council health officers, pharmacists, paediatricians or general practitioners. Only a small number will present to the dermatologist and commonly these patients will have tried a variety of treatments and failed to respond. Resistance is reported to all of the currently available insecticide treatments and this makes management of this common community-acquired infestation more involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de Berker
- Bristol Dermatology Centre, Bristol Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
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Bailey AM, Prociv P. Persistent head lice following multiple treatments: evidence for insecticide resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis. Australas J Dermatol 2000; 41:250-4. [PMID: 11105372 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-0960.2000.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Viable head lice were found on the scalps of two family members following multiple topical insecticide treatments. The possibility of reinfestation had been reliably excluded. Persistent infestation could be diagnosed only after cutting the hair and combing repeatedly, which allowed visualization of juvenile (nymphal) and adult lice. Insecticide-resistant headlouse infestations are probably much more common than is generally realised and may persist unnoticed, so that more aggressive approaches will be needed to eradicate these ectoparasites from individuals and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Australia
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Downs AM, Stafford KA, Coles GC. Susceptibility of British head lice, Pediculus capitis, to imidacloprid and fipronil. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2000; 14:105-107. [PMID: 10759321 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The head louse, Pediculus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) has developed resistance to organochlorines, the organophosphate malathion and to pyrethroids in the U.K. Therefore, headlice from Bristol school children were bioassayed against two new insecticides, fipronil and imidacloprid. Pediculus capitis was fully susceptible to imidacloprid, but it required a relatively high dose and acted slowly. Fipronil acted faster at lower dose, but seemed to be affected by cross-resistance in a small proportion of P. capitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Downs
- Department of Dermatology, University of Bristol, UK
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45
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Walton SF, Myerscough MR, Currie BJ. Studies in vitro on the relative efficacy of current acaricides for Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94:92-6. [PMID: 10748911 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of Sarcoptes scabiei to various topical therapies has been described, but clinical assessment of treatment failure is problematic and in-vitro assays are generally not available. We describe a simple in-vitro analysis used to evaluate the relative efficacy of a range of topical, oral, and herbal treatments available in Australia for the treatment of scabies. S. scabiei var. hominis mites were collected from skin scrapings obtained from 7 crusted scabies patients over a period of 2 years (1997 and 1998). Larvae, nymphal instars, and adult mites were tested within 3 h of collection and continuously exposed to selected commercially available treatment products until death, with the elapsed time recorded. Neem was the only product to show little acaricidal activity. Survival curves indicated that, of the other agents, 5% permethrin (Lyclear) had the slowest killing time, with 35% of mites still alive after 3 h, and 4% still alive after 18-22 h of constant exposure. In contrast, no mites were alive after 3 h exposure to 25% benzyl benzoate (Ascabiol), 1% lindane (Quellada), 5% tea tree oil and 100-8000 ng/g of ivermectin (Equimec). Despite the slower killing time with 5% permethrin, there was no evidence of any mite tolerance in vivo or treatment failure in any patients or contact cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Walton
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
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46
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Downs AM, Stafford KA, Stewart GH, Coles GC. Factors that may be influencing the prevalence of head lice in British school children. Pediatr Dermatol 2000; 17:72-4. [PMID: 10723762 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2000.00011-3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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