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Rukke BA, Roligheten E, Aak A. Procurement Competence and Framework Agreements for Upgraded Bed Bug Control [Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)]. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:240-249. [PMID: 34897482 PMCID: PMC8827316 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) is increasing worldwide. Due to this increase, low-income housing owners and managers need an efficient method for controlling the pests without excessive resource use. The quality of pest control efforts is crucial for efficient eradication. Infestations often need to be approached using a variety of strategies through an integrated pest management (IPM) framework. Efficient eradication is often thought to be the responsibility of the pest control contractor alone. However, the purchase and supply management theory suggests that optimal solutions actually involve sound buyer-supplier relations to support the strategic aim of pest eradication. This study illustrates the positive outcomes of elevating pest management competence on the buyer's part. Further, this study outlines a large-scale purchase situation that quantifies bed bug control efforts, in addition to their outcomes. In total, 11,000 apartment units were observed in Oslo, Norway, over a period of six years. The release and implementation of a procurement officer together with a state-of-the-art pest management framework agreement quickly reversed the consistent escalation of bed bug infestations in the observed units. Observations revealed that the study yielded the most success in eradicating bed bugs by increasing both the number of visits to the infested apartment and the overall duration of control efforts. The improved control was achieved at a reduced cost per infested apartment unit, which allowed for the implementation of bed bug preventive measures and building-wide inspections. The observations made in this study have been discussed in the context of the impact of bed bugs in low-income communities, relative to the factors of pest burden, demography, socioeconomics, and the welfare system in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health–Section for Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roligheten
- Boligbygg Oslo KF, Wergelandsveien 3, Postboks 1192 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Aak
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health–Section for Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
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Hernandez J, Hattendorf J, Aebi A, Dietemann V. Compliance with recommended Varroa destructor treatment regimens improves the survival of honey bee colonies over winter. Res Vet Sci 2021; 144:1-10. [PMID: 35032751 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor affects honey bee colony health and survival negatively, thus compelling beekeepers to treat their colonies every year. A broadly used mite control regimen is based on two organic molecules: formic and oxalic acids. To ensure optimal efficiency, several applications of these acids at pre-defined time points are recommended. These recommendations are mainly based on experiments conducted under controlled conditions. Studies evaluating the effectiveness under natural field conditions are lacking. We enrolled 30 beekeepers in a longitudinal study in three cantons in Switzerland and monitored the management and health of their colonies for two years. We assessed compliance with mite control recommendations and measured V. destructor infestation rates, indexes of colony productivity (brood size and honey harvest), and colony mortality in 300 colonies. We observed a 10-fold increased risk of colony death when beekeepers deviated slightly from the recommended treatment regimen compared to compliant beekeepers (odds ratio: 11.9, 95% CI: 2.6-55.2, p = 0.002). The risk of colony death increased 25-fold in apiaries with substantial deviations from the recommendations (odds ratio: 50.4, 95% CI: 9.7-262.5, p < 0.0001). The deviations led to increased levels of V. destructor infestation ahead of wintering, which was likely responsible for colony mortality. After communicating the apparent link between low compliance and poor colony survival at the end of the first year to the beekeepers, we observed better compliance and colony survival in the second year. Our results highlight the positive impact of compliance with the recommended V. destructor treatment regimen on the health of honeybee colonies and the need to better communicate the consequences of deviating from the recommendations to improve compliance. Compliance also occasionally decreased, which hints at concept implementation constraints that could be identified and possibly addressed in detail with the help of social sciences to further promote honey bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hernandez
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland; Interjurasienne Rural Foundation (FRI), Courtemelon, Switzerland.
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Aebi
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Institute of Anthropology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dietemann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Benavente BP, Casuso A, Leal Y, Valenzuela-Miranda D, Núñez-Acuña G, Sáez-Vera C, Gallardo-Escárate C. Transcriptome and morphological analysis in Caligus rogercresseyi uncover the effects of Atlantic salmon vaccination with IPath®. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 117:169-178. [PMID: 34389379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is known that iron transporter proteins and their regulation can modulate the fish's immune system, suggesting these proteins as a potential candidate for fish vaccines. Previous studies have evidenced the effects of Atlantic salmon immunized with the chimeric iron-related protein named IPath® against bacterial and ectoparasitic infections. The present study aimed to explore the transcriptome modulation and the morphology of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi in response to Atlantic salmon injected with IPath®. Herein, Atlantic salmon were injected with IPath® and challenged to sea lice in controlled laboratory conditions. Then, female adults were collected after 25 days post-infection for molecular and morphological evaluation. Transcriptome analysis conducted in lice collected from immunized fish revealed high modulation of transcripts compared with the control groups. Notably, the low number of up/downregulated transcripts was mainly found in lice exposed to the IPath® fish group. Among the top-25 differentially expressed genes, Vitellogenin, Cytochrome oxidases, and proteases genes were strongly downregulated, suggesting that IPath® can alter lipid transport, hydrogen ion transmembrane transport, and proteolysis. The morphological analysis in lice collected from IPath® fish revealed abnormal embryogenesis and inflammatory processes of the genital segment. Furthermore, head kidney, spleen, and skin were also analyzed in immunized fish to evaluate the transcription expression of immune and iron homeostasis-related genes. The results showed downregulation of TLR22, MCHII, IL-1β, ALAs, HO, BLVr, GSHPx, and Ferritin genes in head kidney and skin tissues; meanwhile, those genes did not show significant differences in spleen tissue. Overall, our findings suggest that IPath® can be used to enhance the fish immune response, showing a promissory commercial application against lice infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bárbara P Benavente
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Antonio Casuso
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Yeny Leal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Valenzuela-Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Núñez-Acuña
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Constanza Sáez-Vera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Tucker NSG, Weeks ENI, Beati L, Kaufman PE. Prevalence and distribution of pathogen infection and permethrin resistance in tropical and temperate populations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. collected worldwide. Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:147-157. [PMID: 32918501 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae), is a peridomestic, cosmopolitan parasite of dogs known to vector numerous pathogens of veterinary and medical importance. Recent phylogenetic analyses separate this tick into temperate and tropical lineages. Populations of Rh. sanguineus s.l. have been reported to exhibit sodium channel target site insensitivity to permethrin and etofenprox, which is likely due to the prolonged use of pyrethroids against many pests in and around the home. In this study, populations collected in the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Europe and North America, were tested to identify the distribution of a known resistance mechanism, pathogen-vector interactions and phylogeny in relation to latitude. Using molecular assays, populations from 29 distinct locations were simultaneously geographically typed and screened for bacterial infection by Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Babesia and Hepatozoon species, and for the presence of a sodium channel single nucleotide polymorphism known to confer permethrin resistance. Implications of these results on Rh. sanguineus s.l. management in association with geographical distribution will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S G Tucker
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - L Beati
- U.S. National Tick Collection, Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, U.S.A
| | - P E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Delfosse C, Pageat P, Lafont‐Lecuelle C, Asproni P, Chabaud C, Cozzi A, Bienboire‐Frosini C. Effect of handling and crowding on the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) copepodids. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:327-336. [PMID: 33112458 PMCID: PMC7894147 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an ectoparasite causing economic concerns in Atlantic salmon farming. Salmon lice infestation management methods can be stressful and impact fish welfare. This work investigated the stress effect on the attachment of L. salmonis copepodids to Atlantic salmon through two approaches: (a) handling by netting and air exposure (acute stress), and (b) crowding with restricted surface access in a tank (chronic stress). In the first experiment, we compared the number of attached L. salmonis and cortisol levels between a group of handled salmon and a control group. In the second experiment, a group of densely packed salmon was compared to a control group based on the number of attached copepodids, cortisol levels and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios. Handled salmon showed significantly higher plasma cortisol levels (p < .001) and more attached copepodids (p = .01) than control salmon. Conversely, the cortisol level and number of attached copepodids were not significantly different between the densely packed and control salmon (p > .05). The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher (p = .0014) in the densely packed salmon than in the control salmon. Handling salmon increased their risk of infestation by L. salmonis. This has implications for reinfestation rates following delousing treatments in commercial salmon aquaculture, which often involve crowding and handling salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Delfosse
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | - Patrick Pageat
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | | | - Pietro Asproni
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
| | - Camille Chabaud
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
| | - Alessandro Cozzi
- Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA)AptFrance
- IRSEA‐ARCDaugstadNorway
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Biller JD, Takahashi LS, Urbinati EC. Under stress conditions, pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus modulates the metabolic allostatic load even after Dolops carvalhoi challenge to maintain self-protection mechanisms. Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:1309-1321. [PMID: 32236770 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish metabolic allostatic dynamics, when animal present physiological modifications that can be strategies to survive, are important for promoting changes to ensure whole body self-protection and survival in chronic states of stress. To determine the impact of sequential stressors on pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), fish were subjected to two trials of stressful treatments, administration of exogenous dietary cortisol, and parasite challenge. The first experiment consisted of a two-day acute stress trial and the second, an eight-day chronic stress trial, and after both experiments, fish parasite susceptibility was assessed with the ectoparasite Dolops carvalhoi challenge. Physiological changes in response to acute trial were observed in glycogen, cortisol, glucose, osmolarity, sodium, calcium, chloride, potassium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells and mean corpuscular volume, and white blood cell (P < 0.05), whereas response to chronic trial were observed in glycogen, osmolarity, potassium, calcium, chloride, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte (P < 0.05). Acute trials caused physiological changes, however those changes did not induce the consumption of hepatic glycogen. Chronic stress caused physiological changes that induced hepatic glycogen consumption. Under acute trial, stress experience was important to fish to achieve homeostasis after chronic stress. Changes were important to modulate the response to stressor, improve body health status, and overcome the extra stressor with D. carvalhoi challenge. The experiments demonstrate that pacu initiate strategic self-protective metabolic dynamics in acute states of stress that ensure the maintenance of important life processes in front of sequential stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Dalbello Biller
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Dracena, SP, CEP 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Dracena, SP, CEP 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Aquaculture Center of UNESP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP 14884-900, Brazil
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Montory JA, Chaparro OR, Averbuj A, Salas-Yanquin LP, Büchner-Miranda JA, Gebauer P, Cumillaf JP, Cruces E. The filter-feeding bivalve Mytilus chilensis capture pelagic stages of Caligus rogercresseyi: A potential controller of the sea lice fish parasites. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:475-484. [PMID: 32057114 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The copepod Caligus rogercresseyi is an ectoparasite of several salmonid species. The pumping activity of filter-feeding molluscs could reduce the abundance of copepod dispersive larval stages in the water column. In this research, nauplius II and copepodid larvae of C. rogercresseyi were exposed to filtering mussels (Mytilus chilensis) of different sizes. These mussels were able to filter both larval stages, although they were more efficient in catching nauplius II. The fact that nauplius II were ingested more efficiently could be explained by their smaller size, lower swimming velocity (escape) and longer resting times between movements, when they were exposed to the influx of water around the inhalant area of the mussels. Larger mussels were more effective filtering C. rogercresseyi larvae due to their larger inhalant area and the related water influx. Additionally, the results suggest that larvae captured by the mussels can be incorporated into pseudofaeces or ingested and then released as part of the faeces. Thus, high concentrations of M. chilensis surrounding salmon farms may act as biological barriers, reducing the density of copepod dispersive larval stages and, thus, salmon infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andres Averbuj
- Laboratorio de reproducción y biología integrativa de invertebrados marinos (LARBIM) - IBIOMAR, CCT CONICET - CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Luis P Salas-Yanquin
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | | - Juan P Cumillaf
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Edgardo Cruces
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), Universidad de Atacama, Chile
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Larson NR, Zhang A, Feldlaufer MF. Fumigation Activities of Methyl Benzoate and Its Derivatives Against the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Med Entomol 2020; 57:187-191. [PMID: 31498383 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Common bed bug Cimex lectularius (L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) infestations are on the rise and due to the development of pesticide resistance they are becoming more difficult to control, affordably. We evaluated a naturally occurring compound methyl benzoate (MB) and related analogs, previously reported to have insecticidal activity on several agricultural pests, for its fumigant action on the common bed bug, C. lectularius L. A discriminating concentration was used to determine the effectiveness of MB, and several of its analogs as fumigants in a laboratory assay. It was found that MB provided >90% control of adult bed bugs in this laboratory fumigant assay. LC50 values were calculated for MB against both a pyrethroid-susceptible and a pyrethroid-resistant strain of common bed bugs. It was determined that both strains were susceptible in this laboratory assay. However, when MB was tested in a field-like assay and compared to a commercially available bed bug control product, it was found to be significantly less effective compared to the commercial product. Our study has found that while MB has the potential to be used as a bed bug control agent, refinements in the delivery system will be needed to increase efficacy under field-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Larson
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, BARC West, Beltsville, MD
| | - Aijun Zhang
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, BARC West, Beltsville, MD
| | - Mark F Feldlaufer
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, BARC West, Beltsville, MD
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Ucan-Mézquita A, Jimenez-Coello M, Guzmán-Marín E, Gutierrez-Blanco E, Chan-Pérez JI, Travi BL, Hernandez-Cortazar I, Ortega-Pacheco A. Efficacy of a topical combination of fipronil-permethrin against Rhodnius prolixus on dogs. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276:108978. [PMID: 31765865 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A controlled clinical trial was carried out to assess the mortality and repellency of a new topical combination of fipronil-permethrin (Effitix® Virbac, Mexico) against Rhodnius prolixus in dogs. Ten medium-size dogs (10-15 kg) with short hair were used. The dogs were exposed to 8 adult triatomines once weekly for 7 weeks. On the control day (D0), the dogs were exposed to the insects without treatment. On D7, the dogs were immediately treated with a spot-on 2.2 ml pipette containing 134 mg of fipronil and 1200 mg permethrin after exposure to the insects. The dose was repeated after 4 weeks following the manufacturer's instructions. Repellency at D0 was, 0 % and the insects had a high blood content. After 12 h post-contact, repellency was 86.3 % and slowly decrease though D21 and D28. On D7, none of the insects survived after 3 h of feeding on the treated dogs. On D14, D35 and D42, all insects died within 12 h post-feeding, whereas no mortality was observed in the control D0 (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicated that administration of the product following the manufacturer's instructions was efficacious at inducing rapid mortality of R. prolixus and therefore could be useful to prevent the transmission of American trypanosomiasis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ucan-Mézquita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carr. Merida-Xmatkuil, AP 4-116, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - M Jimenez-Coello
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi" Av. Itzaes Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E Guzmán-Marín
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi" Av. Itzaes Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E Gutierrez-Blanco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carr. Merida-Xmatkuil, AP 4-116, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - J I Chan-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi" Av. Itzaes Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - B L Travi
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - I Hernandez-Cortazar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carr. Merida-Xmatkuil, AP 4-116, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi" Av. Itzaes Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - A Ortega-Pacheco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carr. Merida-Xmatkuil, AP 4-116, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
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Jevne LS, Reitan KI. How are the salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, 1837) in Atlantic salmon farming affected by different control efforts: A case study of an intensive production area with coordinated production cycles and changing delousing practices in 2013-2018. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1573-1586. [PMID: 31506962 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to describe the salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, 1837) situation in an intensive salmon production area in mid-Norway and to consider implications of changing practices of how salmon lice infestation can be controlled. The results in this study suggest that there are steps that can be carried out to keep salmon lice under control even during years when the temperature facilitates a quick salmon lice development. The present work indicates that the use of cleaner fish can delay the time it takes adult female lice to reach 0.1 per salmon in the beginning of a production cycle. It suggests that the timing of cleaner fish deployment into salmon cages can influence its effectiveness in controlling salmon lice. It also gives caution to letting salmon lice develop unchecked, even at levels far below the current lice limit, because of the difficulties to control salmon lice when the external infection pressure is too high. This study took place during a rapid change in delousing methods, in an area with coordinated salmon production. Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers insights into the salmon lice fluctuations in relation to efforts aimed at controlling it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone Sunniva Jevne
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell Inge Reitan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Attipa C, Solano-Gallego L, Leutenegger CM, Papasouliotis K, Soutter F, Balzer J, Carver S, Buch JS, Tasker S. Associations between clinical canine leishmaniosis and multiple vector-borne co-infections: a case-control serological study. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:331. [PMID: 31533745 PMCID: PMC6749678 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs that have clinical leishmaniosis (ClinL), caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum, are commonly co-infected with other pathogens, especially vector-borne pathogens (VBP). A recent PCR-based study found that ClinL dogs are more likely to be additionally infected with the rickettsial bacteria Ehrlichia canis. Further information on co-infections in ClinL cases with VBP, as assessed by serology, is required. The research described in this report determined if dogs with ClinL are at higher risk of exposure to VBP than healthy control dogs using a case-control serology study. RESULTS Of the 47 dogs with ClinL, anti-E. canis/ Ehrlichia ewingii antibodies were detected in 17 (36.2%), anti-Anaplasma phagocytophilum/Anaplasma platys antibodies in 5 (10.6%) and antigen for Dirofilaria immitis in 2 (4.3%). Of the 87 control dogs, anti-E. canis/E. ewingii antibodies were detected in 14 (16.1%) and anti-A. phagocytophilum/A. platys antibodies in 2 (2.3%). No anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibody tests were positive. No statistical differences between the ClinL dogs and control dogs regarding lifestyle or use of ectoparasitic prevention, were identified. The ClinL was significantly associated with anti-E. canis/E. ewingii antibodies (odds ratio = 2.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-6.7, P = 0.010) compared to controls by both multivariable logistic regression and structural equation modelling. CONCLUSIONS It was demonstrated that an increased risk for E. canis/E. ewingii seropositivity is present in dogs with ClinL compared to clinically healthy control dogs, despite similar ectoparasitic prevention use and lifestyle. Based on these findings it is suggested that dogs with ClinL should not only be tested for E. canis co-infection using PCR but also serologically for E. canis/E. ewingii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Attipa
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
- Cyvets Veterinary Center, Paphos, Cyprus
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kostas Papasouliotis
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
- Present Address: IDEXX Laboratories Ltd., Wetherby, UK
| | - Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
| | | | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
- The Linnaeus Group, Shirley, UK
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12
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Geitung L, Oppedal F, Stien LH, Dempster T, Karlsbakk E, Nola V, Wright DW. Snorkel sea-cage technology decreases salmon louse infestation by 75% in a full-cycle commercial test. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:843-846. [PMID: 31525373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Methods to prevent parasite infestations in farmed fish are becoming widespread, yet tests of their effectiveness often lack commercial relevance and statistical power, which may lead to technology misuse. Here, we examined salmon louse infestation on Atlantic salmon in triplicate commercial snorkel louse barrier and standard cages over a 12 month production cycle. Barrier cages reduced newly settling lice on Atlantic salmon by 75%, with variability in parasite reduction over time depending upon environmental variables. The commercial, triplicate, long-term study design serves as a template to validate performance and detect weaknesses in anti-parasite techniques in fish mariculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Geitung
- Bremnes Seashore AS, Øklandsvegen 90, 5430 Bremnes, Norway; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Frode Oppedal
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - Lars Helge Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory-Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Velimir Nola
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - Daniel W Wright
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, 5984 Matredal, Norway
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13
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González Gómez MP, Ovalle L, Menanteau M, Spinetto C, Oyarzún R, Rivas M, Oyarzo C. Susceptibility of Caligus rogercresseyi collected from the native fish species Eleginops maclovinus (Cuvier) to antiparasitics applied by immersion. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1143-1149. [PMID: 31094001 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for Chilean salmon farming is infestation by the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi. In addition, there is evidence that a loss of chemotherapeutic treatment efficacy against important fish pathogens is occurring in salmon farming, including antiparasitic efficacy. Currently, there are known techniques that allow the determination of the susceptibility profile of parasites to antiparasitic treatment. However, there is scarce information about both threshold values and categorization of antiparasitic susceptibility for C. rogercresseyi. Bioassay technique allowed the determination of both mean values and the natural variation of EC50%, which were contrasted with available susceptibility thresholds. Results allowed to determine that parasites from the native fish host, Eleginops maclovinus, are susceptible to azamethiphos, deltamethrin and cypermethrin treatments, showing a high susceptibility profile to antiparasitics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loreto Ovalle
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Mylena Menanteau
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Centro de Maricultura Hueihue, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Ancud, Chile
| | - Claudia Spinetto
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Centro de Maricultura Hueihue, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Ancud, Chile
| | - Renato Oyarzún
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Mario Rivas
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Cristian Oyarzo
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Centro de Maricultura Hueihue, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Ancud, Chile
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14
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Straub L, Williams GR, Vidondo B, Khongphinitbunjong K, Retschnig G, Schneeberger A, Chantawannakul P, Dietemann V, Neumann P. Neonicotinoids and ectoparasitic mites synergistically impact honeybees. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8159. [PMID: 31164662 PMCID: PMC6547850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Western honeybee, Apis mellifera, is the most important managed pollinator globally and has recently experienced unsustainably high colony losses. Synergistic interactions among stressors are believed to be primarily responsible. However, despite clear evidence of strong effect on honeybee longevity of widely-employed neonicotinoid insecticides and of the ubiquitous ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, no data exist to show synergistic effects between these two stressors. Even though neonicotinoids had no significant impact by themselves, we here show for the first time a synergistic time-lag interaction between mites and neonicotinoids that resulted in significantly reduced survival of long-lived winter honeybees. Even though these mites are potent vectors of viruses, the virus-insecticide interaction had no significant impact. The data suggest a previously overlooked mechanism possibly explaining recent unsustainably high losses of managed A. mellifera honeybee colonies in many regions of the world. Future mitigation efforts should concentrate on developing sustainable agro-ecosystem management schemes that incorporate reduced use of neonicotinoids and sustainable solutions for V. destructor mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Geoffrey R Williams
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kitiphong Khongphinitbunjong
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Gina Retschnig
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annette Schneeberger
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Vincent Dietemann
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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15
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Mancilla-Schulz J, Marín SL, Molinet C. Dynamics of Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall & Bravo, 2000) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in southern Chile: Are we controlling sea lice? J Fish Dis 2019; 42:357-369. [PMID: 30644118 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Caligus rogercresseyi generates the greatest losses in the salmon industry in Chile. The relationship between salmon farming and sea lice is made up of various components: the parasite, host, environment and farming practices, which make it difficult to identify patterns in parasite population dynamics to define prevention and control strategies. The objectives of this study were to analyse and compare the effect of farming, sanitary practices and environmental variables on the abundance of gravid females (GF) and juveniles (JUV) of C. rogercresseyi on Salmo salar in three Salmon Neighborhood Areas (SNAs) in Region 10, south of Chile. Linear mixed-effects models of the negative binomial distribution were used to evaluate the effect of the different explanatory variables on GF and JUV. Productive variables were the key drivers explaining the abundance of GF and JUV. Results suggest that C. rogercresseyi is not controlled and JUV are persistent in the three SNAs, and sanitary practices do not control the dissemination of the parasite among sites. Environmental variables had a low impact on sea lice abundance. There is a need to perform analysis for modelling of parasite population dynamics to improve Integrated Pest Management, including changes in the governance to achieve an effective prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mancilla-Schulz
- Aquaculture Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Marine Harvest Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sandra L Marín
- Institute of Aquaculture, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carlos Molinet
- Institute of Aquaculture, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
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16
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Dessen J, Mørkøre T, Bildøy JI, Johnsen SN, Poppe LT, Hatlen B, Thomassen MS, Rørvik K. Increased dietary protein-to-lipid ratio improves survival during naturally occurring pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:21-34. [PMID: 30311660 PMCID: PMC6988130 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that increased dietary protein-to-lipid ratio (P/L-ratio) improved survival of farmed Atlantic salmon naturally affected by pancreas disease (PD). In addition to diet, body weight (BW) and delousing mortality prior to the PD outbreak also contributed significantly (p < 0.05) to explain the observed variation in PD-associated mortality. Subsequent to the PD outbreak, large amount of fish failed to grow and caused thin fish with poor condition (runts). At the end of the trial, significantly (p < 0.05) lower amounts of runt fish and increased amount of superior graded fish where detected among fish fed increased P/L-ratio and within the fish with the largest BWs prior to PD. Diet, BW and delousing mortality contributed significantly (p < 0.05) to explain the variation in the amount of superior graded fish, whereas BW and diet explained the variation in the amount of runt fish. A significant (p < 0.01) negative linear relationship was observed between the amount of superior graded fish and the total mortality, whereas a positive linear relationship was detected between percentage of fillets with melanin and the total mortality. Thus, increased dietary P/L-ratio seem to reduce the mortality and impaired slaughter quality associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens‐Erik Dessen
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Turid Mørkøre
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | | | | | | | | | - Magny S. Thomassen
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Kjell‐Arne Rørvik
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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17
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Walther FM, Fisara P, Roepke RKA. Safety of topical administration of fluralaner plus moxidectin concurrently with praziquantel in cats. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:597. [PMID: 30454033 PMCID: PMC6240955 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluralaner provides efficacy against feline ectoparasites following topical administration. Moxidectin is routinely used to treat gastrointestinal nematode infections and prevent heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis. Praziquantel is routinely used to treat feline tapeworm infections. The safety of a fluralaner plus moxidectin combination topical solution (Bravecto™ Plus, MSD Animal Health) was assessed when administered concurrently with a commercially available praziquantel topical solution (Droncit™ Spot-on, Bayer Animal Health GmbH). The highest dose rates in clinical use were tested. RESULTS Concurrent topical administration of a fluralaner plus moxidectin and a praziquantel product did not result in adverse findings. One out of ten cats receiving praziquantel only (control group), and two out of ten cats receiving fluralaner plus moxidectin and praziquantel (treatment group) had dandruff-like flakes in their coat at the application site. Two out of the ten control cats and three cats out of the ten treatment group cats had very small amounts of unidentified material (minute crusts or crumbs) at the application site which was only visible during close inspection. CONCLUSIONS The concurrent treatment of cats with fluralaner plus moxidectin and praziquantel at the maximum dose in clinical use was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Fisara
- MSD Animal Health, 26 Artisan Road, Seven Hills, NSW Australia
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18
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19
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Abstract
Sea lice infestations represent one of the most significant challenges facing the salmon farming industry, giving rise to lost production, additional costs of treatment and potential negative interactions with wild stocks. At present, cleaner fish, which actively remove lice from salmon, are an effective, biological, long-term option which has been adopted by many countries. In Ireland, several key studies were conducted in the 1990s on the use of wild-caught wrasse (corkwing, goldsinny and rock cook) as cleaner fish in experimental and commercial scale trials. More recently, the National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), at their marine research facility in Carna (CRS), has undertaken applied research on ballan wrasse and lumpsucker. Currently, CRS is providing lumpsucker juveniles and research and development for the Irish salmon industry with support from BIM (Ireland's Seafood Development Agency) and Marine Harvest Ireland. There is a large amount of research currently being carried out in this area in all countries that are utilizing cleaner fish technology. The current focus in Ireland is the development of a native lumpsucker broodstock to facilitate its sustainable production. The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the research, challenges and use of cleaner fish in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bolton-Warberg
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Carna, Co. Galway, Ireland
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20
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Wang C, Eiden A, Singh N, Zha C, Wang D, Cooper R. Dynamics of bed bug infestations in three low-income housing communities with various bed bug management programs. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1302-1310. [PMID: 29243884 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infestations of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., have become common in low-income communities in the USA over the last 15 years. We evaluated community-based integrated pest management (IPM) programs for reducing bed bug infestations. Two housing authorities (Bayonne and Hackensack) implemented bed bug IPM programs. A third housing authority (Paterson) was used as the control site. Building-wide surveys were conducted in all communities, three times, to evaluate the effectiveness of the IPM programs. RESULTS From 0 to 24 months, the infestation rate at Bayonne, Hackensack, and Paterson decreased by 49, 64, and 26%, respectively. The two sites that adopted IPM achieved faster bed bug elimination than the control site. The bed bug introduction rate over a 24-month period at Bayonne, Hackensack, and Paterson was 7, 3, and 11%, respectively. The introduction rate was positively associated with the initial infestation rate. Residents from buildings enrolled in IPM programs were more satisfied with the bed bug control services than residents from the control site. CONCLUSION IPM programs were more effective in reducing bed bug infestations than traditional pest control services, but many factors contributed to the lower than desired level of reduction in infestation rate. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Amanda Eiden
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Chen Zha
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Desen Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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21
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Gislason H. Statistical modelling of sea lice count data from salmon farms in the Faroe Islands. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:973-993. [PMID: 29148591 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fiskaaling regularly counts the number of sea lice in the attached development stages (chalimus, mobiles and adult) for the salmon farms in the Faroe Islands. A statistical model of the data is developed. In the model, the sea-lice infection is represented by the chalimus (or mobile) lice developing into adult lice and is used to simulate past and current levels of adult lice-including treatments-as well as to predict the adult sea lice level 1-2 months into the future. Time series of the chalimus and adult lice show cross-correlations that shift in time and grow in size with temperature. This implies in situ the temperature-dependent development times of about 56 down to 42 days and the inverted development times (growth rates) of 0.018 up to 0.024 lice/day at 8-10°C. The temperature dependence DT=α1T+α2α3=17,840T+7.439-2.128is approximated byD1T=105.2-6.578T≈49 days at the mean temperature 8.5°C-similar to DchaT=100.6-6.507T≈45 days from EWOS data. The observed development times at four sites for a year (2010-11) were 49, 50, 51 and 52 days, respectively. Finally, we estimate the sea lice production from fish farms to discuss approaches to control the sea lice epidemics-preferably by natural means. This study is useful for understanding sea lice levels and treatments, and for in situ analysis of the sea-lice development times and growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gislason
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Faroe Islands, Nóatún 3, FO-100 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands & Fiskaaling - Aquaculture Research Station of the Faroes, Við Áir 11, FO-430, Hvalvík, Faroe Islands
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Jackson D, Moberg O, Stenevik Djupevåg EM, Kane F, Hareide H. The drivers of sea lice management policies and how best to integrate them into a risk management strategy: An ecosystem approach to sea lice management. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:927-933. [PMID: 29027681 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of sea lice infestations on cultivated Atlantic salmon is a major issue in many regions of the world. The numerous drivers which shape the priorities and objectives of the control strategies vary for different regions/jurisdictions. These range from the animal welfare and economic priorities of the producers, to the mitigation of any potential impacts on wild stocks. Veterinary ethics, environmental impacts of therapeutants, and impacts for organic certification of the produce are, amongst others, additional sets of factors which should be considered. Current best practice in both EU and international environmental law advocates a holistic ecosystem approach to assessment of impacts and risks. The issues of biosecurity and ethics, including the impacts on the stocks of species used as cleaner fish, are areas for inclusion in such a holistic ecosystem assessment. The Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses (DPSIR) process is examined as a decision-making framework and potential applications to sea lice management are outlined. It is argued that this is required to underpin any integrated sea lice management (ISLM) strategy to balance pressures and outcomes and ensure a holistic approach to managing the issue of sea lice infestations on farmed stock on a medium to long-term basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O Moberg
- Fisheries Directorate, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - F Kane
- Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
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Schouest JM, Heinrich L, Nicholas B, Drach F. Fly rounds: Validation and pilot of a novel epidemiologic tool to guide infection control response to an infestation of Sarcophagidae flies in a community hospital's perioperative department. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:e91-e93. [PMID: 28372856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During an outbreak of Sarcophagidae, or flesh flies, in a community hospital's perioperative department, the infection prevention and control (IPC) department developed, validated, and piloted a novel epidemiologic tool to track hourly fly prevalence by room. Interrater reliability of the tool was measured as 0.88 and hourly point prevalence counts were superimposed on floor plans to create heat maps. Such surveillance tools allowed more timely decision making in conjunction with the operations of the hospital incident command system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Schouest
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, St Joseph Health Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital, Santa Rosa, CA.
| | - Leah Heinrich
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, St Joseph Health Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital, Santa Rosa, CA
| | - Barbara Nicholas
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, St Joseph Health Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital, Santa Rosa, CA
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24
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Gulla S, Rønneseth A, Sørum H, Vågnes Ø, Balboa S, Romalde JL, Colquhoun DJ. Vibrio tapetis from wrasse used for ectoparasite bio-control in salmon farming: phylogenetic analysis and serotyping. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 125:189-197. [PMID: 28792417 DOI: 10.3354/dao03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
So-called 'cleaner fish', including various wrasse (Labridae) species, have become increasingly popular in Norwegian salmon farming in recent years for biocontrol of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Cleaner fish mortalities in salmon farms are, however, often high. Various bacterial agents are frequently associated with episodes of increased cleaner fish mortality, and Vibrio tapetis is regularly cultured from diseased wrasse. In the present study, we investigated the genetic relationships among 54 V. tapetis isolates (34 from wrasse species) by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA; rpoD, ftsZ, pyrH, rpoA and atpA). In the resulting phylogenetic tree, all wrasse isolates belonged to sub-clusters within V. tapetis subsp. tapetis. Slide agglutination testing further confirmed the complete dominance amongst these isolates of 4 O-antigen serotypes, designated here as V. tapetis subsp. tapetis serotypes O1, O3, O4 and O5, respectively. A pilot challenge trial using serotypes O3, O4 and O5 did not indicate high pathogenicity towards ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta, thus questioning the role of V. tapetis as a primary pathogen of this fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorre Gulla
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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Schaefer HL, Brandes H, Ulber B, Becker HC, Vidal S. Evaluation of nine genotypes of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) for larval infestation and performance of rape stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll.). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180807. [PMID: 28686731 PMCID: PMC5501604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rape stem weevil, Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll., is a serious pest of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) crops in Europe causing severe yield loss. In currently used oilseed rape cultivars no resistance to C. napi has been identified. Resynthesized lines of B. napus have potential to broaden the genetic variability and may improve resistance to insect pests. In this study, the susceptibility to C. napi of three cultivars, one breeding line and five resynthesized lines of oilseed rape was compared in a semi-field plot experiment under multi-choice conditions. Plant acceptance for oviposition was estimated by counting the number of C. napi larvae in stems. The larval instar index and the dry body mass were assessed as indicators of larval performance. The extent of larval feeding within stems was determined by the stem injury coefficient. Morphological stem traits and stem contents of glucosinolates were assessed as potential mediators of resistance. The resynthesized line S30 had significantly fewer larvae than the cultivars Express617 and Visby and the resynthesized lines L122 and L16. The low level of larval infestation in S30 was associated with a low larval instar and stem injury index. Low numbers of larvae were not correlated with the length or diameter of stems, and the level of stem glucosinolates. As indicated by the low larval infestation and slow larval development the resistance of S30 to C. napi is based on both antixenotic and antibiotic properties of the genotypes. The resynthesized line S30 should therefore be introduced into B. napus breeding programs to enhance resistance against C. napi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike L. Schaefer
- Department for Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Section of Agricultural Entomology, Goettingen, Georg-August University, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Haiko Brandes
- Department of Crop Sciences, Section of Plant Breeding, Goettingen, Georg-August University, Germany
| | - Bernd Ulber
- Department for Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Section of Agricultural Entomology, Goettingen, Georg-August University, Germany
| | - Heiko C. Becker
- Department of Crop Sciences, Section of Plant Breeding, Goettingen, Georg-August University, Germany
| | - Stefan Vidal
- Department for Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Section of Agricultural Entomology, Goettingen, Georg-August University, Germany
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Locke B, Semberg E, Forsgren E, de Miranda JR. Persistence of subclinical deformed wing virus infections in honeybees following Varroa mite removal and a bee population turnover. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180910. [PMID: 28686725 PMCID: PMC5501613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a lethal virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera) implicated in elevated colony mortality rates worldwide and facilitated through vector transmission by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor. Clinical, symptomatic DWV infections are almost exclusively associated with high virus titres during pupal development, usually acquired through feeding by Varroa mites when reproducing on bee pupae. Control of the mite population, generally through acaricide treatment, is essential for breaking the DWV epidemic and minimizing colony losses. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of remedial mite control on clearing DWV from a colony. DWV titres in adult bees and pupae were monitored at 2 week intervals through summer and autumn in acaricide-treated and untreated colonies. The DWV titres in Apistan treated colonies was reduced 1000-fold relative to untreated colonies, which coincided with both the removal of mites and also a turnover of the bee population in the colony. This adult bee population turnover is probably more critical than previously realized for effective clearing of DWV infections. After this initial reduction, subclinical DWV titres persisted and even increased again gradually during autumn, demonstrating that alternative non-Varroa transmission routes can maintain the DWV titres at significant subclinical levels even after mite removal. The implications of these results for practical recommendations to mitigate deleterious subclinical DWV infections and improving honeybee health management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Locke
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Emilia Semberg
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Forsgren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gautam R, Vanderstichel R, Boerlage AS, Revie CW, Hammell KL. Evaluating bath treatment effectiveness in the control of sea lice burdens on Atlantic salmon in New Brunswick, Canada. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:895-905. [PMID: 27859350 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of medicinal bath treatment for sea lice is becoming more common, due to increasing resistance to in-feed treatments with emamectin benzoate. Common treatment modalities in New Brunswick, Canada, include Salmosan administered by tarpaulin or wellboat, and Paramove administered by wellboat. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of these treatment modalities in the field between 2010 and 2015 using a web-based sea lice data management system (Fish-iTrends© ). Effectiveness was evaluated for adult female (AF) and for pre-adult and adult male (PAAM) life stages separately. We also investigated the impact of variability in pretreatment lead and post-treatment lag time on effectiveness measures. There were 1185 treatment events at 57 farms that uniquely matched our pre- and post-treatment count criteria. The effectiveness of treatment modality was significantly influenced by season, pretreatment level of sea lice and by lead and lag times. In summer, Salmosan administered by tarpaulin had the greatest effectiveness on both AF and PAAM, when pretreatment levels were above 10 sea lice; whereas in autumn, the performance of treatment modalities varied significantly, depending on the pretreatment levels for the life stages. Ignoring the lead or lag time effect generally resulted in an underestimation of treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R Vanderstichel
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - A S Boerlage
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - C W Revie
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - K L Hammell
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Breijo M, Rocha S, Ures X, Pastro L, Alonzo P, Fernández C, Meikle A. Evaluation of Hematobin as a Vaccine Candidate to Control Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) Loads in Cattle. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:1390-1393. [PMID: 28387808 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), is a blood-sucking livestock ectoparasite responsible for substantial livestock losses. In the present work, the potential use of recombinant hematobin (HTB), a horn fly salivary protein, as an antigen for cattle vaccination was investigated. In this trial, horn fly loads and H. irritans's blood intake were assessed in vaccinated (n = 4) and control (n = 4) crossbred dark-coated steers, which were naturally infected. The vaccinated group received a 1 ml subcutaneous injection of 100 µg of HTB protein emulsified in 500 µl of Incomplete Freund Adjuvant (AIF) on days 0 and 30. The control group received on the same days 1 ml of distilled water emulsified in 500 µl of AIF. The vaccinated group had significantly more HTB-specific IgG antibodies after the HTB booster and had a lower fly load than the control group (206 ± 23 vs. 285 ± 23 flies per animal, respectively). Blood intake by H. irritans did not differ between groups. In summary, these results suggest that vaccinating cattle with HTB could reduce cattle H. irritans load.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Breijo
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay ( ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - S Rocha
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay (; ; ; )
| | - X Ures
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay (; ; ; )
| | - L Pastro
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - P Alonzo
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay (; ; ; )
| | - C Fernández
- Instituto de Higiene, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Meikle
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Tahir D, Davoust B, Varloud M, Berenger JM, Raoult D, Almeras L, Parola P. Assessment of the anti-feeding and insecticidal effects of the combination of dinotefuran, permethrin and pyriproxyfen (Vectra ® 3D) against Triatoma infestans on rats. Med Vet Entomol 2017; 31:132-139. [PMID: 27862092 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study, based on the rat model, was designed to explore the anti-feeding and insecticidal efficacy of a topical ectoparasiticide, dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriproxyfen (DPP), against Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), for which dogs are domestic reservoir hosts. Twenty rats were divided into two equal groups: untreated and treated. Each rat was exposed under sedation to 16 T. infestans of mixed life stages for 1 h on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 post-treatment. The anti-feeding and insecticidal effects of DPP were estimated after 1 h of exposure. Insecticidal efficacy was also assessed after incubation of the insects for 24 h post-exposure. Anti-feeding efficacy was 96.7, 84.7, 80.5, 81.5 and 42.6% on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28, respectively. Insecticidal efficacy evaluated at 1 and 24 h after exposure on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 was 100, 91.2, 82.5, 80.0 and 29.1, and 100, 100, 100, 96.0 and 49.9%, respectively. This study demonstrates that a single administration of DPP spot-on treatment at a dose equivalent to the minimal recommended dose in rats has a powerful effect against T. infestans starting from day 1 that lasts for at least 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tahir
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198 (Dakar), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - B Davoust
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198 (Dakar), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - M Varloud
- Ceva Santé Animale SA, Libourne, France
| | - J-M Berenger
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198 (Dakar), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198 (Dakar), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - L Almeras
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198 (Dakar), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - P Parola
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 198 (Dakar), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1095, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Sierras A, Schal C. Comparison of ingestion and topical application of insecticides against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:521-527. [PMID: 27766740 PMCID: PMC5288133 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of Cimex lectularius infestations has challenged current intervention efforts, as pyrethroid resistance has become ubiquitous, availability of labeled insecticides for bed bugs is limited, and non-chemical treatment options, such as heat, are often unaffordable. We evaluated representative insecticides toward the goal of developing a novel, ingestible liquid bait for hematophagous arthropods. RESULTS LC50 values were estimated for adult males and first instar nymphs of an insecticide-susceptible strain for abamectin, clothianidin, fipronil and indoxacarb, after ingestion from an artificial feeder. LD50 values were calculated based on the ingested blood volume. Ingested abamectin, clothianidin and fipronil caused rapid mortality in both life stages. Fipronil was ∼43-fold more effective by ingestion than by topical application. Indoxacarb and its bioactive metabolite decarbomethoxylated JW062 (DCJW) were ineffective at causing bed bug mortality even at concentrations as high as 1000 ng mL-1 blood. CONCLUSIONS Fipronil, clothianidin and abamectin have potential for being incorporated into a liquid bait for bed bug control; indoxacarb and DCJW were not effective. Bed bugs are a good candidate for an ingestible liquid bait because systemic formulations generally require less active ingredient than residual sprays, they remain contained and more effectively target hematophagous arthropods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Coby Schal
- Correspondence to: Coby Schal, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh NC 27695-7613, USA.
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Moiroux N, Chandre F, Hougard JM, Corbel V, Pennetier C. Remote Effect of Insecticide-Treated Nets and the Personal Protection against Malaria Mosquito Bites. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170732. [PMID: 28129371 PMCID: PMC5271322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental huts are part of the WHO process for testing and evaluation of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN) in semi-field conditions. Experimental Hut Trials (EHTs) mostly focus on two main indicators (i.e., mortality and blood feeding reduction) that serve as efficacy criteria to obtain WHO interim recommendation. However, several other outputs that rely on counts of vectors collected in the huts are neglected although they can give useful information about vectors’ behavior and personal protection provided by ITNs. In particular, EHTs allow to measure the deterrent effect and personal protection of ITNs. To provide a better assessment of ITNs efficacy, we performed a retrospective analysis of the deterrence and the personal protection against malaria transmission for 12 unwashed and 13 washed ITNs evaluated through EHTs conducted in West Africa. A significant deterrent effect was shown for six of the 12 unwashed ITNs tested. When washed 20 times, only three ITNs had significant deterrent effect (Rate Ratios (RR)<1; p<0.05) and three showed an apparent “attractiveness” (RR>1; p<0.01). When compared to the untreated net, all unwashed ITNs showed lower number of blood-fed Anopheles indicating a significant personal protection (RR<1, p<0.05). However, when washed 20 times, three ITNs that were found to be attractive did not significantly reduce human-vector contact (p>0.05). Current WHO efficacy criteria do not sufficiently take into account the deterrence effect of ITNs. Moreover, the deterrence variability is rarely discussed in EHT’s reports. Our findings highlighted the long-range effect (deterrent or attractive) of ITNs that may have significant consequences for personal/community protection against malaria transmission. Indicators measuring the deterrence should be further considered for the evaluation of ITNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Moiroux
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marc Hougard
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Corbel
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Pennetier
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - Université de Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
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Rupeš V, Vlčková J, Holý O, Horáková D, Azeem K, Kollárová H. [The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) - biology, medical relevance, possibilities for the detection and control]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2017; 66:91-98. [PMID: 28691833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs have become a major concern worldwide in the 21st century and are therefore intensively investigated. The new findings not only extend the knowledge of their biology, medical relevance, and causes of the resurgence, but also can be used in bed bug management. A brief overview is provided of some of the most important research results and opinions, published in the last few years in prestigious international journals.
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Gautam R, Boerlage AS, Vanderstichel R, Revie CW, Hammell KL. Variation in pre-treatment count lead time and its effect on baseline estimates of cage-level sea lice abundance. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1297-1303. [PMID: 26916434 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment efficacy studies typically use pre-treatment sea lice abundance as the baseline. However, the pre-treatment counting window often varies from the day of treatment to several days before treatment. We assessed the effect of lead time on baseline estimates, using historical data (2010-14) from a sea lice data management programme (Fish-iTrends). Data were aggregated at the cage level for three life stages: (i) chalimus, (ii) pre-adult and adult male and (iii) adult female. Sea lice counts were log-transformed, and mean counts by lead time relative to treatment day were computed and compared separately for each life stage, using linear mixed models. There were 1,658 observations (treatment events) from 56 sites in 5 Bay Management Areas. Our study showed that lead time had a significant effect on the estimated sea lice abundance, which was moderated by season. During the late summer and autumn periods, counting on the day of treatment gave significantly higher values than other days and would be a more appropriate baseline estimate, while during spring and early summer abundance estimates were comparable among counts within 5 days of treatment. A season-based lead time window may be most appropriate when estimating baseline sea lice levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - A S Boerlage
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - R Vanderstichel
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - C W Revie
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - K L Hammell
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Aaen SM, Horsberg TE. A screening of multiple classes of pharmaceutical compounds for effect on preadult salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1213-1223. [PMID: 27037538 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, is the major obstacle facing a sustainable future for farmers of salmonids in the North Atlantic Ocean. Medicinal compounds have been the most utilized tool to prevent salmon lice infestation; however, the active compounds have become less effective or considered environmentally unfriendly in the past years. Novel medicinal compounds are thus highly desired. In two experiment series, 26 medicinal compounds were screened for their efficacy against salmon lice, in a 30-min exposure and 24-h exposure, respectively. Pyriprole, imidacloprid, cartap and spinetoram were effective at 50 mg L(-1) in the short-time exposure. In the 24-h exposure, pyriprole, propoxur, cartap, imidacloprid, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, nitenpyram, spinetoram, spiromesifen and diflubenzuron induced a high level of immobilization at 5 mg L(-1) . The EC50 values of the effective compounds were calculated in further titration studies for both exposure periods. Several physiological and biochemical pathways were discovered as possible targets for medicinal intervention against the salmon louse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Aaen
- NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Horsberg
- NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
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Ahmed H, Afzal MS, Mobeen M, Simsek S. An overview on different aspects of hypodermosis: Current status and future prospects. Acta Trop 2016; 162:35-45. [PMID: 27260666 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Livestock plays a vital role in economic development of a nation and is being used in agriculture for draft power, production of farmyard manure as well as milk and meat production. Bovine hypodermosis is the top culprit among all parasitic infections across the world. Hypodermosis is an endemic disease in the mountainous areas/plain areas and is regularly observed in the northern hemisphere of the globe affecting cattle, deer, yaks and buffaloes. There is a wide variation in geographical distribution of Hypoderma spp. during the years 1945-2015. The manuscript includes a geospatial study that tries to maps the global distribution of hypodermosis in different areas of the world in order to detect hotspots or endemic areas that may be a potential source for disease spread. This information's are very useful to predict the potential high risk areas that are prone to disease outbreak. The present review aims to evaluate the global distribution, molecular discrimination, diagnostics and vaccination of hypodermosis, focusing on its current status and future perspectives towards the management of the disease and its control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mobeen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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Wright DW, Oppedal F, Dempster T. Early-stage sea lice recruits on Atlantic salmon are freshwater sensitive. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1179-1186. [PMID: 26956953 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sea lice are significant parasites of marine and brackish farmed fishes. Freshwater bathing is a potential control option against numerous sea lice species, although has been viewed as futile against those that are capable of tolerating freshwater for extended periods. By comparing freshwater survival times across host-attached stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), a key parasite in Atlantic salmon farming, we show the first attached (copepodid) stage undergoes 96-100% mortality after 1 h in freshwater, whereas later attached stages can tolerate up to 8 days. Thus, regular freshwater bathing methods targeting the more susceptible attached copepodid stage may successfully treat against L. salmonis and potentially other sea lice on fish cultured in marine and brackish waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Wright
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - F Oppedal
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre, Norway
| | - T Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Aaen SM, Hamre LA, Horsberg TE. A screening of medicinal compounds for their effect on egg strings and nauplii of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer). J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1201-1212. [PMID: 27038351 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Egg strings and nauplii of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis were exposed to a variety of medicinal compounds at 50 mg L(-1) for 30 min in two experiment series. This medicine concentration was selected as a starting point for a screening series. Hatching of egg strings and development to copepodid larvae were monitored in one experiment, and the survival and development of nauplii were monitored in the other. Two compounds, emamectin benzoate and cypermethrin, inhibited hatching effectively. Several compounds affected nauplii, either directly or through inhibiting development to the infective stage. A total of 50 mg L(-1) of azamethiphos, cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate and propoxur was lethal to >70% of the larvae. Diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb, pymetrozine, pyriprole and tebufenozide diminished the ability of nauplii developing to copepodids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Aaen
- NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - L A Hamre
- University of Bergen, Sea Lice Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - T E Horsberg
- NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
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Salama NKG, Murray AG, Rabe B. Simulated environmental transport distances of Lepeophtheirus salmonis in Loch Linnhe, Scotland, for informing aquaculture area management structures. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:419-428. [PMID: 25929159 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the majority of salmon farming countries, production occurs in zones where practices are coordinated to manage disease agents such as Lepeophtheirus salmonis. To inform the structure of zones in specific systems, models have been developed accounting for parasite biology and system hydrodynamics. These models provide individual system farm relationships, and as such, it may be beneficial to produce more generalized principles for informing structures. Here, we use six different forcing scenarios to provide simulations from a previously described model of the Loch Linnhe system, Scotland, to assess the maximum dispersal distance of lice particles released from 12 sites transported over 19 day. Results indicate that the median distance travelled is 6.1 km from release site with <2.5% transported beyond 15 km, which occurs from particles originating from half of the release sites, with an absolute simulated distance of 36 km observed. This provides information suggesting that the disease management areas developed for infectious salmon anaemia control may also have properties appropriate for salmon lice management in Scottish coastal waters. Additionally, general numerical descriptors of the simulated relative lice abundance reduction with increased distance from release location are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K G Salama
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | - A G Murray
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | - B Rabe
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
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Sands B, Ellse L, Wall R. Residual and ovicidal efficacy of essential oil-based formulations in vitro against the donkey chewing louse Bovicola ocellatus. Med Vet Entomol 2016; 30:78-84. [PMID: 26522385 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils have shown good experimental potential as novel veterinary ectoparasiticides. However, if they are to be used as veterinary products, they must be available in formulations that are suitable for practical application against specific ectoparasites. Here, the efficacies of formulations containing 5% (v/v) lavender or tea tree oil, in combination with two emulsifiers [a surfactant, 5% (w/v) N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt (SLS), and a soluble polymer, 5% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)], with or without 10% coconut oil, were tested in contact bioassays against the donkey chewing louse Bovicola ocellatus (Piaget) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae). Residual activity was quantified in open and closed containers; ovicidal efficacy was also examined. Exposure to either of 5% (v/v) lavender or tea tree oils with SLS or PVP resulted in louse mortality of 100%, but when coconut oil was included as an excipient, significantly lower efficacy was recorded. However, the formulations became significantly less effective after 2 h in open containers and 40 h in closed containers. The results confirm that the residual activity of essential oils is relatively transitory and the addition of 10% coconut oil does not prolong the period of insecticidal activity by slowing essential oil evaporation. Too short a period of residual activity is likely to be a significant impediment to the effective practical use of essential oils. However, unlike many synthetic pediculicides, the essential oils tested here were highly ovicidal, which suggests that prolonged residual activity may not be essential to kill newly hatched nymphs after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sands
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - L Ellse
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - R Wall
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
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Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD, Wang C, Buczkowski G, Gibb TJ. Using research and education to implement practical bed bug control programs in multifamily housing. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:8-14. [PMID: 26251256 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multifamily housing facilities serving low-income populations have been at the forefront of bed bug outbreaks. Research conducted in the past 8 years has consistently proven that integrated pest management (IPM) is the best approach for successful suppression of bed bug infestations. Bed bug IPM in multifamily settings is especially dependent upon a collaborative community or building-wide effort involving residents, building staff and pest control technicians. Other components of a bed bug IPM program include regular monitoring to detect early-stage bed bug infestations and combined use of non-chemical and chemical interventions. Lastly, to reduce reinfestation rates and costs associated with bed bug control, it is critical to continue periodic monitoring and implement preventive control measures even after successful elimination of bed bugs has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Gibb
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Cooper RA, Wang C, Singh N. Evaluation of a model community-wide bed bug management program in affordable housing. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:45-56. [PMID: 25644070 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-income apartment communities in the United States are suffering from disproportionally high bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., infestations owing to lack of effective monitoring and treatment. Studies examining the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) for the control of bed bugs in affordable housing have been limited to small subsets of bed-bug-infested apartments, rather than at the apartment community level. We developed, implemented and evaluated a complex-wide IPM program for bed bugs in an affordable housing community. Proactive inspections and biweekly treatments using a combination of non-chemical and chemical methods until bed bugs were not detected for three biweekly monitoring visits were key elements of the IPM program. RESULTS A total of 55 bed-bug-infested apartments were identified during the initial inspection. Property management was unaware of 71% of these infestations. Over the next 12 months, 14 additional infested apartments were identified. The IPM program resulted in a 98% reduction in bed bug counts among treated apartments and reduced infestation rates from 15 to 2.2% after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Adopting a complex-wide bed bug IPM program, incorporating proactive monitoring, and biweekly treatments of infested apartments utilizing non-chemical and chemical methods can successfully reduce infestation rates to very low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Roberson C. Bed Bugs: They Still are Among Us!! Ala Nurse 2015; 42:11-15. [PMID: 26489137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Skilbrei OT, Espedal PG, Nilsen F, Garcia EP, Glover KA. Evaluation of emamectin benzoate and substance EX against salmon lice in sea-ranched Atlantic salmon smolts. Dis Aquat Organ 2015; 113:187-194. [PMID: 25850396 DOI: 10.3354/dao02832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental releases of Atlantic salmon smolts treated with emamectin benzoate (EB) against salmon lice have previously been used to estimate the significance of salmon lice on the survival of migrating smolts. In recent years, the salmon louse has developed reduced sensitivity to EB, which may influence the results of such release experiments. We therefore tested the use of 2 anti-lice drugs: EB was administered to salmon smolts in high doses by intra-peritoneal injection and the prophylactic substance EX (SubEX) was administered by bathing. A third, untreated control group was also established. Salmon were challenged with copepodids of 2 strains of salmon lice (1 EB-sensitive strain and 1 with reduced EB-sensitivity) in mixed-group experimental tanks. At 31 d post-challenge, the numbers of pre-adult lice on treated fish were around 20% compared with the control fish, with minor or no differences between the 2 treatments and lice strains. Both treatments therefore appeared to give the smolts a high degree of protection against infestation of copepodids of salmon lice. However, significantly lower growth of the EB-treatment group indicates that bathing the fish in SubEX is less stressful for smolts than intra-peritoneal injection of EB.
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Krasnov A, Wesmajervi Breiland MS, Hatlen B, Afanasyev S, Skugor S. Sexual maturation and administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone induce complex gene expression changes in skin and increase resistance of Atlantic salmon to ectoparasite salmon louse. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 212:34-43. [PMID: 25599658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The crustacean ectoparasitic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a major problem of Atlantic salmon aquaculture in the Northern hemisphere. Host-pathogen interactions in this system are highly complex. Resistance to the parasite involves variations in genetic background, nutrition, properties of skin, and status of the endocrine and immune systems. This study addressed the relationship between sex hormones and lice infection. Field observation revealed a sharp reduction of lice prevalence during sexual maturation with no difference between male and female fish. To determine if higher resistance against lice was related to sex hormones, post-smolt salmon were administered control feed and feeds containing 17β-estradiol (20 mg/kg) and testosterone (25 mg/kg) during a 3-week pre-challenge period. After challenge with lice, counts were reduced 2-fold and 1.5-fold in fish that received 17β-estradiol and testosterone, respectively. Gene expression analyses were performed from skin of salmon collected in the field trial and from the controlled lab experiment at three time points (end of feeding-before challenge, 3 days post challenge (dpc) and 16 dpc) using oligonucleotide microarray and qPCR. Differential expression was observed in genes associated with diverse biological processes. Both studies revealed similar changes of several antibacterial acute phase proteins; of note was induction of cathelicidin and down-regulation of a defensin gene. Treatment with hormones revealed their ability to modulate T helper cell (Th)-mediated immunity in skin. Enhanced protection achieved by 17β-estradiol administration might in part be due to the skewing of Th responses away from the prototypic anti-parasitic Th2 immunity and towards the more effective Th1 responses. Multiple genes involved in wound healing, differentiation and remodelling of skin tissue were stimulated during maturation but suppressed with sex hormones. Such opposite regulation suggested that these processes were not associated with resistance to the parasite under the studied conditions. Both studies revealed regulation of a suite of genes encoding putative large mucosal proteins found exclusively in fish. Marked decrease of erythrocyte markers indicated reduced circulation while down-regulation of multiple zymogen granule membrane proteins and transporters of cholesterol and other compounds suggested limited availability of nutrients for the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Nofima AS, PO Box 6122, NO-9291 Tromsø, Norway; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza av. 44, Peterburg 194223, Russia.
| | - Stanko Skugor
- SLRC-Sea Lice Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 8146, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Nisbet AJ, Burgess TG. Ectoparasite immunology. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:551-2. [PMID: 25520973 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Ellse L, Wall R. The use of essential oils in veterinary ectoparasite control: a review. Med Vet Entomol 2014; 28:233-43. [PMID: 24147451 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence indicating the potential value of essential oils as control agents against a range of arthropod ectoparasites, particularly lice, mites and ticks. Toxicity has been demonstrated following immersion and physical contact with treated surfaces, as well as after exposure to the vapour of these oils; the last of these factors implies that there is a neurotoxic, rather than simply a mechanical, pathway in their mode of action. However, the volatile nature of essential oils suggests that their residual activity is likely to be short-lived. A possible advantage of essential oils over conventional ectoparasite treatments may refer to their reported ovicidal efficacy, although it is unclear whether this results from neurotoxicity or mechanical suffocation. There are many difficulties in comparing the findings of existing studies of essential oil toxicity. One major issue is the wide variation among batches in the relative concentrations of oil constituents. A second issue concerns the fact that many experimental designs make it difficult to confirm that the effect seen is attributable to the oil; in many cases inappropriate controls mean that the effects of the excipient on mortality cannot be distinguished. Hence, it is important that an excipient-only control is always included in these bioassays. Furthermore, in direct contact assays, when attempting to identify the toxicity pathway of the essential oil tested, it is important to include a hydrophobic control. Without this, it is impossible to distinguish simple mechanical effects from neurological or other cellular toxicity. The use of essential oils in the control of veterinary ectoparasites is an area which holds considerable potential for the future and research into their use is still at an early stage. More extensive field trials, the standardization of components, the standardization of extraction, the standardization of good experimental design, mammalian toxicology profiling and excipient development, as well as further investigation into the residual activities and shelf-lives of these oils are all required to allow the full realization of their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ellse
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
The term bed bug is applied to 2 species of genus Cimex: lectularius describes the common or temperate bed bug, and hemipterus its tropical cousin. Cimex lectularius is aptly named; its genus and species derive from the Latin words for bug and bed, respectively. Though the tiny pest is receiving increased public attention and scrutiny, the bed bug is hardly a new problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen T Foulke
- Department of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, USA
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Baker KE, Rolfe PF, George AJ, Vanhoff KJ, Kluver PF, Bailey JN. Effective control of a suspected cyromazine-resistant strain of Lucilia cuprina using commercial spray-on formulations of cyromazine or dicyclanil. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:376-80. [PMID: 25168341 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the protection of Merino sheep from flystrike by Lucilia cuprina with cyromazine or dicyclanil in an implant study and in the field. METHODS In the implant study, sheep were treated with cyromazine or dicyclanil and implanted with 1st-stage larvae from a newly isolated field strain of L. cuprina (CYR-LS) or a reference strain (DZR50), then assessed over 3 days and compared with the implants on untreated control sheep. In the field study, weaner lambs were treated with cyromazine or dicyclanil and monitored weekly for flystrike over 18 weeks of grazing on the same farm from which the L. cuprina were isolated. RESULTS Implant study: cyromazine (6%) provided effective protection against CYR-LS and DZR50 L. cuprina for a minimum of 13 and 10 weeks, respectively. Dicyclanil (5%) provided at least 18 weeks' protection against both strains. Field study: only 1 of 386 lambs in the cyromazine-treated group was struck in the first 14 weeks of the trial. No strikes occurred in the 198 sheep treated with dicyclanil (5%). Rainfall, temperature and flytrap data indicated consistent fly pressure during the study. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of these studies, there was no evidence of reduced susceptibility to cyromazine or dicyclanil and the periods of protection of sheep against L. cuprina were unaffected and consistent with the registered label claims.
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Beugnet F, Porphyre T, Sabatier P, Chalvet-Monfray K. Use of a mathematical model to study the dynamics ofCtenocephalides felispopulations in the home environment and the impact of various control measures. Parasite 2014; 11:387-99. [PMID: 15638140 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2004114387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of fleas has been studied by a number of authors, as has the impact of various types of control measures. However, there are no mathematical models simulating the dynamics of a population of Ctenocephalides felis felis fleas on their host (the cat) and in their close environment (apartment). The model presented in this paper allows for integration of the numerous biological and behavioural parameters of the parasites and their hosts and for the variation of these same parameters. The various types of control measures can be programmed so that their impact over time can be studied. The model confirms the key role played by adult fleas, or emerged fleas contained in the cocoon. Only regular applications of persistent insecticides to the host animal will enable control of the parasite population. A combination of these insecticides with an IGR (Insect Growth Regulator) will accelerate decontamination of the home environment and see the disappearance of the parasites altogether if they are not reintroduced. The association of additional measures such as vacuum cleaning will accelerate the process of decontamination but will have no impact if carried out in isolation. One-off treatment with insecticide will not enable a reduction in the parasite population, even if carried out frequently. Use of insecticides on the home environment premises alone does not appear to be an adequate means of control. The present model can be used to test various integrated control measures which take into account different factors such as the number of host animals, the frequency of movement outdoors, the impact of the seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Beugnet
- Merial, 29, avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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50
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Leclercq E, Davie A, Migaud H. Delousing efficiency of farmed ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) against Lepeophtheirus salmonis infecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts. Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:1274-1282. [PMID: 24293262 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleaner-fish (wrasse, Labridae) are increasingly deployed within the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) industry as a biological control against sea-lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer). Two tank-based trials were performed to test the effect of farmed ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta Ascanius) body mass and supplementary feeding on the delousing of Atlantic salmon post-smolts with an initial infection level of ∼12 lice salmon(-1) and a ∼5% wrasse:salmon ratio. RESULTS Sea-louse levels below 0.5 lice salmon(-1) were obtained within 84 h, and preferential preying upon larger motile stages was found. The wrasse body mass and the availability of fresh, opened blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) did not significantly affect delousing efficiency. The functional predator response was linear, showing no minimum prey density threshold for sea-louse foraging and no satiation plateau, in spite of the high consumption rates measured. Sea-louse infection levels declined following a one-phase exponential decay model, with a standardised decline time constant of 0.8-1.3% h(-1) for each wrasse stocked per 100 salmon. CONCLUSIONS Farmed ballan wrasse are confirmed as highly effective therapeutic and preventive biological controls against sea-lice. The study supports the current minimum hatchery size target (10 mm total length) and the use of supplementary feeding to sustain the wrasse stocks in operation. The functional predator response and the standardised decline time constant of sea-louse abundance are proposed as useful indicators of delousing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leclercq
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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