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Oshiro AM, Khan KU, Carli GC, Pahor-Filho E, Sakomura NK, Fernandes JBK, Takahashi LS. Effect of digestible protein on intermediate metabolism, hepatic enzyme activities, energy reserves, and growth performance of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in the finishing growth phase. Fish Physiol Biochem 2024; 50:259-271. [PMID: 37847337 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different levels of digestible protein (DP) on blood metabolites, hepatic enzyme activity of glycolysis and amino acid metabolism, energy reserves, and the production characteristics of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) during the finishing growth phase. Six semi purified and isoenergetic diets, containing 16.3, 20.1, 23.8, 27.2, 31.5, and 34.8% of balanced DP, provided with essential amino acid balance, were hand-fed to pacu (1100.0 ± 10.3 g, initial weight) three times daily for 7 weeks. The experiment consisted of six treatments, with three randomly arranged replicates (tanks) per treatment. The data obtained from this experiment were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments were determined using Tukey's test. Blood metabolites, except serum ammonia and the hepatic enzymes activities of glycolysis and amino acid metabolism, except hexokinase activity were affected (p < 0.05) by balanced DP. The energy reserve indices, except hepatic total lipid content, were also found associated (p < 0.05) with balanced DP. The test diets significantly (p < 0.05) affected growth performance parameters. Higher dietary proteins led to a greater energy uptake by fish from the protein in feed. Overall, fish fed the intermediate level (23.8%) of balanced DP with digestible energy of 17.95 MJ kg-1 showed better production traits and physio-biochemical health markers. This information could help nutritionists and farmers to develop nutritionally balanced and economically and environmentally sustainable aquafeed for promoting healthy and sustainable production of pacu in intensive culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Miyuki Oshiro
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences (FCAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena. Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Kifayat Ullah Khan
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Gabriela Castellani Carli
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pahor-Filho
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences (FCAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena. Rod. Comte. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal. Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Bispo dos Santos S, Fernandez Alarcon M, Ballaben AS, Harakava R, Galetti R, Guimarães MC, Natori MM, Takahashi LS, Ildefonso R, Rozas-Serri M. First Report of Aeromonas veronii as an Emerging Bacterial Pathogen of Farmed Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) in Brazil. Pathogens 2023; 12:1020. [PMID: 37623980 PMCID: PMC10459805 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the world's leading producers of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. However, the industry faces a major challenge in terms of infectious diseases, as at least five new pathogens have been formally described in the last five years. Aeromonas species are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that are often described as fish pathogens causing Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). In late December 2022, an epidemic outbreak was reported in farmed Nile tilapia in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, characterized by clinical signs and gross pathology suggestive of MAS. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize in vitro and in vivo the causative agent of this epidemic outbreak. The bacterial isolates were identified as Aeromonas veronii based on the homology of 16S rRNA (99.9%), gyrB (98.9%), and the rpoB gene (99.1%). A. veronii showed susceptibility only to florfenicol, while it was resistant to the other three antimicrobials tested, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, and amoxicillin. The lowest florfenicol concentration capable of inhibiting bacterial growth was ≤0.5 µg/mL. The phenotypic resistance of the A. veronii isolate observed for quinolones and tetracycline was genetically confirmed by the presence of the qnrS2 (colE plasmid) and tetA antibiotic-resistant genes, respectively. A. veronii isolate was highly pathogenic in juvenile Nile tilapia tested in vivo, showing a mortality rate ranging from 3 to 100% in the lowest (1.2 × 104) and highest (1.2 × 108) bacterial dose groups, respectively. To our knowledge, this study would constitute the first report of highly pathogenic and multidrug-resistant A. veronii associated with outbreaks and high mortality rates in tilapia farmed in commercial net cages in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandie Bispo dos Santos
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Miguel Fernandez Alarcon
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Anelise Stella Ballaben
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-020, Brazil;
| | | | - Renata Galetti
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Mateus Cardoso Guimarães
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Mariene Miyoko Natori
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- Departamento de Produção Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Dracena, São Paulo 17900-000, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Ildefonso
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
- Pathovet Labs, Puerto Montt 5550000, Chile
| | - Marco Rozas-Serri
- Pathovet Labs, Ribeirão Preto 14025-020, Brazil; (S.B.d.S.); (M.F.A.); (R.G.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.N.); (R.I.)
- Pathovet Labs, Puerto Montt 5550000, Chile
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Ferrari JEC, Palma M, Carli GC, Satiro TM, Tavares LC, Viegas I, Takahashi LS. Carbohydrate tolerance in Amazon tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) revealed by NMR-metabolomics - Are glucose and fructose different sugars for fruit-eating fish? Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2022; 41:100928. [PMID: 34847514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, two approaches were followed to evaluate the metabolic responses of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a frugivorous species, to intraperitoneal (IP) administration of glucose (GLU) and fructose (FRU) in fed (FED) and 10-day fasted (FAST) fish. Glucose and fructose tolerance tests were performed to assess the carbohydrate utilization and complementary NMR-metabolomics analyses were done to elucidate the impacts of sugar mobilization on the metabolic profile of plasma, liver and muscle. Blood was sampled from FED groups at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h; and at 0 and 24 h from FAST groups. Significant differences were observed in the hyperglycaemic peak between sugars at 3 h (GLU - 13.7 ± 2.0 mM vs. FRU - 8.7 ± 1.1 mM; saline 6.3 ± 0.6 mM) and on the return to normoglycaemia (GLU - 8.5 ± 2.2 mM vs. FRU - 5.2 ± 0.9 mM; saline 4.9 ± 0.6 mM) 6 h after IP on the FRU fish. The NMR-metabolomics approach allowed to conclude that tambaqui seems to be more responsive to the feeding regime (FED vs. FAST) than to the injected sugar (FRU vs. GLU). From the studied tissues, plasma showed no significant variations between feeding regimes at 24 h after IP, while muscle and liver revealed some variations on the final metabolome profile between FED and FAST groups. The metabolome variations between feeding regimes are indicative of changes on the amino acid utilization. Fish from FAST group seem to utilize amino acids as energy source rather than for protein synthesis and muscle growth. Variations on glucose concentration in muscle can also indicate different utilization of the sugars depending on the feeding regime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Palma
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Castellani Carli
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences (FCAT-Unesp), Dracena 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Thaise Mota Satiro
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Ludgero C Tavares
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal; CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama - EUVG, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan Viegas
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences (FCAT-Unesp), Dracena 17900-000, Brazil.
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Farias CVTD, Oshiro AM, Sousa LC, Almeida VDNSD, Takahashi LS. Amylose and amylopectin levels affect the growth performance and metabolism in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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de Fátima Pereira de Faria C, Dos Reis Martinez CB, Takahashi LS, de Mello MMM, Martins TP, Urbinati EC. Modulation of the innate immune response, antioxidant system and oxidative stress during acute and chronic stress in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2021; 47:895-905. [PMID: 33786673 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an energy-demanding process, as well as the responses of the innate immune system, that impose a metabolic overload on cellular energy production, which can affect the cellular redox balance, causing oxidative damage. We evaluated the role of stress in the modulation of innate immune and oxidative/antioxidant mechanisms in juvenile pacu exposed to acute and chronic stressors. The experimental period lasted 30 days, and fish (113.7 ± 35.1 g) were fed commercial feed. During this period, half of the fish were not manipulated (Condition A), and the other half were chased with a dip net for 5 min twice a day (Condition C). After the 30-day period, fish from both groups were sampled (baseline sampling), and the remainders (not sampled) were air exposed for 3 min (acute stressor), returned to the tanks, and were sampled again 30 min, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h after air exposure. We evaluated biomarkers of stress (circulating cortisol and glucose), the innate immune system (respiratory burst activity/RBA, hemolytic activity of the complement system (HA-AP) and serum concentration of lysozyme), oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation/LPO), and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; and glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px). Our results showed that stress, acutely or chronically, caused a transient reduction of RAL and activated the HA-AP. Acutely, stress increased the lysozyme concentration. Furthermore, both conditions caused oxidative stress in the liver, and differently they modulated the antioxidant system, enhancing SOD activity and impairing CAT and GSH-Px activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Fátima Pereira de Faria
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Bueno Dos Reis Martinez
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologia (FCAT-Unesp), Dracena, Rod. João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Maluli Marinho de Mello
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Talísia Pereira Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, Jaboticabal, SP, .884-900, Brazil.
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Biller JD, Takahashi LS, Urbinati EC. Under stress conditions, pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus modulates the metabolic allostatic load even after Dolops carvalhoi challenge to maintain self-protection mechanisms. Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:1309-1321. [PMID: 32236770 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish metabolic allostatic dynamics, when animal present physiological modifications that can be strategies to survive, are important for promoting changes to ensure whole body self-protection and survival in chronic states of stress. To determine the impact of sequential stressors on pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), fish were subjected to two trials of stressful treatments, administration of exogenous dietary cortisol, and parasite challenge. The first experiment consisted of a two-day acute stress trial and the second, an eight-day chronic stress trial, and after both experiments, fish parasite susceptibility was assessed with the ectoparasite Dolops carvalhoi challenge. Physiological changes in response to acute trial were observed in glycogen, cortisol, glucose, osmolarity, sodium, calcium, chloride, potassium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells and mean corpuscular volume, and white blood cell (P < 0.05), whereas response to chronic trial were observed in glycogen, osmolarity, potassium, calcium, chloride, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte (P < 0.05). Acute trials caused physiological changes, however those changes did not induce the consumption of hepatic glycogen. Chronic stress caused physiological changes that induced hepatic glycogen consumption. Under acute trial, stress experience was important to fish to achieve homeostasis after chronic stress. Changes were important to modulate the response to stressor, improve body health status, and overcome the extra stressor with D. carvalhoi challenge. The experiments demonstrate that pacu initiate strategic self-protective metabolic dynamics in acute states of stress that ensure the maintenance of important life processes in front of sequential stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Dalbello Biller
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Dracena, SP, CEP 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Dracena, SP, CEP 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Aquaculture Center of UNESP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, CEP 14884-900, Brazil
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Sousa LC, Moromizato BS, Almeida VDNSD, Miasaki CT, Takahashi LS, Biller JD. There is more than one way of feeding carnivorous fish: Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum × P corruscans) are able to cope with carbohydrates rich diets, but there is a trade-off between growth and immunity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Takahashi LS, Biller-Takahashi JD, Mansano CFM, Urbinati EC, Gimbo RY, Saita MV. Long-term organic selenium supplementation overcomes the trade-off between immune and antioxidant systems in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 60:311-317. [PMID: 27914996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for antioxidant defenses in fish because of its role in preventing immunosuppression caused by oxidative stress. In this study it was demonstrated the relation between the oxidative stress and immune status after a long Se supplementation period, as a result of the evaluation of immunological, hematological and antioxidant responses, as well as growth performance of pacu fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of organic selenium (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.8 mg Se-yeast/kg, but the final analyzed selenium concentrations were 0.72, 0.94, 1.15, 1.57 and 2.51 mg/kg, respectively) for 65 days. Dietary Se supplementation at 1.15 mg Se-yeast/kg (analyzed value) restored the production of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)), and consequently allowed the increased of some immunological parameters (leukocyte respiratory burst activity and lysozyme activity), hematological parameters (red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HTC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and white blood cell count (WBC)). Se supplementation in pacu diets at 1.15 mg Se-yeast/kg for 65 days improved immune response and antioxidant defenses, suggesting that oxidative stress impairs immune system response to prevent excessive reactive oxygen species in cells and indicating the occurrence of a physiological trade-off between immune and antioxidant systems. Higher Se levels, such as 1.57 mg Se-yeast/kg increased the leukocyte respiratory burst activity, the WBC and thrombocyte counts, the RBC and HTC, and the GST and GPx enzymes. However, 2.51 mg Se-yeast/kg decreased the lysozyme levels, the WBC and thrombocyte counts, the RBC, HTC and MCV, and the GST and GPx enzymes. Those findings are important to future studies because showed the negative effect of oxidative stress on immunity, and may help to prevent any inhibition of the expected immune response after immunomodulators administration and vaccination. Also it was possible to meet the dietary selenium requirement of pacu, that was estimated to be 1.56 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Susumu Takahashi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Câmpus de Dracena, 17900-000, Dracena, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Cleber Fernando Menegasso Mansano
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Yukihiro Gimbo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Vinícius Saita
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Biller-Takahashi JD, Takahashi LS, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. Disease resistance of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) fed with β-glucan. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 74:698-703. [PMID: 25296221 DOI: 10.1590/bjb.2014.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of β-glucan on innate immune responses and survival were studied in pacu experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish fed diets containing 0, 0.1% and 1% β-glucan were injected with A. hydrophila. β-glucan enhanced fish survival in both treated groups (26.7% and 21.2% of the control, respectively). Leukocyte respiratory burst and alternative complement pathway activities were elevated after bacterial challenge regardless the β-glucan concentration. Lysozyme activity was higher after infection and showed a gradual increase as β-glucan concentration increased. A significant elevation in WBC count was observed either after bacterial challenge or by influence of β-glucan separately. The same response was observed in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, LG-PAS positive cell and monocytes. It can be concluded that feeding pacu with β-glucan can increase protection against A. hydrophila, due to changes in non-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - L S Takahashi
- Faculdade de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - C M Marzocchi-Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo -USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - F S Zanuzzo
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP - CAUNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Biller-Takahashi JD, Montassier HJ, Takahashi LS, Urbinati EC. Proposed method for agglutinating antibody titer analysis and its use as indicator of acquired immunity in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 74:238-42. [PMID: 25055109 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody can be assessed by agglutinating antibody titer which is a quantitative measure of circulating antibodies in serum from fish previously immunized. The antibody evaluation has been performed with different fish species, and is considered a reliable method that can be applied to confirm several hypothesis regarding acquired immunity, even in conjunction with precise methods to describe immune mechanisms. In order to provide appropriate analytical methods for future studies on the specific immune system of native fish, the present study standardized on assay to measure the serum agglutinating antibody titer produced after immunization with inactivated A. hydrophila and levamisole administration in pacu. It was possible to determine the agglutinating antibodies titer in a satisfactorily way in pacu immunized with inactive A. hydrophila, and the highest titers were observed on fish fed with levamisole.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - H J Montassier
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - L S Takahashi
- Faculdade de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista ? UNESP, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Biller-Takahashi JD, Takahashi LS, Saita MV, Gimbo RY, Urbinati EC. Leukocytes respiratory burst activity as indicator of innate immunity of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 73:425-9. [PMID: 23917573 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the assay to quantify the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes of pacu as an indicator of the innate immune system, using the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan as a measure of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to assess the accuracy of the assay, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and sampled one week after challenge. The A. hydrophila infection increased the leukocyte respiratory burst activity. The protocol showed a reliable and easy assay, appropriate to determine the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes of pacu, a neotropical fish, in the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Takahashi LS, Biller JD, Criscuolo-Urbinati E, Urbinati EC. Feeding strategy with alternate fasting and refeeding: effects on farmed pacu production. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:259-66. [PMID: 20880282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 36-day trial was conducted to determine the effects of repetitive periods of food restriction and refeeding on growth and energy metabolism in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total 264 juvenile fish (36.9±2.8 g) were fed with the experimental diet for 36 days using three regimes: (i) feeding daily to satiation (FD); (ii) no feed for 3 days, then feeding the same amount offered to the control groups for the next 3 days (NF/R controlled); and (iii) no feed for 3 days, then feeding to apparent satiation for the next 3 days (NF/R at satiation). The treatments were distributed into four tanks each. WG and SGR were higher in FD group. Fish refed showed hyperphagia just up to the second day of refeeding. The worst feed conversion rate and the lowest protein efficiency ratio were found in fish NF/R controlled. The lowest values of visceral fat somatic index were found in both fasted fish groups, particularly in NF/R at satiation. The LL and glycogen concentrations, and the hepatosomatic index were all elevated in both feed restricted fish. Muscle lipid showed a tendency to decrease after the cycle of fasting and refeeding. Plasma free fatty acids and glucose levels were elevated in fish subjected to feeding restrictions while serum triglycerides levels were reduced. Triiodothyronine levels were significantly depressed in fish from the NF/R-controlled group and remained at the same levels as the control fish in fish NF/R at satiation. Results indicated that fish subjected to cyclic periods of 3-day satiation or controlled feeding after 3-days of fasting were unable to achieve the final body weight of fish fed to satiation after 36 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Ac. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Takahashi LS, Gonçalves AFN, Urbinati EC, Biller JD, Fernandes JBK. Transporte de juvenis de curimbatá Prochilodus lineatus em diferentes densidades. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i2.8415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abreu JS, Takahashi LS, Hoshiba MA, Urbinati EC. Biological indicators of stress in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after capture. BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 69:415-21. [PMID: 19675947 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842009000200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of capture (chasing, netting and air exposure) on cortisol, glucose, chloride, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations, osmolality, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were investigated in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 132 fish (49.7 +/- 11.7 g) were subjected to capture and 3 minutes air exposure and capture and 5 minutes air exposure. Nine fish at each treatment were sampled at 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes and 24 hours after the procedure. Nine undisturbed fish were sacrificed before the handling and used as controls. Capture resulted in a rise in blood cortisol and glucose 30 and 5 minutes, respectively, after both air exposures. Both indicators returned to resting levels 24 hours after capture. In both fish groups, plasma chloride decreased 60 minutes after capture, not recovering the resting levels within 24 hours after, and serum sodium rose at 15 and 30 minutes and recovered the resting levels 24 hours later. There were no significant changes neither in potassium, calcium and osmolality nor in hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC and MCV as a consequence of capture. The sequential stressors imposed to pacu during capture activated the brain-pituitary-interrenal axis (cortisol and glucose responses) but the activation of the brain-sympathetic-chromaffin cell axis was apparently moderate (ionic and hematological responses).
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Abreu
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Extensão Rural, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil, 78060-900
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Noffs MD, Martino RC, Trugo LC, Urbinati EC, Fernandes JBK, Takahashi LS. Dietary fish oil replacement with lard and soybean oil affects triacylglycerol and phospholipid muscle and liver docosahexaenoic acid content but not in the brain and eyes of surubim juveniles Pseudoplatystoma sp. Fish Physiol Biochem 2009; 35:399-412. [PMID: 18989742 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Triplicate groups of juvenile suribim were fed for 183 days one of four different isonitrogenous (47.6% crude protein) and isolipidic (18.7% lipid) diets formulated using three different lipid sources: 100% fish oil (FO, diet 1); 100% pig lard (L, diet 2); 100% soybean oil (SO, diet 3), and FO/L/SO (1:1:1, w/w/w; diet 4). The tissue levels of fatty acids 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 decreased relative to corresponding dietary fatty acid values. The 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 composition of muscle and liver neutral lipids were linearly correlated with corresponding dietary fatty acid composition. In contrast, the 22:6n-3 composition of the brain and eye were similar among treatments. The 22:6n-3 level was enriched in all tissues, particularly in the neural tissues. Similar results were observed for tissue polar lipids: fatty acids content reflected dietary composition, with the exception of the 22:6n-3 level, which showed enrichment and no differences between groups. Given these results, the importance of the biochemical functions (transport and/or metabolism) of 22:6n-3 in the development of the neural system of surubim warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Noffs
- Instituto de Química (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional e de Alimentos, Bl. A Lab. 528, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Takahashi LS, Gonçalves AFN, Santos ECC, Fernandes JBK. Mentol e eugenol como substitutos da benzocaína na indução anestésica de juvenis de pacu. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v30i3.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Urbinati EC, Biller JD, Bendhack F, Takahashi LS. Stress responses in juvenile pacu (<em>Piaractus mesopotamicus</em>) submitted to repeated air exposure. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v30i1.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Takahashi LS, Abreu JSD, Biller JD, Urbinati EC. Efeito do ambiente pós-transporte na recuperação dos indicadores de estresse de pacus juvenis, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v28i4.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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