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Njom VS, Winks T, Diallo O, Lowe A, Behnke J, Dickman MJ, Duce I, Johnstone I, Buttle DJ. The effects of plant cysteine proteinases on the nematode cuticle. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:302. [PMID: 34090505 PMCID: PMC8180098 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived cysteine proteinases of the papain family (CPs) attack nematodes by digesting the cuticle, leading to rupture and death of the worm. The nematode cuticle is composed of collagens and cuticlins, but the specific molecular target(s) for the proteinases have yet to be identified. METHODS This study followed the course of nematode cuticle disruption using immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and proteomics, using a free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans and the murine GI nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri (H. polygyrus) as target organisms. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry indicated that DPY-7 collagen is a target for CPs on the cuticle of C. elegans. The time course of loss of DPY-7 from the cuticle allowed us to use it to visualise the process of cuticle disruption. There was a marked difference in the time course of damage to the cuticles of the two species of nematode, with H. bakeri being more rapidly hydrolysed. In general, the CPs' mode of attack on the nematode cuticle was by degrading the structural proteins, leading to loss of integrity of the cuticle, and finally death of the nematode. Proteomic analysis failed conclusively to identify structural targets for CPs, but preliminary data suggested that COL-87 and CUT-19 may be important targets for the CPs, the digestion of which may contribute to cuticle disruption and death of the worm. Cuticle globin was also identified as a cuticular target. The presence of more than one target protein may slow the development of resistance against this new class of anthelmintic. CONCLUSIONS Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry allowed the process of disruption of the cuticle to be followed with time. Cuticle collagens and cuticlins are molecular targets for plant cysteine proteinases. However, the presence of tyrosine cross-links in nematode cuticle proteins seriously impeded protein identification by proteomic analyses. Multiple cuticle targets exist, probably making resistance to this new anthelmintic slow to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Njom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.,Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, 1660, PMB, Nigeria
| | - Tim Winks
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.,Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Oumu Diallo
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.,Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Ann Lowe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jerzy Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Ian Duce
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Iain Johnstone
- Department of Life Sciences and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Buttle
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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Morsy K, Sheraba N, Alhamhoom Y, Dajem S, Al-Kahtani M, Shati A, Alfaifi M, Elbehairi S, El-Mekkawy H, El-Kott A, Ezzat A, Meferij M, Saber S. Garlic oil as a fight against histological and oxidative stress abnormalities in Wistar rats after oral inoculation of Anisakis spp. Type II (L3) (Nematoda). ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The consumption of inadequately thermally treated fish is a public health risk due to the possible propagation of Anisakis larvae and their antigenic proteins, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease anisakidosis. The present study demonstrated the physiological and histopathological changes that accompanied an oral inoculation of crude extracts from fresh and thermally treated Anisakis Type II (L3) in Wistar albino rats. Nematode worms were isolated from the marine fish Dicentrarchus labrax. They were examined and taxonomically identified using light and scanning electron microscopy. The study was performed in 6 rat groups: a control group (I), a garlic oil (GO) inoculated group (II), a fresh L3 inoculated group (III), a thermally treated L3 inoculated group (IV), a fresh L3 + GO inoculated group (V), and a thermally treated L3 + GO inoculated group (VI). It was observed that rats inoculated with fresh and thermally treated L3 crude extracts showed abnormal oxidative stress markers associated with the destruction of normal architecture of spleen and thymus. GO produced a protective effect in rat groups inoculated with L3 extracts + GO administration via the amelioration of oxidative stress markers, which was confirmed by the marked normal structure of the organs’ histology. Cooking of L3 infected fish induced severe physiological and histopathological alterations compared to uncooked infected fish. The administration of garlic before and after fish eating is recommended to avoid the dangerous effect of anisakids, even if they are cooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Morsy
- King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia; Cairo University, Egypt
| | - N. Sheraba
- King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia; VACSERA, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - A. Shati
- King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - A. El-Kott
- King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia; Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - A. Ezzat
- King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia; South Valley University, Egypt
| | - M.B. Meferij
- Princess Nourah bint Abdelrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Saber
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Egypt
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Zawawi A, Else KJ. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Vaccines: Are We Getting Closer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:576748. [PMID: 33133094 PMCID: PMC7565266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths infect over one-fourth of the human population resulting in significant morbidity, and in some cases, death in endemic countries. Despite mass drug administration (MDA) to school-aged children and other control measures, helminth infections are spreading into new areas. Thus, there is a strong rationale for developing anthelminthic vaccines as cost-effective, long-term immunological control strategies, which, unlike MDA, are not haunted by the threat of emerging drug-resistant helminths nor limited by reinfection risk. Advances in vaccinology, immunology, and immunomics include the development of new tools that improve the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of vaccines; and some of these tools have been used in the development of helminth vaccines. The development of anthelminthic vaccines is fraught with difficulty. Multiple lifecycle stages exist each presenting stage-specific antigens. Further, helminth parasites are notorious for their ability to dampen down and regulate host immunity. One of the first significant challenges in developing any vaccine is identifying suitable candidate protective antigens. This review explores our current knowledge in lead antigen identification and reports on recent pre-clinical and clinical trials in the context of the soil-transmitted helminths Trichuris, the hookworms and Ascaris. Ultimately, a multivalent anthelminthic vaccine could become an essential tool for achieving the medium-to long-term goal of controlling, or even eliminating helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Ayat Zawawi
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Kathryn J. Else
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Optimizing and Evaluating the Antihelminthic Activity of the Biocompatible Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against the Ascaridid Nematode, Parascaris equorum In Vitro. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:873-886. [PMID: 31478140 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, the effect of different biocompatible concentrations from ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the physiological state and surface topography of the nematode P. equorum was determined in vitro. METHODS Different concentrations of ZnO NPs (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/l) synthesized using the egg white were prepared followed by the incubation of parasitic worms with these concentrations in vitro. The physiological state of treated worms such as oxidative stress markers, enzymatic activities and biochemical parameters in addition to the surface topography was determined and compared with control untreated worms. RESULTS In comparison to control worms, it was observed that at high concentrations of ZnO NPs, most of the treated worms showed an increase in the levels of ALT, AST and ALP (worm muscle damage, and gonad injury); enhancement of the total protein content (worm cellular dysfunction); significant increase in MDA level (free radical-mediated worm cell membrane damage); depletion in GST and GSH activities (reduced ability to clear toxic compounds like lipid peroxides); CAT depletion (superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide toxicity) and NO increase (detoxification activity and stressful conditions on worms). SEM showed that there was a modified morphological appearance in the surface of treated worms; lips were wrinkled with irregularly arranged denticles, weathering of cuticle, bursts of cuticle layers, disruption of surface annulations and erosion of surface papillae of male around the cloacal opening. CONCLUSION ZnO NPs at environmentally relevant concentrations achieved a significant antihelminthic activity against P. equorum which represents a successful model used in parasite control experiments.
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Palomba M, Paoletti M, Colantoni A, Rughetti A, Nascetti G, Mattiucci S. Gene expression profiles of antigenic proteins of third stage larvae of the zoonotic nematode Anisakis pegreffii in response to temperature conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:52. [PMID: 31441776 PMCID: PMC6707101 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anisakis pegreffii, a recognised etiological agent of human anisakiasis, is a parasite of homeothermic hosts at the adult stage and of ectothermic hosts at the third larval stage. Among distinct factors, temperature appears to be crucial in affecting parasite hatching, moulting and to modulate parasite-host interaction. In the present study, we investigated the gene transcripts of proteins having an antigenic role among excretory secretory products (ESPs) (i.e., a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor, A.peg-1; a glycoprotein, A.peg-7; and the myoglobin, A.peg-13) after 24 h, in A. pegreffii larvae maintained in vitro, under controlled temperature conditions. Temperatures were 37 °C and 20 °C, resembling respectively homeothermic and ectothermic hosts conditions, and 7 °C, the cold stress condition post mortem of the fish host. Primers of genes coding for these ESPs to be used in quantitative real-time PCR were newly designed, and qRT-PCR conditions developed. Expression profiles of the genes A.peg-1 and A.peg-13 were significantly up-regulated at 20 °C and 37 °C, with respect to the control (larvae kept at 2 °C for 24 h). Conversely, transcript profiles of A.peg-7 did not significantly change among the chosen temperature conditions. In accordance with the observed transcript profiles, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed the presence of the three target ESPs at 37 °C, while only A.peg-13 was observed at 7 °C. The results suggest that temperature conditions do regulate the gene expression profiles of A.peg-1 and A.peg-13 in A. pegreffii larvae. However, regulation of the glycoprotein A.peg-7 is likely to be related to other factors such as the host's immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, and "Umberto I" Academic Hospital "Sapienza - University of Rome", P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Paoletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viale dell'Università s/n, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colantoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, and "Umberto I" Academic Hospital "Sapienza - University of Rome", P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Rughetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza-University of Rome", P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nascetti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viale dell'Università s/n, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, and "Umberto I" Academic Hospital "Sapienza - University of Rome", P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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González-Fernández J, Daschner A, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Lopata AL, Frutos CD, Valls A, Cuéllar C. Haemoglobin, a new major allergen of Anisakis simplex. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:399-407. [PMID: 25683373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastro-allergic anisakiasis and Anisakis sensitisation associated chronic urticaria are diseases which differ in their IgE and IgG4 responses against both crude extract and specific allergens. Anisakis and Ascaris are closely related nematodes that usually cause problems with specificity in immunodiagnostics. In this study we measured IgE and IgG4 antibodies against Anisakis simplex sensu lato (s. l.) and Ascaris suum haemoglobins in sera of 21 gastro-allergic anisakiasis and 23 chronic urticaria patients. We used a capture ELISA with the anti-Anisakis haemoglobin monoclonal antibody 4E8g, which also recognises Ascaris haemoglobin. In addition, we determined specific IgE and IgG4 to both nematodes by indirect ELISA and immunoblotting. Anti-A. simplex s. l. haemoglobin IgE and IgG4 levels were higher in gastro-allergic anisakiasis than in chronic urticaria patients (P=0.002 and 0.026, respectively). Surprisingly, no patient had detectable IgE levels against A. suum haemoglobin. Finally, we carried out an in silico study of the B-cell epitopes of both haemoglobin molecules. Five epitopes were predicted in Anisakis pegreffii and four in A. suum haemoglobin. The epitope propensity values of Anisakis haemoglobin in the equivalent IgE binding region of the allergenic haemoglobin Chi t 1 from Chironomus thummi, were higher those of the Ascaris haemoglobin. In conclusion, we describe A. simplex haemoglobin as a new major allergen (Ani s 13), being recognised by a large number (64.3%) of sensitised patients and up to 80.9% in patients with gastro-allergic anisakiasis. The presence of a specific epitope and the different values of epitope propensity between Anisakis and Ascaris haemoglobin could explain the lack of cross-reactivity between the two molecules. The absence of IgE reactivity to Ascaris haemoglobin in Anisakis patients makes Anisakis haemoglobin (Ani s 13) a potential candidate for developing more specific diagnosis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan González-Fernández
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Daschner
- Servicio de Alergia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalie E Nieuwenhuizen
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas L Lopata
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, 4811, Australia
| | - Consolación De Frutos
- Servicio de Alergia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Valls
- Servicio de Alergia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cuéllar
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Nieuwenhuizen NE, Meter JM, Horsnell WG, Hoving JC, Fick L, Sharp MF, Darby MG, Parihar SP, Brombacher F, Lopata AL. A cross-reactive monoclonal antibody to nematode haemoglobin enhances protective immune responses to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2395. [PMID: 24009787 PMCID: PMC3757078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nematode secreted haemoglobins have unusually high affinity for oxygen and possess nitric oxide deoxygenase, and catalase activity thought to be important in protection against host immune responses to infection. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody (48Eg) against haemoglobin of the nematode Anisakis pegreffii, and aimed to characterize cross-reactivity of 4E8g against haemoglobins of different nematodes and its potential to mediate protective immunity against a murine hookworm infection. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunoprecipitation was used to isolate the 4E8g-binding antigen in Anisakis and Ascaris extracts, which were identified as haemoglobins by peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS. Immunological cross-reactivity was also demonstrated with haemoglobin of the rodent hookworm N. brasiliensis. Immunogenicity of nematode haemoglobin in mice and humans was tested by immunoblotting. Anisakis haemoglobin was recognized by IgG and IgE antibodies of Anisakis-infected mice, while Ascaris haemoglobin was recognized by IgG but not IgE antibodies in mouse and human sera. Sequencing of Anisakis haemoglobin revealed high similarity to haemoglobin of a related marine nematode, Psuedoterranova decipiens, which lacks the four –HKEE repeats of Ascaris haemoglobin important in octamer assembly. The localization of haemoglobin in the different parasites was examined by immunohistochemistry and associated with the excretory-secretary ducts in Anisakis, Ascaris and N. brasiliensis. Anisakis haemoglobin was strongly expressed in the L3 stage, unlike Ascaris haemoglobin, which is reportedly mainly expressed in adult worms. Passive immunization of mice with 4E8g prior to infection with N. brasiliensis enhanced protective Th2 immunity and led to a significant decrease in worm burdens. Conclusion The monoclonal antibody 4E8g targets haemoglobin in broadly equivalent anatomical locations in parasitic nematodes and enhances host immunity to a hookworm infection. Nematode haemoglobins are fascinating molecules with unusually high affinity for oxygen. This is one example of many unique adaptations that nematodes have acquired to survive in their hosts, as nematode haemoglobin is thought to sequester oxygen to maintain an anaerobic environment, and can break down nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide produced by host defences. This study describes the characterization of nematode haemoglobins using a novel monoclonal antibody (anti-Hb) generated against Anisakis haemoglobin, which was found to be highly expressed in stage 3 larvae and associated with the excretory-secretary ducts. Anisakis haemoglobin is an IgE-binding molecule in infected mice, while Ascaris haemoglobin was recognized by IgG but not IgE in human sera. Finally, passive immunization of mice with anti-Hb provided protection against Nippostrongylus brasiliens (rodent hookworm), with mice showing reduced worm burden and enhanced Th2 responses, showing that haemoglobin may be a good vaccine target in some nematodes. The monoclonal antibody generated in this study will be useful in further studies to examine the biology of nematode haemoglobins.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anisakis/genetics
- Anisakis/immunology
- Antibodies, Helminth/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Helminth/immunology
- Antibodies, Helminth/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Helminth/chemistry
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Ascaris/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemoglobins/chemistry
- Hemoglobins/genetics
- Hemoglobins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nematoda
- Nippostrongylus/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Strongylida Infections/immunology
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Nieuwenhuizen
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Medical Research Council, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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VLAMINCK J, MARTINEZ-VALLADARES M, DEWILDE S, MOENS L, TILLEMAN K, DEFORCE D, URBAN J, CLAEREBOUT E, VERCRUYSSE J, GELDHOF P. Immunizing pigs with Ascaris suum haemoglobin increases the inflammatory response in the liver but fails to induce a protective immunity. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:250-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Nitric oxide and respiratory helminthic diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:958108. [PMID: 20169170 PMCID: PMC2821625 DOI: 10.1155/2010/958108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a very simple molecule that displays very important functions both in helminths (mainly those involved in respiratory pathology) and in mammalian hosts. In this paper we review four issues related to interaction of NO and lung helminthic diseases. Firstly, we evaluated data available on the NO synthesis and release by helminths and their biological role. Next, we summarized the effect of antigens obtained from different phases of the biological cycle on NO production by host mammalian cells (mainly from human sources). Thirdly, we revised the evaluation of NO on the biological activities and/or the viability of respiratory helminths. Lastly, the deleterious consequences of increased production of NO during helminthic human infection are detailed.
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Takamiya S, Hashimoto M, Kazuno S, Kikkawa M, Yamakura F. Ascaris suum NADH-methemo(myo)globin reductase systems recovering differential functions of hemoglobin and myoglobin, adapting to environmental hypoxia. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:278-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Hashimoto M, Takamiya S, Yokota T, Nakajima Y, Yamakura F, Sugio S, Aoki T. Ascaris suum cytochrome b5, an adult-specific secretory protein reducing oxygen-avid ferric hemoglobin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 471:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Ranganathan S, Nagaraj SH, Hu M, Strube C, Schnieder T, Gasser RB. A transcriptomic analysis of the adult stage of the bovine lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:311. [PMID: 17784965 PMCID: PMC2131760 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lungworms of the genus Dictyocaulus (family Dictyocaulidae) are parasitic nematodes of major economic importance. They cause pathological effects and clinical disease in various ruminant hosts, particularly in young animals. Dictyocaulus viviparus, called the bovine lungworm, is a major pathogen of cattle, with severe infections being fatal. In this study, we provide first insights into the transcriptome of the adult stage of D. viviparus through the analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Results Using our EST analysis pipeline, we estimate that the present dataset of 4436 ESTs is derived from 2258 genes based on cluster and comparative genomic analyses of the ESTs. Of the 2258 representative ESTs, 1159 (51.3%) had homologues in the free-living nematode C. elegans, 1174 (51.9%) in parasitic nematodes, 827 (36.6%) in organisms other than nematodes, and 863 (38%) had no significant match to any sequence in the current databases. Of the C. elegans homologues, 569 had observed 'non-wildtype' RNAi phenotypes, including embryonic lethality, maternal sterility, sterility in progeny, larval arrest and slow growth. We could functionally classify 776 (35%) sequences using the Gene Ontologies (GO) and established pathway associations to 696 (31%) sequences in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In addition, we predicted 85 secreted proteins which could represent potential candidates for developing novel anthelmintics or vaccines. Conclusion The bioinformatic analyses of ESTs data for D. viviparus has elucidated sets of relatively conserved and potentially novel genes. The genes discovered in this study should assist research toward a better understanding of the basic molecular biology of D. viviparus, which could lead, in the longer term, to novel intervention strategies. The characterization of the D. viviparus transcriptome also provides a foundation for whole genome sequence analysis and future comparative transcriptomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba Ranganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Shivashankar H Nagaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schnieder
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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Morgan C, LaCourse EJ, Rushbrook BJ, Greetham D, Hamilton JV, Barrett J, Bailey K, Brophy PM. Plasticity demonstrated in the proteome of a parasitic nematode within the intestine of different host strains. Proteomics 2006; 6:4633-45. [PMID: 16858733 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The soluble global proteome of adult nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus (H. p.) bakeri, a hookworm laboratory model was compared for the first time in the intestines of a slow-responder mouse host strain (C57/BL10) that is known to support a primary parasite infection for many months, and rapid-responder mouse host (SWR) that is known to eliminate the nematode infection by week 6 postinfection. At week 4 postinfection, major adult nematode proteins selectively produced following establishment of infection in C57/BL10 hosts include several globin forms, calreticulin and a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein. The increased synthesis of forms of myosin, actin and troponin in the nematode living in the rapid-responder SWR host may relate to the attempted reorganisation or repair of the cytoskeleton and/or muscle layer in the host immune initiated, increased mucus production and smooth muscle activity within intestinal environment. Initial evidence suggests weakly antigenic forms of globins dominant in the cytosol of H. p. bakeri adults in the intestinal environment compared to their low production in a related free-living nematode. The demonstration of considerable plasticity within a parasitic nematode proteome provides a molecular basis for the previously observed phenotypic plasticity within different host environments. Proteome plasticity has relevance to the efficiency of future vaccine and drug therapy, and the continued failure of defined antigen vaccines in mammalian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Morgan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, UK
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Claerebout E, Smith WD, Pettit D, Geldhof P, Raes S, Geurden T, Vercruysse J. Protection studies with a globin-enriched protein fraction of Ostertagia ostertagi. Vet Parasitol 2005; 128:299-307. [PMID: 15740867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The protective capacity of an adult stage Ostertagia ostertagi globin antigen was tested in four vaccination experiments in cattle. In a preliminary experiment, calves were vaccinated three times intraperitoneally with 250 microg globin in Freund's adjuvant and challenged with a trickled infection of 25,000 infective larvae. In three subsequent field studies, calves were vaccinated twice or three times intramuscularly with 80-100 microg globin in Quil A and challenged with a natural gastrointestinal nematode infection on pasture. Higher globin-specific antibody levels were detected in the vaccinated calves than in the control animals in all vaccine trials. In the preliminary experiment, geometric mean cumulative egg counts in the globin group were reduced by 52% and total worm burdens were reduced by 28%, compared to the controls. In the first field trial cumulative faecal egg counts were reduced by 63% in the vaccinated calves. However, the reduction in faecal egg output in these two experiments was not statistically significant and no reduction in faecal egg counts was observed in the vaccinated animals in the two last field trials. In conclusion, vaccination of calves with O. ostertagi globin resulted in highly variable protection levels after challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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