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de Fátima Pereira de Faria C, Dos Reis Martinez CB, Takahashi LS, de Mello MMM, Martins TP, Urbinati EC. Modulation of the innate immune response, antioxidant system and oxidative stress during acute and chronic stress in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2021; 47:895-905. [PMID: 33786673 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an energy-demanding process, as well as the responses of the innate immune system, that impose a metabolic overload on cellular energy production, which can affect the cellular redox balance, causing oxidative damage. We evaluated the role of stress in the modulation of innate immune and oxidative/antioxidant mechanisms in juvenile pacu exposed to acute and chronic stressors. The experimental period lasted 30 days, and fish (113.7 ± 35.1 g) were fed commercial feed. During this period, half of the fish were not manipulated (Condition A), and the other half were chased with a dip net for 5 min twice a day (Condition C). After the 30-day period, fish from both groups were sampled (baseline sampling), and the remainders (not sampled) were air exposed for 3 min (acute stressor), returned to the tanks, and were sampled again 30 min, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h after air exposure. We evaluated biomarkers of stress (circulating cortisol and glucose), the innate immune system (respiratory burst activity/RBA, hemolytic activity of the complement system (HA-AP) and serum concentration of lysozyme), oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation/LPO), and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; and glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px). Our results showed that stress, acutely or chronically, caused a transient reduction of RAL and activated the HA-AP. Acutely, stress increased the lysozyme concentration. Furthermore, both conditions caused oxidative stress in the liver, and differently they modulated the antioxidant system, enhancing SOD activity and impairing CAT and GSH-Px activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Fátima Pereira de Faria
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Bueno Dos Reis Martinez
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologia (FCAT-Unesp), Dracena, Rod. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Maluli Marinho de Mello
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Talísia Pereira Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, Jaboticabal, SP, .884-900, Brazil.
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Biller JD, Takahashi LS, Urbinati EC. Under stress conditions, pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus modulates the metabolic allostatic load even after Dolops carvalhoi challenge to maintain self-protection mechanisms. Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:1309-1321. [PMID: 32236770 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish metabolic allostatic dynamics, when animal present physiological modifications that can be strategies to survive, are important for promoting changes to ensure whole body self-protection and survival in chronic states of stress. To determine the impact of sequential stressors on pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), fish were subjected to two trials of stressful treatments, administration of exogenous dietary cortisol, and parasite challenge. The first experiment consisted of a two-day acute stress trial and the second, an eight-day chronic stress trial, and after both experiments, fish parasite susceptibility was assessed with the ectoparasite Dolops carvalhoi challenge. Physiological changes in response to acute trial were observed in glycogen, cortisol, glucose, osmolarity, sodium, calcium, chloride, potassium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells and mean corpuscular volume, and white blood cell (P < 0.05), whereas response to chronic trial were observed in glycogen, osmolarity, potassium, calcium, chloride, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte (P < 0.05). Acute trials caused physiological changes, however those changes did not induce the consumption of hepatic glycogen. Chronic stress caused physiological changes that induced hepatic glycogen consumption. Under acute trial, stress experience was important to fish to achieve homeostasis after chronic stress. Changes were important to modulate the response to stressor, improve body health status, and overcome the extra stressor with D. carvalhoi challenge. The experiments demonstrate that pacu initiate strategic self-protective metabolic dynamics in acute states of stress that ensure the maintenance of important life processes in front of sequential stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Dalbello Biller
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Dracena, SP, CEP 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Dracena, SP, CEP 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Aquaculture Center of UNESP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP 14884-900, Brazil
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de Assis RWS, Urbinati EC. Physiological activity of Aloe vera in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:1421-1430. [PMID: 32222856 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aloe vera is a traditional medicinal plant; however, its use in fish is fairly recent. We evaluated the effects of dietary A. vera on stress, innate immunity, and energy metabolism in pacu inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila. For 7 days, 192 fish were fed with diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of the plant extract and then inoculated with bacteria and sampled 3, 6, and 24 h later. All concentrations of A. vera reduced basal levels of cortisol, and 1.0% reduced cortisol levels more intensely 3 h after inoculation. A. vera increased the basal respiratory activity of leukocytes/RAL (0.5 and 1.0%), increased the serum levels of lysozyme (1.0 and 2.0%) 6 h after inoculation, and increased the activity of the complement system after 3 h. Spleen somatic index/SSI increased with 1.0 and 2.0% A. vera. A. vera also promoted metabolic effects. It increased basal levels of lipids in the liver and muscle, as well as hepatosomatic index (1.0%) and, 3 h after inoculation, prevented the reduction of serum triglyceride (1.0%) and reduced the mesenteric fat (1.0%). Bacterial inoculation increased RAL from 3 to 24 h and lysozyme levels at 24 h, increased serum cholesterol at 24 h, and decreased serum triglyceride from 3 to 24 h, regardless of A. vera. We concluded that A. vera offered for only 7 days had stress-reducing effects, stimulated innate immunity, protected triglyceride levels in blood, lipid depots in the liver and muscle, and directed the energy mobilization to visceral depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudney Weiber Silva de Assis
- Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Sabioni RE, Zanuzzo FS, Gimbo RY, Urbinati EC. β-Glucan enhances respiratory activity of leukocytes suppressed by stress and modulates blood glucose levels in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:629-640. [PMID: 31840217 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the immune response of pacu fed with a β-glucan diet (0.5%) for 10 days. After the feeding period, fish were subjected to handling and 3 h after, inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were sampled before handling (baseline condition), 3, 6, and 24 h and 1 week after inoculation. A higher level of blood glucose was found in fish treated with β-glucan in baseline conditions. Handling and bacterial inoculation increased the circulating levels of cortisol and glucose and promoted the acute inflammatory response (lymphopenia and neutrophilia). β-Glucan prevented the decrease in the respiratory activity of leukocytes observed in the control group at 3 h sampling. β-Glucan did not affect the complement and lysozyme, which were activated 24 h after the bacterial challenge in control fish. A reduction in the number of leukocytes was found in fish treated with β-glucan 1 week after the challenge. We suggest two plausible hypotheses for this event: (1) it could be attributed to a depletion of the immune responses or (2) it could be due to a mobilization of the leukocytes to the spleen for antigen presenting/processing. In general, β-glucan avoided the reduction of the activity of leukocytes after stress and the bacterial challenge and increased the baseline glucose levels. Our findings confirm the immunomodulatory action of glucan and add evidence showing that glucan can have a role in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Estevan Sabioni
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Sabbadin Zanuzzo
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yukihiro Gimbo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
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Marinho de Mello MM, de Fátima Pereira de Faria C, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. β-glucan modulates cortisol levels in stressed pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) inoculated with heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:1076-1083. [PMID: 31352115 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that β-glucan can modulate cortisol release in fish. We simulated a common situation in aquaculture: the transport of fish followed by contact with an opportunistic pathogen and observed what effect glucan had on the immune and stress response in these conditions. Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) were fed with a diet containing β-glucan (0.1%) for 15 days prior to transport followed by an injection with heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. We sampled fish before transport, at arrival and at 3 and 24 h after bacterial injection. β-Glucans are used in aquaculture and have a known immunostimulatory effect, which was observed in this study. The results showed that β-glucan modulated the plasma cortisol levels differently by increasing these levels up to 24 h after transport and preventing the increase caused by bacterial inoculum injection. In addition, β-glucan enhanced the activity of the complement system at 24 h and reduced the monocytes and lymphocytes number in peripheral blood at 3 and 24 h after bacterial inoculation. Our results suggest that β-glucan modulated a bidirectional interaction between the stress and the immune responses. The modulation of cortisol levels and the immunostimulation by β-glucan at different moments in our study suggest the compound has a protective effect by avoiding higher levels of the hormone and improving resistance against bacterial infection in pacu. These results add evidence to support the use of β-glucan as an immunomodulator in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Maluli Marinho de Mello
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila de Fátima Pereira de Faria
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Sabbadin Zanuzzo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Franco Montoya LN, Favero GC, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. Distinct β-glucan molecules modulates differently the circulating cortisol levels and innate immune responses in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 83:314-320. [PMID: 30219388 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of two β-glucan molecules with different purities and isolated by different biotechnological processes on the immune response of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) prior and after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. In this sense, we evaluated serum cortisol and plasma glucose levels, the number of leukocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes), as well as the respiratory activity of leukocytes prior to, 6 and 24 h post infection (hpi). During 15 days, fish were fed with diets containing 0.1% of two β-glucans (β-G 1 and β-G 2, with 71 and 62% of purity, respectively) and then submitted to challenge. Results were compared with a positive control group fed with a β-glucan-free diet. A negative control group, also fed with β-glucan-free diet but inoculated with PBS, was established to evaluate the effect of handling during injection. Our results showed that different β-glucans affected differently the biological responses of matrinxã. The βG 2 modulated the cortisol profile prior to and after the acute infection with A. hydrophila, and increased the mobilization and activity of leukocytes. The infection promoted lymphopenia at 6 hpi and both β-glucans increased the circulating lymphocyte population 24 hpi. Moreover, the β-G 2 prevented the infection-induced neutrophilia at 6 and 24 hpi. Finally, the β-G 2 caused a marked increase in the circulating monocytes prior to infection, and a reduction at 6 hpi that was reversed at 24 hpi. In summary, our study demonstrates that β-G 2 was more efficient on the induction of the cell-mediate immunity in matrinxã.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Natalia Franco Montoya
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Cristina Favero
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Sabbadin Zanuzzo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Soares MP, Oliveira FC, Cardoso IL, Urbinati EC, Meldau de Campos C, Hisano H. Glucan-MOS ® improved growth and innate immunity in pacu stressed and experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 73:133-140. [PMID: 29191795 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We tested the efficacy of a commercial product (Glucan-MOS®) derived from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, containing two combined products, β-1,3-1,6 glucans and mannans on the growth, feed efficiency, stress and innate immune responses of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after a stressful handling and bacterial inoculation. For this, we evaluated the serum cortisol and plasma glucose levels, the respiratory activity of leukocytes, the serum lysozyme levels, as well as the number of circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes of fish fed during 30 days with diets containing increased levels of Glucan-MOS (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8%). The supplementation of 0.1% improved weight gain, feed conversion and the protein efficiency ratio compared to a control diet. The 0.2 and 0.4% Glucan-MOS® diets were sufficient to increase the respiratory burst of leukocytes and lysozyme activity, the number of thrombocytes, neutrophils and monocytes in the blood after a stressful handling and bacterial challenge, and minimized stress response as shown by decreased cortisol and glucose levels when compared to the control. The results of this work reinforce the benefits of the adoption of feeding strategies including combination of both β-1,3-1,6 glucans and mannans as a dietary supplement in periods prior to intensive management. The 30-day period was sufficient to stimulate growth performance, improve nutrient utilization, minimize stress response and modulate innate immunity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelly Pereira Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, Rodovia Aquidauana-UEMS, Km 12, CP 25, Aquidauana, 79200-000, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fulvia Cristina Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, Rodovia Aquidauana-UEMS, Km 12, CP 25, Aquidauana, 79200-000, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Israel Luz Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, Rodovia Aquidauana-UEMS, Km 12, CP 25, Aquidauana, 79200-000, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, 14 884-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Meldau de Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, Rodovia Aquidauana-UEMS, Km 12, CP 25, Aquidauana, 79200-000, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Hamilton Hisano
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rodovia SP 340, Km 127,5 Caixa Postal 69, Jaguariúna, 13820-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wolkers CPB, Serra M, Barbosa Júnior A, Urbinati EC. Acute fluoxetine treatment increases aggressiveness in juvenile matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:755-759. [PMID: 28013422 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLX) is a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor known for its effects modifying aggressiveness, personality traits, and anxiety-like behaviors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the acute treatment, by immersion, with FLX on aggressive behavior of resident Brycon amazonicus fish. Fish pretreated with FLX presented an increase in aggressiveness, evidenced by the increase on the number of bites and chases against the intruder and a decrease in latency for the first attack, when compared to control fish. Together with previous studies, these results show the complexity of the neural modulation of the aggressive behavior in fish by 5-HTergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Patricia Bejo Wolkers
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências agrárias e Veterinárias/Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal (FACIP), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Serra
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências agrárias e Veterinárias/Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto Barbosa Júnior
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos do Ministério da Saúde (DECIT/SCTIE/MS), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências agrárias e Veterinárias/Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Pahor-Filho E, Castillo ASC, Pereira NL, Pilarski F, Urbinati EC. Levamisole enhances the innate immune response and prevents increased cortisol levels in stressed pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 65:96-102. [PMID: 28400215 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of levamisole on stress and the innate immune responses of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 300 fish (180 ± 1.27 g) were fed a diet containing levamisole hydrochloride (LHC) for 15 days, then distributed into the following groups: T0 (control group); T1 (100), T2 (150), T3 (300) and T4 (500) mg kg-1 LHC (15 fish per group and four replicates per treatment). After this, fish (n = 8 per treatment) were exposed to air for three minutes to simulate stress conditions and were then challenged with the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila to stimulate the immune system. Fish were sampled at 1, 3 and 24 h after bacterial inoculation to measure plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations, the leukocyte respiratory burst (LRB), hemolytic activity of the complement system (HAC50) and serum lysozyme activity (SLA). LHC attenuated the increase in plasma cortisol at 1 h (500 mg kg-1) and 3 h (300 mg kg-1) after air exposure and bacterial inoculation compared to control fish. The highest glucose concentrations were observed at 1 and 3 h after stress, which then returned to initial levels after 24 h, without any effect of LHC. The LHC 100 mg kg-1 dose increased LRB 1 h after inoculation and activated the HAC50 3 h later. At 24 h, all LHC concentrations increased the HAC50. SLA was reduced after inoculation, throughout the experimental period, without an effect of levamisole. Our results indicate that the oral administration of levamisole for 15 days modulated circulating cortisol levels during the stress response and improved the innate immune response against A. hydrophila infection in pacu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pahor-Filho
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Soliris Corredor Castillo
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Levy Pereira
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pilarski
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Takahashi LS, Biller-Takahashi JD, Mansano CFM, Urbinati EC, Gimbo RY, Saita MV. Long-term organic selenium supplementation overcomes the trade-off between immune and antioxidant systems in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 60:311-317. [PMID: 27914996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for antioxidant defenses in fish because of its role in preventing immunosuppression caused by oxidative stress. In this study it was demonstrated the relation between the oxidative stress and immune status after a long Se supplementation period, as a result of the evaluation of immunological, hematological and antioxidant responses, as well as growth performance of pacu fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of organic selenium (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.8 mg Se-yeast/kg, but the final analyzed selenium concentrations were 0.72, 0.94, 1.15, 1.57 and 2.51 mg/kg, respectively) for 65 days. Dietary Se supplementation at 1.15 mg Se-yeast/kg (analyzed value) restored the production of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)), and consequently allowed the increased of some immunological parameters (leukocyte respiratory burst activity and lysozyme activity), hematological parameters (red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HTC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and white blood cell count (WBC)). Se supplementation in pacu diets at 1.15 mg Se-yeast/kg for 65 days improved immune response and antioxidant defenses, suggesting that oxidative stress impairs immune system response to prevent excessive reactive oxygen species in cells and indicating the occurrence of a physiological trade-off between immune and antioxidant systems. Higher Se levels, such as 1.57 mg Se-yeast/kg increased the leukocyte respiratory burst activity, the WBC and thrombocyte counts, the RBC and HTC, and the GST and GPx enzymes. However, 2.51 mg Se-yeast/kg decreased the lysozyme levels, the WBC and thrombocyte counts, the RBC, HTC and MCV, and the GST and GPx enzymes. Those findings are important to future studies because showed the negative effect of oxidative stress on immunity, and may help to prevent any inhibition of the expected immune response after immunomodulators administration and vaccination. Also it was possible to meet the dietary selenium requirement of pacu, that was estimated to be 1.56 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Câmpus de Dracena, 17900-000, Dracena, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Cleber Fernando Menegasso Mansano
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Yukihiro Gimbo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Vinícius Saita
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC, Nash GW, Gamperl AK. Steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolic rate is affected by dietary Aloe vera inclusion but not by mounting an immune response against formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida. J Fish Biol 2015; 87:43-53. [PMID: 26010230 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen consumption (MO2) of two groups of 10° C acclimated steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was measured for 72 h after they were given a 100 µl kg(-1) intraperitoneal injection of formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In addition, plasma cortisol levels were measured in fish from both groups prior to, and 1 and 3 h after, they were given a 30 s net stress. The first group was fed an unaltered commercial diet for 4 weeks, whereas the second group was fed the same diet but with 0·5% (5 g kg(-1) ) Aloe vera powder added; A. vera has potential as an immunostimulant for use in aquaculture, but its effects on basal and acute phase response (APR)-related metabolic expenditures and stress physiology, are unknown. Injection of ASAL v. PBS had no measurable effect on the MO2 of O. mykiss indicating that the APR in this species is not associated with any net increase in energy expenditure. In contrast, incorporating 0·5% A. vera powder into the feed decreased routine metabolic rate by c. 8% in both injection groups and standard metabolic rate in the ASAL-injected group (by c. 4 mg O2 kg(-1) h(-1) ; 5%). Aloe vera fed fish had resting cortisol levels that were approximately half of those in fish on the commercial diet (c. 2·5 v. 5·0 ng ml(-1) ), but neither this difference nor those post-stress reached statistical significance (P > 0·05).
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Zanuzzo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rubião Jr., 18618-970 SP, Brazil
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - G W Nash
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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12
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Biller-Takahashi JD, Takahashi LS, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. Disease resistance of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) fed with β-glucan. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 74:698-703. [PMID: 25296221 DOI: 10.1590/bjb.2014.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of β-glucan on innate immune responses and survival were studied in pacu experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish fed diets containing 0, 0.1% and 1% β-glucan were injected with A. hydrophila. β-glucan enhanced fish survival in both treated groups (26.7% and 21.2% of the control, respectively). Leukocyte respiratory burst and alternative complement pathway activities were elevated after bacterial challenge regardless the β-glucan concentration. Lysozyme activity was higher after infection and showed a gradual increase as β-glucan concentration increased. A significant elevation in WBC count was observed either after bacterial challenge or by influence of β-glucan separately. The same response was observed in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, LG-PAS positive cell and monocytes. It can be concluded that feeding pacu with β-glucan can increase protection against A. hydrophila, due to changes in non-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - L S Takahashi
- Faculdade de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - C M Marzocchi-Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo -USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - F S Zanuzzo
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP - CAUNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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13
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Serra M, Wolkers CPB, Urbinati EC. Novelty of the arena impairs the cortisol-related increase in the aggression of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). Physiol Behav 2015; 141:51-7. [PMID: 25578544 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dichotomic effect of a cortisol level rise in vertebrate behavior has been widely observed. Generally, a chronic increase of the hormone level inhibits aggression, while an acute rise increases aggression. However, in this study, we show that this increase in aggression through an acute rise of cortisol also depends on the context in which the agonistic interaction occurs in the tropical fish matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus. We combined two factors: the type of housing (resident or non-resident in the trial arena) and the level of cortisol at the beginning of the fight (normal level - control, or high level - hydrocortisone-treated fish). The cortisol treatment increased the aggressiveness in the resident fish, but this effect was not observed in the non-resident fish, which fought in an unknown arena. The novelty of the arena may have elicited an "alerted state" in the non-resident fish; in this situation the fight was not the priority, and the cortisol effect in aggression could be impaired by a conflict between motivational systems (fear and aggression). In our knowledge, in fish, the increase of aggression promoted by an acute rise in cortisol levels was always tested and observed in a resident context, and the inhibition of cortisol effect in the agonist behavior is demonstrated for the first time. As the cortisol effect in aggression is observed in several taxa, the inhibition of aggressiveness increased by the novelty of the arena should be investigated in other groups to clarify the dynamics of this effect of cortisol in animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Serra
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carla Patrícia Bejo Wolkers
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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14
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Biller-Takahashi JD, Montassier HJ, Takahashi LS, Urbinati EC. Proposed method for agglutinating antibody titer analysis and its use as indicator of acquired immunity in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 74:238-42. [PMID: 25055109 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody can be assessed by agglutinating antibody titer which is a quantitative measure of circulating antibodies in serum from fish previously immunized. The antibody evaluation has been performed with different fish species, and is considered a reliable method that can be applied to confirm several hypothesis regarding acquired immunity, even in conjunction with precise methods to describe immune mechanisms. In order to provide appropriate analytical methods for future studies on the specific immune system of native fish, the present study standardized on assay to measure the serum agglutinating antibody titer produced after immunization with inactivated A. hydrophila and levamisole administration in pacu. It was possible to determine the agglutinating antibodies titer in a satisfactorily way in pacu immunized with inactive A. hydrophila, and the highest titers were observed on fish fed with levamisole.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - H J Montassier
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - L S Takahashi
- Faculdade de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista ? UNESP, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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15
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Barreto RE, Barbosa-Júnior A, Urbinati EC, Hoffmann A. Cortisol influences the antipredator behavior induced by chemical alarm cues in the Frillfin goby. Horm Behav 2014; 65:394-400. [PMID: 24657662 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of increased plasma cortisol levels on fish antipredator behavior induced by conspecific chemical alarm cues. The experimental model for the study was the Frillfin goby Bathygobius soporator. We first confirmed that the alarm substance induces typical defensive antipredator responses in Frillfin gobies and described their alarm substance cells (epidermal 'club' cells). Second, we confirmed that intraperitoneal cortisol implants increase plasma cortisol levels in this species. We then demonstrated that exogenous cortisol administration and subsequent exposure to an alarm substance decreased swimming activity to a greater extent than the activity prompted by either stimulus alone. In addition, cortisol did not abolish the sheltering response to the alarm chemical cue even though it decreased activity. As predators use prey movements to guide their first contact with the prey, a factor that decreases swimming activity clearly increases the probability of survival. Consequently, this observation indicates that cortisol helps improve the antipredator response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Egydio Barreto
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Caunesp, Campus de Botucatu - Rubião Jr., 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Barbosa-Júnior
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Caunesp, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anette Hoffmann
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Biller-Takahashi JD, Takahashi LS, Saita MV, Gimbo RY, Urbinati EC. Leukocytes respiratory burst activity as indicator of innate immunity of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 73:425-9. [PMID: 23917573 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the assay to quantify the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes of pacu as an indicator of the innate immune system, using the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan as a measure of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to assess the accuracy of the assay, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and sampled one week after challenge. The A. hydrophila infection increased the leukocyte respiratory burst activity. The protocol showed a reliable and easy assay, appropriate to determine the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes of pacu, a neotropical fish, in the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Wolkers CPB, Serra M, Szawka RE, Urbinati EC. The time course of aggressive behaviour in juvenile matrinxã Brycon amazonicus fed with dietary L-tryptophan supplementation. J Fish Biol 2014; 84:45-57. [PMID: 24245775 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of dietary L-tryptophan (TRP) supplementation on the time course of aggressive behaviour and on neuroendocrine and hormonal indicators in juvenile matrinxã Brycon amazonicus. Supplementation with TRP promoted a change in the fight pattern at the beginning of an interaction with an intruder, resulting in decreased aggressive behaviours during the first 20 min. The decrease in aggression did not persist throughout the interaction but increased at 3 and 6 h after the beginning of the fight. Monoamine levels in the hypothalamus were not influenced by TRP before or after the fight; however, the hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) concentration and the 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5HIAA):5-HT ratio were significantly correlated with the reduction in aggressive behaviour at the beginning of the fight. Cortisol was not altered by TRP before the fight. After the fight cortisol increased to higher levels in B. amazonicus fed with supplementary TRP. These results indicate that TRP supplementation alters the aggressive behaviour of B. amazonicus and that this effect is limited to the beginning of the fight, suggesting a transient effect of TRP on aggressive behaviour. This is the first study reporting the effects of TRP supplementation on the time course of aggressive interaction in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P B Wolkers
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences/Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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18
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Wolkers CPB, Serra M, Hoshiba MA, Urbinati EC. Dietary L-tryptophan alters aggression in juvenile matrinxã Brycon amazonicus. Fish Physiol Biochem 2012; 38:819-827. [PMID: 22071569 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with L: -tryptophan (L-TRP), a serotonin precursor, on the aggressiveness of juvenile matrinxã Brycon amazonicus. Fish were kept in individual aquaria for 7 days receiving the diets: D1 (control: 0.47% of TRP), D2 (0.94% of TRP), D3 (1.88% of TRP), and D4 (3.76% of TRP). After this, they were grouped with an intruder fish to establish a resident-intruder relationship during periods of 20 min. Blood cortisol, glucose, chloride, sodium and calcium; hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count and volume; liver glycogen and lipids were measured. Territoriality had significant effect on the aggressiveness of matrinxã (the residents were more aggressive than intruders, P < 0.001) and tryptophan significantly affected their behavior. Fish fed with the D2 diet presented a longer latency until the first attack (P = 0.0069) and bit the intruder fewer times (P = 0.0136) during the period of observation, compared to the control group. The frequency of bites and chases after the first attack was not affected by the dietary supplementation of TRP. Physiological variables were not significantly affected by the diet, except for a moderate increase in cortisol level in fish fed with D2 diet after the fight, indicating slight activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis. The results show that juvenile matrinxã have aggressive and territorial behavior and that a diet containing 9.4 g TRP kg(-1) alter their aggressiveness, without affecting the stress-related physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Patrícia Bejo Wolkers
- Aquaculture Center, and Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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19
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Landines MA, Sanabria AI, Senhorini JA, Urbinati EC. The influence of triiodothyronine (T3) on the early development of piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2010; 36:1291-1296. [PMID: 20559721 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the triiodothyronine's (T3) effects on the early growth and survival of piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) produced from fertilized eggs hormone exposed. The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, eggs divided in 6 batches were immersed in T3 solutions: 0.01; 0.05; 0.1; 0.5 ppm; 1 ppm and control (no T3). After a 15-min immersion, eggs were transferred to incubators where larvae were kept up to 72 h after hatching. Larval weight, length and yolk sac volume were determined every 12 h. Sixty and 72 h after hatching, larvae exposed to 0.5 ppm T3 were significantly heavier than the others, and those exposed to 1 ppm T3 showed the lowest weight. The yolk sac absorption was not affected. In the second experimental phase, the resulting fry from the first phase were stocked into 3 boxes per treatment (5 larvae L(-1)) and fed with plankton, fish larvae and feed prepared in the hatchery (48% CP) in the first 3 days, plankton and feed from the 4th to the 10th day and only feed in the next (last) 5 days. Fry weight, length and specific growth rate were determined at 1, 5, 10 and 15 days. Survival was calculated in the last day. In the 15th day, fry length did not differ among treatments but the weight of the control group was higher. Higher survival in the T3-treated groups suggested lower predation among fry. The results allowed us to conclude that there was no expressive effect of T3 on the growth, but it improved the survival of the piracanjuba progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Landines
- Laboratorio de Ictiología FMVZ, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 x Calle 45, Edificio 481. Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia.
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20
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Takahashi LS, Biller JD, Criscuolo-Urbinati E, Urbinati EC. Feeding strategy with alternate fasting and refeeding: effects on farmed pacu production. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:259-66. [PMID: 20880282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 36-day trial was conducted to determine the effects of repetitive periods of food restriction and refeeding on growth and energy metabolism in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total 264 juvenile fish (36.9±2.8 g) were fed with the experimental diet for 36 days using three regimes: (i) feeding daily to satiation (FD); (ii) no feed for 3 days, then feeding the same amount offered to the control groups for the next 3 days (NF/R controlled); and (iii) no feed for 3 days, then feeding to apparent satiation for the next 3 days (NF/R at satiation). The treatments were distributed into four tanks each. WG and SGR were higher in FD group. Fish refed showed hyperphagia just up to the second day of refeeding. The worst feed conversion rate and the lowest protein efficiency ratio were found in fish NF/R controlled. The lowest values of visceral fat somatic index were found in both fasted fish groups, particularly in NF/R at satiation. The LL and glycogen concentrations, and the hepatosomatic index were all elevated in both feed restricted fish. Muscle lipid showed a tendency to decrease after the cycle of fasting and refeeding. Plasma free fatty acids and glucose levels were elevated in fish subjected to feeding restrictions while serum triglycerides levels were reduced. Triiodothyronine levels were significantly depressed in fish from the NF/R-controlled group and remained at the same levels as the control fish in fish NF/R at satiation. Results indicated that fish subjected to cyclic periods of 3-day satiation or controlled feeding after 3-days of fasting were unable to achieve the final body weight of fish fed to satiation after 36 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Takahashi LS, Gonçalves AFN, Urbinati EC, Biller JD, Fernandes JBK. Transporte de juvenis de curimbatá Prochilodus lineatus em diferentes densidades. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i2.8415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abreu JS, Takahashi LS, Hoshiba MA, Urbinati EC. Biological indicators of stress in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after capture. BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 69:415-21. [PMID: 19675947 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842009000200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of capture (chasing, netting and air exposure) on cortisol, glucose, chloride, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations, osmolality, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were investigated in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 132 fish (49.7 +/- 11.7 g) were subjected to capture and 3 minutes air exposure and capture and 5 minutes air exposure. Nine fish at each treatment were sampled at 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes and 24 hours after the procedure. Nine undisturbed fish were sacrificed before the handling and used as controls. Capture resulted in a rise in blood cortisol and glucose 30 and 5 minutes, respectively, after both air exposures. Both indicators returned to resting levels 24 hours after capture. In both fish groups, plasma chloride decreased 60 minutes after capture, not recovering the resting levels within 24 hours after, and serum sodium rose at 15 and 30 minutes and recovered the resting levels 24 hours later. There were no significant changes neither in potassium, calcium and osmolality nor in hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC and MCV as a consequence of capture. The sequential stressors imposed to pacu during capture activated the brain-pituitary-interrenal axis (cortisol and glucose responses) but the activation of the brain-sympathetic-chromaffin cell axis was apparently moderate (ionic and hematological responses).
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Abreu
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Extensão Rural, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil, 78060-900
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Noffs MD, Martino RC, Trugo LC, Urbinati EC, Fernandes JBK, Takahashi LS. Dietary fish oil replacement with lard and soybean oil affects triacylglycerol and phospholipid muscle and liver docosahexaenoic acid content but not in the brain and eyes of surubim juveniles Pseudoplatystoma sp. Fish Physiol Biochem 2009; 35:399-412. [PMID: 18989742 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Triplicate groups of juvenile suribim were fed for 183 days one of four different isonitrogenous (47.6% crude protein) and isolipidic (18.7% lipid) diets formulated using three different lipid sources: 100% fish oil (FO, diet 1); 100% pig lard (L, diet 2); 100% soybean oil (SO, diet 3), and FO/L/SO (1:1:1, w/w/w; diet 4). The tissue levels of fatty acids 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 decreased relative to corresponding dietary fatty acid values. The 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 composition of muscle and liver neutral lipids were linearly correlated with corresponding dietary fatty acid composition. In contrast, the 22:6n-3 composition of the brain and eye were similar among treatments. The 22:6n-3 level was enriched in all tissues, particularly in the neural tissues. Similar results were observed for tissue polar lipids: fatty acids content reflected dietary composition, with the exception of the 22:6n-3 level, which showed enrichment and no differences between groups. Given these results, the importance of the biochemical functions (transport and/or metabolism) of 22:6n-3 in the development of the neural system of surubim warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Noffs
- Instituto de Química (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional e de Alimentos, Bl. A Lab. 528, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Urbinati EC, Biller JD, Bendhack F, Takahashi LS. Stress responses in juvenile pacu (<em>Piaractus mesopotamicus</em>) submitted to repeated air exposure. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v30i1.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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de Andrade JIA, Ono EA, de Menezes GC, Brasil EM, Roubach R, Urbinati EC, Tavares-Dias M, Marcon JL, Affonso EG. Influence of diets supplemented with vitamins C and E on pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) blood parameters. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 146:576-80. [PMID: 16716624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of diets supplemented with 500, 800, 1200 mg kg-1 of vitamin C (ascorbic acid or AA) and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol or alpha-T) on the physiological responses of pirarucu fed for 2 months. Weight and mortality were not affected by dietary vitamin type or their concentrations. Significant increase (p<0.05) on the red blood cells count was obtained on treatments with 800 and 1200 mg AA kg-1 and on the hemoglobin concentration on treatment with 500 mg alpha-T kg-1 relatively to control. Mean corpuscular volume presented a significant decrease (p<0.05) on treatment with 800 and 1200 mg AA kg-1 when compared to control. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was significantly high (p<0.05) on treatment with 500 mg alpha-T kg-1. Only in vitamin C treatments, we noticed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the number of leucocytes relative to control. All fish in the vitamin-supplemented treatments, except 500 mg AA kg-1, had high total protein values compared to control. Fish treated with 800 or 1200 mg alpha-T kg-1 also showed increases in plasma glucose concentrations. Our results suggest that 800 and 1200 mg AA kg-1 are probably the most suitable concentrations for pirarucu diets, although high vitamin E diets are not necessary for quantitative leucocyte increases for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Inês Alves de Andrade
- Aquaculture Department, INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia), Av. André Araújo, 2936, P.O. Box 478, Manaus, AM, 69060-001, Brazil
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de Menezes GC, Tavares-Dias M, Ono EA, de Andrade JIA, Brasil EM, Roubach R, Urbinati EC, Marcon JL, Affonso EG. The influence of dietary vitamin C and E supplementation on the physiological response of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, in net culture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 145:274-9. [PMID: 16934509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of dietary vitamin C (ascorbic acid or AA), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol or alpha-T), and C+E supplementation on the blood parameters of Arapaima gigas grown in net cages for 45 days. Four treatments were tested: control (commercial feed); C800; E500 and C+E (800+500) with supplementation of 800 mg AA kg(-1), 500 mg alpha-T kg(-1) and 800+500 mg AA+alpha-T kg(-1), respectively. Hematocrit (Ht), red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (oxidative status indicators), thrombocytes and leukocytes (immunological indicators), plasma protein and glucose were evaluated. Fish fed vitamin C and C+E supplemented diets showed greater weight gain and survival. Dietary vitamin C and C+E diet supplementation resulted in increased Ht, Hb, RBC, MCHC, total leukocytes, total proteins, thrombocytes and eosinophils compared to the control and alpha-T. The alpha-tocopherol-supplemented diet reduced the number of total thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils and increased glucose and eosinophils relatively to the control. In general, leukocytes and thrombocytes were good indicators of the efficiency of vitamin on the defense mechanism of the A. gigas reared in cages. Results indicate that high alpha-T diet supplementation provides no benefit for the maintenance of the oxidative or the immunological status of A. gigas. However, it was demonstrated that high dietary AA improves A. gigas immunological status. Red blood cell indices and immune system indicators showed no synergistic effect between the vitamins after supplementing the A. gigas diet with alpha-T+AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauber Cruz de Menezes
- Department of Aquaculture, INPA (Amazonian National Research Institute), Av. André Araújo, 2936, P.O. Box 478, Manaus, AM 69069-001, Brazil
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Dias-Koberstein TCR, Carneiro DJ, Criscuolo Urbinati E. Tempo de trânsito gastrintestinal e esvaziamento gástrico do pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus) em diferentes temperaturas de cultivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v27i3.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Koberstein TCRD, Carneiro DJ, Urbinati EC. Comportamento alimentar de alevinos de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg, 1887) por meio das observações do tempo de retorno do apetite e do tempo de saciação dos peixes em duas temperaturas de cultivo. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v26i3.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Rezende AA, Petenusci SO, Urbinati EC, Leone FA. Kinetic properties of osseous plate alkaline phosphatase from diabetic rats. Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 1993; 104:469-74. [PMID: 8097148 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(93)90448-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. Increased levels of bone alkaline phosphatase activity were observed in diabetic rats. These animals exhibited impaired bone development without concomitant alterations of the sequence of cellular transformations. 2. Alkaline phosphatase activity was delayed in diabetic rats but the kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) were virtually the same observed for controls (N = 1.2 and K0.5 = 43 microM). 3. Alkaline phosphatase from diabetic rats had a better affinity (K0.5 = 38 microM) for magnesium ions than controls (K0.5 = 91 microM). 4. Zinc ions affected alkaline phosphatase activity from control and diabetic rats in the same way (K0.5 = 10 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rezende
- Departamento de Química, F.F.C.L.R.P., Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
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