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Kottmann JS, Berge GM, Kousoulaki K, Østbye TKK, Ytteborg E, Gjerde B, Lein I. Welfare and performance of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) reared at two different temperatures after a preparatory feeding trial with enhanced dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:906-923. [PMID: 37321978 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have long been raised about the welfare of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) used for the biological control of sea lice in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. This study assessed the effect of increased dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels and initial condition factor (CF) on the subsequent performance and welfare of ballan wrasse farmed in high and low water temperatures. Fish were fed a diet with either commercial or high EPA levels for 3 months at 15°C. Subsequently, fish were tagged with a passive integrated transponder, measured for their CF and divided into two groups consisting of fish from both treatments and reared for 4.5 months at either 15 or 6°C fed a commercial diet. Each fish was categorized as high (≥2.7) or low CF (<2.7) fish based on the calculated average CF of the population. Dietary composition influenced the fatty acid (FA) profile of the stored lipids without affecting the growth or welfare of ballan wrasse. Fish reared at 15°C showed higher growth, more fat and energy reserves and less ash content. Fish reared at 6°C lost weight, using up their body lipids at the end of the temperature trial. Gene expression analyses showed upregulation of the positive growth marker (GHrα) and two genes involved in the synthesis and oxidation of FAs (elovl5, cpt1) and downregulation of the negative growth marker (mstn) in fish reared at 15°C compared to those reared at 6°C. Fish reared at 6°C showed upregulated levels of il-6 compared to those reared at 15°C, suggesting an enhanced immune reaction in response to low temperature. Fish with high CF showed better survival, growth and performance compared to those with low CF. External welfare scoring showed higher prevalence and severity in emaciation, scale loss and the sum index score (of all measured welfare parameters) in fish reared at 6°C compared to those reared at 15°C and better welfare in fish with high CF compared to those with low CF. Histological examination of the skin showed that fish reared at 6°C had decreased epidermal thickness, a lower overall number of mucous cells in the inner and outer epidermis and a different organization of mucous cells compared to fish reared at 15°C, indicating stress in fish reared at 6°C. Overall, low water temperatures had profound effects on the performance and external and internal welfare parameters of ballan wrasse and can be considered a stressor likely affecting the delousing efficacy. These findings support the seasonal use of different cleaner fish species. High CF, but not increased dietary EPA levels, appeared to help fish cope better with low water temperatures and should thus be assessed and considered before deploying them in salmon cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Kottmann
- Department of Aquaculture Production Technology, Nofima, Sunndalsøra, Norway
| | - Gerd M Berge
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Nofima, Sunndalsøra, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Bjarne Gjerde
- Department of Breeding and Genetics, Nofima, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingrid Lein
- Department of Aquaculture Production Technology, Nofima, Sunndalsøra, Norway
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2
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Maduna SN, Jónsdóttir ÓDB, Imsland AKD, Gíslason D, Reynolds P, Kapari L, Hangstad TA, Meier K, Hagen SB. Genomic Signatures of Local Adaptation under High Gene Flow in Lumpfish-Implications for Broodstock Provenance Sourcing and Larval Production. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1870. [PMID: 37895225 PMCID: PMC10606024 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture of the lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) has become a large, lucrative industry owing to the escalating demand for "cleaner fish" to minimise sea lice infestations in Atlantic salmon mariculture farms. We used over 10K genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate the spatial patterns of genomic variation in the lumpfish along the coast of Norway and across the North Atlantic. Moreover, we applied three genome scans for outliers and two genotype-environment association tests to assess the signatures and patterns of local adaptation under extensive gene flow. With our 'global' sampling regime, we found two major genetic groups of lumpfish, i.e., the western and eastern Atlantic. Regionally in Norway, we found marginal evidence of population structure, where the population genomic analysis revealed a small portion of individuals with a different genetic ancestry. Nevertheless, we found strong support for local adaption under high gene flow in the Norwegian lumpfish and identified over 380 high-confidence environment-associated loci linked to gene sets with a key role in biological processes associated with environmental pressures and embryonic development. Our results bridge population genetic/genomics studies with seascape genomics studies and will facilitate genome-enabled monitoring of the genetic impacts of escapees and allow for genetic-informed broodstock selection and management in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Njabulo Maduna
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Svanhovd Research Station, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 9925 Svanvik, Norway;
| | | | - Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson Imsland
- Akvaplan-Niva Iceland Office, Akralind 6, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland; (Ó.D.B.J.); (A.K.D.I.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, High Technology Centre, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Lauri Kapari
- Akvaplan-Niva, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway;
| | | | | | - Snorre B. Hagen
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Svanhovd Research Station, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 9925 Svanvik, Norway;
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Langille BL, Kess T, Brachmann M, Nugent CM, Messmer A, Duffy SJ, Holborn MK, Van Wyngaarden M, Knutsen TM, Kent M, Boyce D, Gregory RS, Gauthier J, Fairchild EA, Pietrak M, Eddy S, de Leaniz CG, Consuegra S, Whittaker B, Bentzen P, Bradbury IR. Fine-scale environmentally associated spatial structure of lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) across the Northwest Atlantic. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1619-1636. [PMID: 37752959 PMCID: PMC10519416 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, have historically been harvested throughout Atlantic Canada and are increasingly in demand as a solution to controlling sea lice in Atlantic salmon farms-a process which involves both the domestication and the transfer of lumpfish between geographic regions. At present, little is known regarding population structure and diversity of wild lumpfish in Atlantic Canada, limiting attempts to assess the potential impacts of escaped lumpfish individuals from salmon pens on currently at-risk wild populations. Here, we characterize the spatial population structure and genomic-environmental associations of wild populations of lumpfish throughout the Northwest Atlantic using both 70K SNP array data and whole-genome re-sequencing data (WGS). At broad spatial scales, our results reveal a large environmentally associated genetic break between the southern populations (Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy) and northern populations (Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence), linked to variation in ocean temperature and ice cover. At finer spatial scales, evidence of population structure was also evident in a distinct coastal group in Newfoundland and significant isolation by distance across the northern region. Both evidence of consistent environmental associations and elevated genome-wide variation in F ST values among these three regional groups supports their biological relevance. This study represents the first extensive description of population structure of lumpfish in Atlantic Canada, revealing evidence of broad and fine geographic scale environmentally associated genomic diversity. Our results will facilitate the commercial use of lumpfish as a cleaner fish in Atlantic salmon aquaculture, the identification of lumpfish escapees, and the delineation of conservation units of this at-risk species throughout Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. Langille
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Tony Kess
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Matthew Brachmann
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Cameron M. Nugent
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Amber Messmer
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Steven J. Duffy
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Melissa K. Holborn
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Mallory Van Wyngaarden
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | | | - Matthew Kent
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Centre for Integrative GeneticsNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Danny Boyce
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Sciences CentreMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Robert S. Gregory
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Johanne Gauthier
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaQuebecCanada
| | | | - Michael Pietrak
- USDA, Agricultural Research ServiceNational Cold Water Marine Aquaculture CenterFranklinMaineUSA
| | - Stephen Eddy
- University of Maine Center for Cooperative Aquaculture ResearchFranklinMaineUSA
| | | | - Sofia Consuegra
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Ben Whittaker
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory, Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Ian R. Bradbury
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory, Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
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4
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Scholz F, Vendramin N, Olesen NJ, Cuenca A, Moesgaard Iburg T, Mirimin L, O'Connor I, Ruane NM, Rodger HD, MacCarthy E. Experimental infection trials with European North Atlantic ranavirus (Iridoviridae) isolated from lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.). J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1745-1756. [PMID: 35989490 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
European North Atlantic ranavirus (ENARV, Iridoviridae), is a ranavirus species recently isolated from lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.), which are used as cleaner fish in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming in Northern Europe. This study aimed to investigate (1) the virulence of ENARV isolates from Ireland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands to lumpfish; (2) horizontal transmission between lumpfish; and (3) virulence to Atlantic salmon parr. Lumpfish were challenged in a cohabitation model using intraperitoneally (IP) injected shedders, and naïve cohabitants. IP challenge with isolates from Iceland (1.9 × 107 TCID50 ml-1 ) and the Faroe Islands (5.9 × 107 TCID50 ml-1 ) reduced survival in lumpfish, associated with consistent pathological changes. IP challenge with the Irish strain (8.6 × 105 TCID50 ml-1 ) did not significantly reduce survival in lumpfish, but the lower challenge titre complicated interpretation. Horizontal transmission occurred in all strains tested, but no clinical impact was demonstrated in cohabitants. Salmon parr were challenged by IP injection with the Irish isolate, no virulence or virus replication were demonstrated. A ranavirus qPCR assay, previously validated for fish ranaviruses, was first used to detect ENARV in tissues of both in lumpfish and Atlantic salmon. This study provides the first data on the assessment of virulence of ENARV isolates to lumpfish and salmon, guidelines for the diagnosis of ENARV infection, and poses a basis for further investigations into virulence markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scholz
- PHARMAQ Analytiq, Oranmore, Ireland
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Argelia Cuenca
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Luca Mirimin
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian O'Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
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5
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Staven FR, Gesto M, Iversen MH, Andersen P, Patel DM, Nordeide JT, Kristensen T. Cohabitation With Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Affects Brain Neuromodulators But Not Welfare Indicators in Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus). Front Physiol 2022; 13:781519. [PMID: 35309044 PMCID: PMC8924591 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.781519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpfish are utilized to combat ectoparasitic epidemics in salmon farming. Research gaps on both cleaning behavior and client preferences in a natural environment, emphasizes the need to investigate the physiological impacts on lumpfish during cohabitation with piscivorous Atlantic salmon. Lumpfish (39.9 g, S.D ± 8.98) were arranged in duplicate tanks (n = 40 per treatment) and exposed to Live Atlantic salmon (245.7 g, S.D ± 25.05), salmon Olfaction or lifelike salmon Models for 6 weeks. Growth and health scores were measured every second week. In addition, the final sampling included measurements of neuromodulators, body color, and plasma cortisol. A stimulation and suppression test of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis was used for chronic stress assessment. Results showed that growth, health scores, and body color remained unaffected by treatments. Significant reductions in levels of brain dopamine and norepinephrine were observed in Live compared to Control. Plasma cortisol was low in all treatments, while the stimulation and suppression test of the HPI axis revealed no indications of chronic stress. This study presents novel findings on the impact on neuromodulators from Atlantic salmon interaction in the lumpfish brain. We argue that the downregulation of dopamine and norepinephrine indicate plastic adjustments to cohabitation with no negative effect on the species. This is in accordance with no observed deviations in welfare measurements, including growth, health scores, body color, and stress. We conclude that exposure to salmon or salmon cues did not impact the welfare of the species in our laboratory setup, and that neuromodulators are affected by heterospecific interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik R. Staven
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Section for Aquaculture, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Martin H. Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Per Andersen
- Department of Research and Development, Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
| | - Deepti M. Patel
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Jarle T. Nordeide
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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6
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Hayashi K, Kuwamura T, Tachihara K, Reimer JD. Large host anemones can be shelters of a diverse assemblage of fish species, not just anemonefish. J Fish Biol 2022; 100:40-50. [PMID: 34590316 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mutualistic relationships between anemonefish (Amphiprion; Pomacentridae) and host sea anemones are well known, but host anemones are also used as shelter by damselfish (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae) and cardinalfish (Apogonidae). The threespot dascyllus Dascyllus trimaculatus (Pomacentridae) is known to live on or near host anemones in their immature phase. Nonetheless, detailed studies on the use of host anemones by other fish species have not yet been conducted. To understand the factors that influence the use of host anemones by other fish species, this study investigated the fish biota around host anemones in the Ryukyu Archipelago. Other than Amphiprion spp. and D. trimaculatus, 10 additional species of fish (9 species of damselfish and 1 species of cardinalfish) were confirmed to temporarily use host anemones as shelter, and five species of wrasse including Labroides dimidiatus came to clean anemonefish. Logistic regression analyses (independent variable: presence or absence of other species of fish; dependent variables: anemonefish aggressiveness, size of host anemone, number of D. trimaculatus) indicated that the size of host anemones is important for the presence of fish, both in species using the anemone as temporary shelter and in cleaner species. Large host anemones can provide shelter and food resources for other species of coral reef fish as well as for anemonefish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kina Hayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kuwamura
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tachihara
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
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7
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Halvorsen KT, Larsen T, Browman HI, Durif C, Aasen N, Vøllestad LA, Cresci A, Sørdalen TK, Bjelland RM, Skiftesvik AB. Movement patterns of temperate wrasses (Labridae) within a small marine protected area. J Fish Biol 2021; 99:1513-1518. [PMID: 34159592 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The movement patterns of three commercially important wrasse (Labridae) species inside a small marine protected area (~ 0.15 km2 ) on the west coast of Norway were analysed over a period of 21 months. The mean distance between capture and recapture locations varied between 10 and 187 m, and was species and season specific. The extent of movement was not related to body size or sex. These results imply that a network of small strategically located marine protected areas can be used as management tools to protect wrasses from size- and sex-selective fishing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Tallaksen Halvorsen
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Torkel Larsen
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Howard I Browman
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline Durif
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Nicolai Aasen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alessandro Cresci
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | | | - Reidun M Bjelland
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
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8
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Sindre H, Gjessing MC, Fosse JH, Hermansen LC, Böckerman I, Amundsen MM, Dahle MK, Solhaug A. Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Gill Cell Line, LG-1, from Atlantic Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus L.). Cells 2021; 10:2442. [PMID: 34572091 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) as a cleaner fish to fight sea lice infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon has become increasingly common. Still, tools to increase our knowledge about lumpfish biology are lacking. Here, we successfully established and characterized the first Lumpfish Gill cell line (LG-1). LG-1 are adherent, homogenous and have a flat, stretched-out and almost transparent appearance. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cellular protrusions and desmosome-like structures that, together with their ability to generate a transcellular epithelial/endothelial resistance, suggest an epithelial or endothelial cell type. Furthermore, the cells exert Cytochrome P450 1A activity. LG-1 supported the propagation of several viruses that may lead to severe infectious diseases with high mortalities in fish farming, including viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Altogether, our data indicate that the LG-1 cell line originates from an epithelial or endothelial cell type and will be a valuable in vitro research tool to study gill cell function as well as host-pathogen interactions in lumpfish.
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Sandlund N, Rønneseth A, Ellul RM, Nylund S, Sandlund L. Pasteurella spp. Infections in Atlantic salmon and lumpsucker. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1201-1214. [PMID: 33960425 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of cleaner fish as a delousing method in Norwegian salmonid aquaculture has increased tremendously over the last few years. This has led to the emergence of a new large industry of farming lumpsuckers (Cyclopterus lumpus L.). The use of lumpsuckers as cleaner fish has, however, not been problem-free. Bacterial diseases cause high mortalities with pasteurellosis as one of the major emerging diseases. During the past few years, outbreaks of pasteurellosis in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) have become more frequent. This has led to an increasing concern that this disease will become common in salmon farming as well. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to Pasteurella spp. infection and the possibility of lumpsuckers transmitting pasteurellosis to Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon were experimentally challenged, either by bath or by cohabitation with challenged lumpsuckers, using two different strains of Pasteurella spp. (originating from lumpsucker and Atlantic salmon, respectively). No clinical signs of pasteurellosis were observed on any of the Atlantic salmon. The lumpsuckers were, however, equally susceptible to both isolates. In addition, clear differences in histopathological changes were observed between individuals challenged with the two isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Rønneseth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Dang M, Cao T, Vasquez I, Hossain A, Gnanagobal H, Kumar S, Hall JR, Monk J, Boyce D, Westcott J, Santander J. Oral Immunization of Larvae and Juvenile of Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) against Vibrio anguillarum Does Not Influence Systemic Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:819. [PMID: 34451944 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum, a marine bacterial pathogen that causes vibriosis, is a recurrent pathogen of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Lumpfish is utilized as a cleaner fish in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture in the North Atlantic region because of its ability to visualize and prey on the ectoparasite sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on the skin of Atlantic salmon, and its performance in cold environments. Lumpfish immunity is critical for optimal performance and sea lice removal. Oral vaccine delivery at a young age is the desired method for fish immunization because is easy to use, reduces fish stress during immunization, and can be applied on a large scale while the fish are at a young age. However, the efficacy of orally delivered inactivated vaccines is controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a V. anguillarum bacterin orally delivered to cultured lumpfish and contrasted it to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) boost delivery. We bio-encapsulated V. anguillarum bacterin in Artemia salina live-feed and orally immunized lumpfish larvae. Vaccine intake and immune response were evaluated by microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis, respectively. qPCR analyses showed that the oral immunization of lumpfish larvae resulted in a subtle stimulation of canonical immune transcripts such as il8b, il10, igha, ighmc, ighb, ccl19, ccl20, cd8a, cd74, ifng, and lgp2. Nine months after oral immunization, one group was orally boosted, and a second group was both orally and i.p. boosted. Two months after boost immunization, lumpfish were challenged with V. anguillarum (7.8 × 105 CFU dose−1). Orally boosted fish showed a relative percentage of survival (RPS) of 2%. In contrast, the oral and i.p. boosted group showed a RPS of 75.5% (p < 0.0001). V. anguillarum bacterin that had been orally delivered was not effective in lumpfish, which is in contrast to the i.p. delivered bacterin that protected the lumpfish against vibriosis. This suggests that orally administered V. anguillarum bacterin did not reach the deep lymphoid tissues, either in the larvae or juvenile fish, therefore oral immunization was not effective. Oral vaccines that are capable of crossing the epithelium and reach deep lymphoid tissues are required to confer an effective protection to lumpfish against V. anguillarum
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11
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Caves EM. The behavioural ecology of marine cleaning mutualisms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2584-2601. [PMID: 34165230 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning interactions, in which a small 'cleaner' organism removes and often consumes material from a larger 'client', are some of the most enigmatic and intriguing of interspecies interactions. Early research on cleaning interactions canonized the view that they are mutualistic, with clients benefiting from parasite removal and cleaners benefiting from a meal, but subsequent decades of research have revealed that the dynamics of these interactions can be highly complex. Despite decades of research on marine cleaning interactions (the best studied cleaning systems), key questions remain, including how the outcome of an individual cleaning interaction depends on ecological, behavioural, and social context, how such interactions arise, and how they remain stable over time. Recently, studies of marine parasites, long-term data from coral reef communities with and without cleaners, increased behavioural observations recorded using remote video, and a focus on a larger numbers of cleaning species have helped bring about key conceptual advances in our understanding of cleaning interactions. In particular, evidence now suggests that the ecological, behavioural, and social contexts of a given cleaning interaction can result in the outcome ranging from mutualistic to parasitic, and that cleaning interactions are mediated by signals that can also vary with context. Signals are an important means by which animals extract information about one another, and thus represent a mechanism by which interspecific partners can determine when, how, and with whom to interact. Here, I review our understanding of the behavioural ecology of marine cleaning interactions. In particular, I argue that signals provide a useful framework for advancing our understanding of several important outstanding questions. I discuss the costs and benefits of cleaning interactions, review how cleaners and clients recognize and assess one another using signals, and discuss how signal reliability, or 'honesty', may be maintained in cleaning systems. Lastly, I discuss the sensory ecology of both cleaners and clients to highlight what marine cleaning systems can tell us about signalling behaviour, signal form, and signal evolution in a system where signals are aimed at multiple receiver species. Overall, I argue that future research on cleaning interactions has much to gain by continuing to shift the research focus toward examining the variable outcomes of cleaning interactions in relation to the broader behavioural, social, and ecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Caves
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
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12
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Hamre LA, Oldham T, Oppedal F, Nilsen F, Glover KA. The potential for cleaner fish-driven evolution in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis: Genetic or environmental control of pigmentation? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7865-7878. [PMID: 34188857 PMCID: PMC8216962 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic salmon louse represents one of the biggest challenges to environmentally sustainable salmonid aquaculture across the globe. This species also displays a high evolutionary potential, as demonstrated by its rapid development of resistance to delousing chemicals. In response, farms now use a range of non-chemical delousing methods, including cleaner fish that eat lice from salmon. Anecdotal reports suggest that in regions where cleaner fish are extensively used on farms, lice have begun to appear less pigmented and therefore putatively less visible to cleaner fish. However, it remains an open question whether these observations reflect a plastic (environmental) or adaptive (genetic) response. To investigate this, we developed a pigment scoring system and conducted complimentary experiments which collectively demonstrate that, a) louse pigmentation is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, most likely light, and b) the presence of modest but significant differences in pigmentation between two strains of lice reared under identical conditions. Based on these data, we conclude that pigmentation in the salmon louse is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, yet there are also indications of underlying genetic control. Therefore, lice could display both plastic and adaptive responses to extensive cleaner fish usage where visual appearance is likely to influence survival of lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Are Hamre
- Department of Biological SciencesSea Lice Research CentreUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | | | - Frank Nilsen
- Department of Biological SciencesSea Lice Research CentreUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
| | - Kevin Alan Glover
- Department of Biological SciencesSea Lice Research CentreUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
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13
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Papadopoulou A, Davie A, Monaghan SJ, Migaud H, Adams A. Development of diagnostic assays for differentiation of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida vapA type V and type VI in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta, Ascanius). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:711-719. [PMID: 33493378 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida (As) is a highly heterogeneous bacterial species, and strains' host specificity has been reported. Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta Ascanius, 1767) is susceptible to atypical As (aAs) vapA type V and type VI in Scotland and Norway. Identification of the bacterium is achieved by culture and molecular techniques; however, the available methods used to distinguish the As types are costly and time-consuming. This paper describes the development of a PCR and a restriction enzyme assay for the detection of aAs vapA type V and type VI in ballan wrasse, respectively. Type V-specific primers were designed on conserved regions of the vapA gene, and the restriction enzyme assay was performed on the PCR products of the hypervariable region of vapA gene for the detection of type VI isolates. Amplification product was produced for type V (254 bp) and restriction bands (368 and 254 bp) for type VI isolates only. In addition, the assays detected type V and type VI isolates in spiked water samples and type V in diagnostic tissue samples. The assays are fast, specific and cost-effective and can be used as specific diagnostic tools for cleaner fish, to detect infectious divergence strains, and to manage and mitigate aAs disease outbreaks through vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Papadopoulou
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Andrew Davie
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Sean J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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14
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Umasuthan N, Valderrama K, Vasquez I, Segovia C, Hossain A, Cao T, Gnanagobal H, Monk J, Boyce D, Santander J. A Novel Marine Pathogen Isolated from Wild Cunners ( Tautogolabrus adspersus): Comparative Genomics and Transcriptome Profiling of Pseudomonas sp. Strain J380. Microorganisms 2021; 9:812. [PMID: 33921528 PMCID: PMC8069873 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) is a cleaner fish being considered for utilized in the North Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture industry to biocontrol sea lice infestations. However, bacterial diseases due to natural infections in wild cunners have yet to be described. This study reports the isolation of Pseudomonas sp. J380 from infected wild cunners and its phenotypic, genomic, and transcriptomic characterization. This Gram-negative motile rod-shaped bacterium showed a mesophilic (4-28 °C) and halotolerant growth. Under iron-limited conditions, Pseudomonas sp. J380 produced pyoverdine-type fluorescent siderophore. Koch's postulates were verified in wild cunners by intraperitoneally (i.p.) injecting Pseudomonas sp. J380 at 4 × 103, 4 × 105, and 4 × 107 colony forming units (CFU)/dose. Host-range and comparative virulence were also investigated in lumpfish and Atlantic salmon i.p. injected with ~106 CFU/dose. Lumpfish were more susceptible compared to cunners, and Atlantic salmon was resistant to Pseudomonas sp. J380 infection. Cunner tissues were heavily colonized by Pseudomonas sp. J380 compared to lumpfish and Atlantic salmon suggesting that it might be an opportunistic pathogen in cunners. The genome of Pseudomonas sp. J380 was 6.26 megabases (Mb) with a guanine-cytosine (GC) content of 59.7%. Biochemical profiles, as well as comparative and phylogenomic analyses, suggested that Pseudomonas sp. J380 belongs to the P. fluorescens species complex. Transcriptome profiling under iron-limited vs. iron-enriched conditions identified 1159 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Cellular metabolic processes, such as ribosomal and energy production, and protein synthesis, were impeded by iron limitation. In contrast, genes involved in environmental adaptation mechanisms including two-component systems, histidine catabolism, and redox balance were transcriptionally up-regulated. Furthermore, iron limitation triggered the differential expression of genes encoding proteins associated with iron homeostasis. As the first report on a bacterial infection in cunners, the current study provides an overview of a new marine pathogen, Pseudomonas sp. J380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.U.); (K.V.); (I.V.); (C.S.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Katherinne Valderrama
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.U.); (K.V.); (I.V.); (C.S.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.U.); (K.V.); (I.V.); (C.S.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.U.); (K.V.); (I.V.); (C.S.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.U.); (K.V.); (I.V.); (C.S.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.U.); (K.V.); (I.V.); (C.S.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.U.); (K.V.); (I.V.); (C.S.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Jennifer Monk
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (J.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Logy Bay, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (J.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (N.U.); (K.V.); (I.V.); (C.S.); (A.H.); (T.C.); (H.G.)
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15
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Desbois AP, Cook KJ, Buba E. Antibiotics modulate biofilm formation in fish pathogenic isolates of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:1373-1379. [PMID: 32856330 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida causes furunculosis infections of non-salmonid fish, which requires antibiotic therapy. However, antibiotics may induce biofilm in some bacteria, which protects them against hostile conditions while allowing them to persist on surfaces, thus forming a reservoir for infection. The aim of this study was to determine whether atypical isolates of A. salmonicida increased biofilm in the presence of two antibiotics, florfenicol and oxytetracycline. A microtitre plate assay was used to quantify biofilm in the presence and absence of each antibiotic. Fifteen of 28 isolates formed biofilms under control conditions, while 23 of 28 isolates increased biofilm formation in the presence of at least one concentration of at least one antibiotic. For oxytetracycline, the most effective concentration causing biofilm to increase was one-quarter of that preventing visible bacterial growth, whereas for florfenicol it was one-half of this value. This is the first study to demonstrate that a bacterial pathogen of fish increases biofilm in response to antibiotics. Biofilm formation may increase the risk of re-infection in culture systems and this lifestyle favours the transmission of genetic material, which has implications for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes and demonstrates the need for enhanced disease prevention measures against atypical A. salmonicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Kira J Cook
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Elizabeth Buba
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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16
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Seljestad GW, Quintela M, Faust E, Halvorsen KT, Besnier F, Jansson E, Dahle G, Knutsen H, André C, Folkvord A, Glover KA. "A cleaner break": Genetic divergence between geographic groups and sympatric phenotypes revealed in ballan wrasse ( Labrus bergylta). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6120-6135. [PMID: 32607218 PMCID: PMC7319121 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Capture and long-distance translocation of cleaner fish to control lice infestations on marine salmonid farms has the potential to influence wild populations via overexploitation in source regions, and introgression in recipient regions. Knowledge of population genetic structure is therefore required. We studied the genetic structure of ballan wrasse, a phenotypically diverse and extensively used cleaner fish, from 18 locations in Norway and Sweden, and from Galicia, Spain, using 82 SNP markers. We detected two very distinct genetic groups in Scandinavia, northwestern and southeastern. These groups were split by a stretch of sandy beaches in southwest Norway, representing a habitat discontinuity for this rocky shore associated benthic egg-laying species. Wrasse from Galicia were highly differentiated from all Scandinavian locations, but more similar to northwestern than southeastern locations. Distinct genetic differences were observed between sympatric spotty and plain phenotypes in Galicia, but not in Scandinavia. The mechanisms underlying the geographic patterns between phenotypes are discussed, but not identified. We conclude that extensive aquaculture-mediated translocation of ballan wrasse from Sweden and southern Norway to western and middle Norway has the potential to mix genetically distinct populations. These results question the sustainability of the current cleaner fish practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaute W. Seljestad
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Ellika Faust
- Department of Marine Sciences—TjärnöUniversity of GothenburgStrömstadSweden
| | - Kim T. Halvorsen
- Institute of Marine ResearchAustevoll Research StationStorebøNorway
| | | | | | - Geir Dahle
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Institute of Marine ResearchFlødevigenNorway
- Centre for Coastal ResearchUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | - Carl André
- Department of Marine Sciences—TjärnöUniversity of GothenburgStrömstadSweden
| | - Arild Folkvord
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Kevin A. Glover
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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17
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Dunkley K, Ward AJW, Perkins SE, Cable J. To clean or not to clean: Cleaning mutualism breakdown in a tidal environment. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3043-3054. [PMID: 32211175 PMCID: PMC7083704 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics and prevalence of mutualistic interactions, which are responsible for the maintenance and structuring of all ecological communities, are vulnerable to changes in abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. Mutualistic outcomes can quickly shift from cooperation to conflict, but it unclear how resilient and stable mutualistic outcomes are to more variable conditions. Tidally controlled coral atoll lagoons that experience extreme diurnal environmental shifts thus provide a model from which to test plasticity in mutualistic behavior of dedicated (formerly obligate) cleaner fish, which acquire all their food resources through client interactions. Here, we investigated cleaning patterns of a model cleaner fish species, the bluestreak wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus), in an isolated tidal lagoon on the Great Barrier Reef. Under tidally restricted conditions, uniquely both adults and juveniles were part-time facultative cleaners, pecking on Isopora palifera coral. The mutualism was not completely abandoned, with adults also wandering across the reef in search of clients, rather than waiting at fixed site cleaning stations, a behavior not yet observed at any other reef. Contrary to well-established patterns for this cleaner, juveniles appeared to exploit the system, by biting ("cheating") their clients more frequently than adults. We show for the first time, that within this variable tidal environment, where mutualistic cleaning might not represent a stable food source, the prevalence and dynamics of this mutualism may be breaking down (through increased cheating and partial abandonment). Environmental variability could thus reduce the pervasiveness of mutualisms within our ecosystems, ultimately reducing the stability of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley J W Ward
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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18
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Stagg HEB, Guðmundsdóttir S, Vendramin N, Ruane NM, Sigurðardóttir H, Christiansen DH, Cuenca A, Petersen PE, Munro ES, Popov VL, Subramaniam K, Imnoi K, Waltzek TB, Olesen NJ. Characterization of ranaviruses isolated from lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus L. in the North Atlantic area: proposal for a new ranavirus species (European North Atlantic Ranavirus). J Gen Virol 2019; 101:198-207. [PMID: 31904317 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The commercial production of lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus L. is expanding with the increased demand for their use as cleaner fish, to control sea-lice numbers, at marine Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. aquaculture sites throughout Northern Europe. A new ranavirus has been isolated from lumpfish at multiple locations in the North Atlantic area. First isolated in 2014 in the Faroe Islands, the virus has subsequently been found in lumpfish from Iceland in 2015 and from Scotland and Ireland in 2016. The Icelandic lumpfish ranavirus has been characterized by immunofluorescent antibody test, optimal growth conditions and transmission electron microscopy. Partial sequences of the major capsid protein gene from 12 isolates showed 99.79-100% nt identity between the lumpfish ranaviruses. Complete genome sequencing from three of the isolates and phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated 26 iridovirus core genes suggest these lumpfish ranavirus isolates form a distinct clade with ranaviruses from cod Gadus morhua L. and turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. isolated in Denmark in 1979 and 1999, respectively. These data suggest that these viruses should be grouped together as a new ranavirus species, European North Atlantic Ranavirus, which encompasses ranaviruses isolated from marine fishes in European North Atlantic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niccolò Vendramin
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Neil M Ruane
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Debes H Christiansen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Petra E Petersen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kamonchai Imnoi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Toffan A, De Salvador M, Scholz F, Pretto T, Buratin A, Rodger HD, Toson M, Cuenca A, Vendramin N. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, Linnaeus) is susceptible to viral nervous necrosis: Result of an experimental infection with different genotypes of Betanodavirus. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1667-1676. [PMID: 31612537 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of cleaner fish for biological control of sea lice has increased considerably. Along with this, a number of infectious diseases have emerged. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to Betanodavirus since it was detected in asymptomatic wild wrasses in Norway and Sweden. Three betanodaviruses were used to challenge lumpfish: one RGNNV genotype and two BFNNV genotypes. Fish were injected and monitored for 4 weeks. Brain samples from clinically affected specimens, from weekly randomly selected fish and survivors were subjected to molecular testing, viral isolation, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Reduced survival was observed but was attributed to tail-biting behaviour, since no nervous signs were observed throughout the study. Betanodavirus RNA was detected in all samples, additionally suggesting an active replication of the virus in the brain. Viral isolation confirmed molecular biology results and revealed a high viral titre in BFNNV-infected groups associated with typical lesions in brains and eyes of survivor fish. We concluded that lumpfish are susceptible to Betanodavirus, as proven by the high viral titre and brain lesions detected, but further studies are necessary to understand if Betanodavirus can cause clinical disease in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Felix Scholz
- FishVet Group Ireland, Oranmore, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Buratin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, EURL for fish and crustacean diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, EURL for fish and crustacean diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Jevne LS, Reitan KI. How are the salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, 1837) in Atlantic salmon farming affected by different control efforts: A case study of an intensive production area with coordinated production cycles and changing delousing practices in 2013-2018. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1573-1586. [PMID: 31506962 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to describe the salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, 1837) situation in an intensive salmon production area in mid-Norway and to consider implications of changing practices of how salmon lice infestation can be controlled. The results in this study suggest that there are steps that can be carried out to keep salmon lice under control even during years when the temperature facilitates a quick salmon lice development. The present work indicates that the use of cleaner fish can delay the time it takes adult female lice to reach 0.1 per salmon in the beginning of a production cycle. It suggests that the timing of cleaner fish deployment into salmon cages can influence its effectiveness in controlling salmon lice. It also gives caution to letting salmon lice develop unchecked, even at levels far below the current lice limit, because of the difficulties to control salmon lice when the external infection pressure is too high. This study took place during a rapid change in delousing methods, in an area with coordinated salmon production. Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers insights into the salmon lice fluctuations in relation to efforts aimed at controlling it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone Sunniva Jevne
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell Inge Reitan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Chakraborty S, Cao T, Hossain A, Gnanagobal H, Vasquez I, Boyce D, Santander J. Vibrogen-2 vaccine trial in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) against Vibrio anguillarum. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1057-1064. [PMID: 31087342 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), a native fish of the North Atlantic Ocean, is utilized as cleaner fish to biocontrol sea lice infestations in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. However, bacterial infections are affecting cleaner fish performance. Vibrio anguillarum, the aetiological agent of vibriosis, is one of the most frequent bacterial infections in lumpfish, and effective vaccine programmes against this pathogen have been identified as a high priority for lumpfish. Vibrogen-2 is a commercial polyvalent bath vaccine that contains formalin-inactivated cultures of V. anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2, and Vibrio ordalii. In this study, we evaluated Vibrogen-2 efficacy in lumpfish against a local isolated V. anguillarum strain. Two groups of 125 lumpfish were bath-immunized, bath-boost-immunized at four weeks post-primary immunization, and intraperitoneally (i.p.) boost-immunized at eight weeks post-primary immunization. The control groups were i.p. mock-immunized with PBS. Twenty-seven weeks post-primary immunization, the fish were i.p. challenged with 10 or 100 times the V. anguillarum J360 LD50 dose. After the challenge, survival was monitored daily, and samples of tissues were collected at ten days post-challenge. Commercial vaccine Vibrogen-2 reduced V. anguillarum tissue colonization and delayed mortality but did not confer immune protection to C. lumpus against the V. anguillarum i.p. challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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22
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Dunkley K, Ioannou CC, Whittey KE, Cable J, Perkins SE. Cleaner personality and client identity have joint consequences on cleaning interaction dynamics. Behav Ecol 2019; 30:703-712. [PMID: 31210720 PMCID: PMC6562305 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions involve 2 species beneficially cooperating, but it is not clear how these interactions are maintained. In many mutualisms, one species interacts with multiple species, and since partners differ in terms of the commodities they trade, partner identity will directly influence the decisions and behaviors of interacting individuals. Here, we investigated the consequences of within and between-species diversity on a model cleaner-client interaction in a natural environment, by quantifying the behavior of both partners. We found that the predominant Caribbean cleaner fish, the sharknose goby (Elacatinus evelynae), shows personality variation as we documented repeatable individual differences in activity, boldness, and exploratory behaviors. Personality variation was associated with cleaner-client interactions: cleaner boldness and activity were significantly related to posing by clients and cleaning, respectively. Cleaner personality variation was also associated with the functional identity (sociality, mobility, body size, and trophic level) of clients posing and being cleaned. We thus demonstrate that partner identity can have consequences on mutualistic outcomes which will contribute to the context-dependency and highly heterogeneous patterns we observe at a population level. We also suggest that within- and between-species differences have consequences on partner choice, a feature that has been previously thought to be absent from these cleaner-client interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Dunkley
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Kathryn E Whittey
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah E Perkins
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
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23
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Saraiva M, Beckmann MJ, Pflaum S, Pearson M, Carcajona D, Treasurer JW, van West P. Exophiala angulospora infection in hatchery-reared lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) broodstock. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:335-343. [PMID: 30632621 PMCID: PMC6378594 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Samples from moribund lumpfish were collected in a marine hatchery in Scotland in 2015. Black nodules were noted on the skin, and gills and fungal hyphae were extensively distributed in musculature and internal organs. Multifocal chronic inflammatory lesions displaced structures in all affected organs. Mortalities commenced on completion of spawning in May and were evenly distributed over the second year in the temperature range 11-15°C. The main systemic infection causing agent was initially identified based on morphological characteristics as an Exophiala species. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) ITS regions of the isolates were subsequently sequenced confirming the isolates belonged to Exophiala genus. All isolates fell in a single phylogenetic cluster, which is represented by Exophiala angulospora. Fish were treated with either formalin or Bronopol or a combination of both, but there was no effect on the pattern or numbers of mortalities. Isolates were also tested against three different concentrations of Latrunculin A, Amphotericin B and Itraconazole with no success. It is of utmost importance to increase the knowledge on pathogen-host interactions to successfully develop sustainable control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Saraiva
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, International Centre for Aquaculture Research and DevelopmentInstitute of Medical SciencesForesterhill, AberdeenUK
| | - Max J. Beckmann
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, International Centre for Aquaculture Research and DevelopmentInstitute of Medical SciencesForesterhill, AberdeenUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, International Centre for Aquaculture Research and DevelopmentInstitute of Medical SciencesForesterhill, AberdeenUK
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24
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Ellul RM, Walde C, Haugland GT, Wergeland H, Rønneseth A. Pathogenicity of Pasteurella sp. in lumpsuckers (Cyclopterus lumpus L.). J Fish Dis 2019; 42:35-46. [PMID: 30311669 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of disease caused by Pasteurella sp. in farmed lumpsuckers in Norway has been steadily increasing in recent years, causing significant economic losses and fish welfare issues. The disease affects all life stages, both in hatcheries and after release into salmon cages. Therefore, it is important to establish robust challenge models, to be used for vaccine development. Exposure experiments via intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection underlined the high virulence of the bacteria, whereas the cohabitation and bath models allowed the chronic symptoms of the disease to be studied more accurately. Skin lesions and haemorrhage at the base of fins were observed in the more acute cases of the disease. Symptoms including white spots over the skin, especially around the eyes, characterized the chronic cases. The latter were most prominent from the bath challenge model. Histopathology indicated a systemic pattern of disease, whereas qPCR analysis from head kidney showed that bacteria may be present in survivor fish at the end of the challenges. In all the challenge models investigated, Pasteurella sp. was re-isolated from the fish, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. These findings highlight the importance of screening of lumpsuckers prior to transfer to minimize the risks of carrying over asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilie Walde
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Heidrun Wergeland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anita Rønneseth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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25
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Ruane NM, Swords D, Morrissey T, Geary M, Hickey C, Collins EM, Geoghegan F, Swords F. Isolation of salmonid alphavirus subtype 6 from wild-caught ballan wrasse, Labrus bergylta (Ascanius). J Fish Dis 2018; 41:1643-1651. [PMID: 30051469 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of cleaner fish as a biological control for sea lice in Atlantic salmon aquaculture has increased in recent years. Wild-caught wrasse are commonly used as cleaner fish in Europe. In Ireland, samples of wrasse from each fishing area are screened for potential pathogens prior to their deployment into sea cages. Salmonid alphavirus was isolated from a pooled sample of ballan wrasse, showing no signs of disease, caught from the NW of Ireland. Partial sequencing of the E2 and nsP3 genes showed that it was closely related to the previously reported SAV subtype 6. This represents only the second isolation of this subtype and the first from a wild fish species, namely ballan wrasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Ruane
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, County Galway, Ireland
| | - David Swords
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, County Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Michelle Geary
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, County Galway, Ireland
| | - Cathy Hickey
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, County Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Fiona Swords
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, County Galway, Ireland
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26
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Abstract
Sea lice infestations represent one of the most significant challenges facing the salmon farming industry, giving rise to lost production, additional costs of treatment and potential negative interactions with wild stocks. At present, cleaner fish, which actively remove lice from salmon, are an effective, biological, long-term option which has been adopted by many countries. In Ireland, several key studies were conducted in the 1990s on the use of wild-caught wrasse (corkwing, goldsinny and rock cook) as cleaner fish in experimental and commercial scale trials. More recently, the National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), at their marine research facility in Carna (CRS), has undertaken applied research on ballan wrasse and lumpsucker. Currently, CRS is providing lumpsucker juveniles and research and development for the Irish salmon industry with support from BIM (Ireland's Seafood Development Agency) and Marine Harvest Ireland. There is a large amount of research currently being carried out in this area in all countries that are utilizing cleaner fish technology. The current focus in Ireland is the development of a native lumpsucker broodstock to facilitate its sustainable production. The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the research, challenges and use of cleaner fish in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bolton-Warberg
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Carna, Co. Galway, Ireland
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27
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Scholz F, Ruane NM, Morrissey T, Marcos-López M, Mitchell S, O'Connor I, Mirimin L, MacCarthy E, Rodger HD. Piscine myocarditis virus detected in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) and ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta). J Fish Dis 2018; 41:147-152. [PMID: 28791724 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Scholz
- FishVet Group Ireland, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - N M Ruane
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - T Morrissey
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - M Marcos-López
- FishVet Group Ireland, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - S Mitchell
- FishVet Group Ireland, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - I O'Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - L Mirimin
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - E MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - H D Rodger
- FishVet Group Ireland, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
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28
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Marcos-López M, Ruane NM, Scholz F, Bolton-Warberg M, Mitchell SO, Murphy O'Sullivan S, Irwin Moore A, Rodger HD. Piscirickettsia salmonis infection in cultured lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.). J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1625-1634. [PMID: 28429818 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A Piscirickettsia salmonis infection was diagnosed in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) juveniles held in a marine research facility on the west coast of Ireland. The main clinical signs and pathology included marked ascites, severe multifocal liver necrosis and severe diffuse inflammation and necrosis of the exocrine pancreas and peri-pancreatic adipose tissue. Numerous Piscirickettsia-like organisms were observed by histopathology in the affected organs, and the bacterial species was characterized by molecular analysis. Sequencing of the partial 16S rDNA gene and internal transcribed spacer region showed the lumpfish sequences to be closely related to previously identified Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) sequences from Ireland. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first detection of P. salmonis in lumpfish worldwide. The infection is considered potentially significant in terms of lumpfish health and biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N M Ruane
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - F Scholz
- Fish Vet Group Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M Bolton-Warberg
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, NUIG, Carna, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - A Irwin Moore
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, NUIG, Carna, Co. Galway, Ireland
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29
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Røsaeg MV, Sindre H, Persson D, Breck O, Knappskog D, Olsen AB, Taksdal T. Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta Ascanius) is not susceptible to pancreas disease caused by salmonid alphavirus subtype 2 and 3. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:975-978. [PMID: 27859355 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M V Røsaeg
- SalMar ASA, Kverva, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norge
| | - H Sindre
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norge
| | - D Persson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norge
- FoMas - Fiskehelse og miljø, Haugesund, Norway
| | - O Breck
- Marine Harvest Norway AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - D Knappskog
- MSD Animal Health, Bergen, Norway
- Vaxxinova Norway AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - A B Olsen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norge
| | - T Taksdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norge
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30
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Scholz F, Fringuelli E, Bolton-Warberg M, Marcos-López M, Mitchell S, Prodhol P, Moffet D, Savage P, Murphy O'Sullivan S, O Connor I, McCarthy E, Rodger HD. First record of Tetramicra brevifilum in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.). J Fish Dis 2017; 40:757-771. [PMID: 27716959 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A microsporidian species with 98.3-98.4% nucleotide identity to Tetramicra brevifilum (Journal of Fish Diseases, 3, 1980, 495) was diagnosed in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.) broodstock held at a breeding and rearing facility in western Ireland. The fish were wild-caught from the west coast of Ireland, and the first case was diagnosed one year after capture. Clinical signs included severe bloating, lethargy, exophthalmos, anorexia, white patches on the cornea and externally visible parasitic cysts on skin and fins. Necropsy revealed severe ascites, white nodules and vacuoles in all the internal organs and partial liquefaction of the skeletal muscle. On histological examination, microsporidian xenomas were observed in all internal organs, the skin, skeletal muscle, gills and the eyes. The microsporidian species was identified by molecular analysis and transmission electron microscopy. This is the first record of T. brevifilum infecting lumpfish, and the disease is considered to be of potential significance to the rising aquaculture industry of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scholz
- Vet-Aqua International, Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
- Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway, Ireland
| | - E Fringuelli
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute of Northern Ireland, Stormont, Belfast, UK
| | - M Bolton-Warberg
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, NUIG, Carna, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - M Marcos-López
- Vet-Aqua International, Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
- Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway, Ireland
| | - S Mitchell
- Vet-Aqua International, Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | | | - D Moffet
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute of Northern Ireland, Stormont, Belfast, UK
| | - P Savage
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute of Northern Ireland, Stormont, Belfast, UK
| | | | - I O Connor
- Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway, Ireland
| | - E McCarthy
- Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway, Ireland
| | - H D Rodger
- Vet-Aqua International, Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
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31
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Almada F, Francisco SM, Lima CS, FitzGerald R, Mirimin L, Villegas-Ríos D, Saborido-Rey F, Afonso P, Morato T, Bexiga S, Robalo JI. Historical gene flow constraints in a northeastern Atlantic fish: phylogeography of the ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta across its distribution range. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:160773. [PMID: 28386433 PMCID: PMC5367310 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and demographic patterns of marine organisms in the north Atlantic were largely shaped by climatic changes during the Pleistocene, when recurrent glacial maxima forced them to move south or to survive in northern peri-glacial refugia. These patterns were also influenced by biological and ecological factors intrinsic to each species, namely their dispersion ability. The ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta), the largest labrid fish along Europe's continental margins, is a target for fisheries and aquaculture industry. The phylogeographic pattern, population structure, potential glacial refugia and recolonization routes for this species were assessed across its full distribution range, using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. The existence of a marked population structure can reflect both recolonization from three distinct glacial refugia and current and past oceanographic circulation patterns. Although isolated in present times, shared haplotypes between continental and Azores populations and historical exchange of migrants in both directions point to a common origin of L. bergylta. This situation is likely to be maintained and/or accentuated by current circulation patterns in the north Atlantic, and may lead to incipient speciation in the already distinct Azorean population. Future monitoring of this species is crucial to evaluate how this species is coping with current environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Almada
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara M. Francisco
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina S. Lima
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard FitzGerald
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Luca Mirimin
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - David Villegas-Ríos
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Flødevigen Marine Research Station, 4817 His, Norway
| | | | - Pedro Afonso
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade dos Açores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas da Universidade dos Açores, IMAR—Institute of Marine Research, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Telmo Morato
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade dos Açores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Bexiga
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana I. Robalo
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal
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32
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Alarcón M, Thoen E, Poppe TT, Bornø G, Mohammad SN, Hansen H. Co-infection of Nucleospora cyclopteri (Microsporidia) and Kudoa islandica (Myxozoa) in farmed lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L., in Norway: a case report. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:411-418. [PMID: 25865243 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a co-infection of Kudoa islandica (Myxozoa) and Nucleospora cyclopteri (Microsporida) in farmed lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L., in Norway. Several other parasites (Cryptocotyle sp., protozoan ciliates and Gyrodactylus sp.) were also found in gills. In June 2013, the mortality in a farmed lumpfish population increased to 65%. Lumpfish showed erratic swimming behaviour and loss of weight. At necropsy, nodules in the kidney were the only visible lesions. Histologically, all fish showed severe changes with gill inflammation and necrosis in the spleen, kidney and liver. Haemorrhages and necrosis were observed in some hearts. Intracellular microsporidians associated with the lesions were detected in most organs using histological examination and Calcofluor White. Kudoa spores were diagnosed in the skeletal muscle, but no inflammatory response was associated with the presence of the plasmodia. Comparison of 18S ribosomal DNA sequences showed 100% similarity to Kudoa islandica and Nucleospora cyclopteri. Kudoa islandica and N. cyclopteri have previously been described associated with lesions in wild lumpfish in Iceland. In the present case, N. cyclopteri is believed to be the main cause of systemic pathology. This is the first description of K. islandica and N. cyclopteri causing pathology in farmed lumpfish in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alarcón
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Harstad, Norway
| | - E Thoen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - T T Poppe
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Bornø
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Harstad, Norway
| | | | - H Hansen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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