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de Fátima Pereira de Faria C, Dos Reis Martinez CB, Takahashi LS, de Mello MMM, Martins TP, Urbinati EC. Modulation of the innate immune response, antioxidant system and oxidative stress during acute and chronic stress in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2021; 47:895-905. [PMID: 33786673 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an energy-demanding process, as well as the responses of the innate immune system, that impose a metabolic overload on cellular energy production, which can affect the cellular redox balance, causing oxidative damage. We evaluated the role of stress in the modulation of innate immune and oxidative/antioxidant mechanisms in juvenile pacu exposed to acute and chronic stressors. The experimental period lasted 30 days, and fish (113.7 ± 35.1 g) were fed commercial feed. During this period, half of the fish were not manipulated (Condition A), and the other half were chased with a dip net for 5 min twice a day (Condition C). After the 30-day period, fish from both groups were sampled (baseline sampling), and the remainders (not sampled) were air exposed for 3 min (acute stressor), returned to the tanks, and were sampled again 30 min, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h after air exposure. We evaluated biomarkers of stress (circulating cortisol and glucose), the innate immune system (respiratory burst activity/RBA, hemolytic activity of the complement system (HA-AP) and serum concentration of lysozyme), oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation/LPO), and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; and glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px). Our results showed that stress, acutely or chronically, caused a transient reduction of RAL and activated the HA-AP. Acutely, stress increased the lysozyme concentration. Furthermore, both conditions caused oxidative stress in the liver, and differently they modulated the antioxidant system, enhancing SOD activity and impairing CAT and GSH-Px activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Fátima Pereira de Faria
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Bueno Dos Reis Martinez
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologia (FCAT-Unesp), Dracena, Rod. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Maluli Marinho de Mello
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Talísia Pereira Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, Jaboticabal, SP, .884-900, Brazil.
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Marinho de Mello MM, de Fátima Pereira de Faria C, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. β-glucan modulates cortisol levels in stressed pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) inoculated with heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:1076-1083. [PMID: 31352115 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that β-glucan can modulate cortisol release in fish. We simulated a common situation in aquaculture: the transport of fish followed by contact with an opportunistic pathogen and observed what effect glucan had on the immune and stress response in these conditions. Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) were fed with a diet containing β-glucan (0.1%) for 15 days prior to transport followed by an injection with heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. We sampled fish before transport, at arrival and at 3 and 24 h after bacterial injection. β-Glucans are used in aquaculture and have a known immunostimulatory effect, which was observed in this study. The results showed that β-glucan modulated the plasma cortisol levels differently by increasing these levels up to 24 h after transport and preventing the increase caused by bacterial inoculum injection. In addition, β-glucan enhanced the activity of the complement system at 24 h and reduced the monocytes and lymphocytes number in peripheral blood at 3 and 24 h after bacterial inoculation. Our results suggest that β-glucan modulated a bidirectional interaction between the stress and the immune responses. The modulation of cortisol levels and the immunostimulation by β-glucan at different moments in our study suggest the compound has a protective effect by avoiding higher levels of the hormone and improving resistance against bacterial infection in pacu. These results add evidence to support the use of β-glucan as an immunomodulator in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Maluli Marinho de Mello
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila de Fátima Pereira de Faria
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Sabbadin Zanuzzo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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