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Hassanein SS, Abdel-Mawgood AL, Ibrahim SA. EGFR-Dependent Extracellular Matrix Protein Interactions Might Light a Candle in Cell Behavior of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:766659. [PMID: 34976811 PMCID: PMC8714827 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.766659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death and is associated with a poor prognosis. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types: the major in incidence is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the minor is small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Although NSCLC progression depends on driver mutations, it is also affected by the extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that activate their corresponding signaling molecules in concert with integrins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These signaling molecules include cytoplasmic kinases, small GTPases, adapter proteins, and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), particularly the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In NSCLC, the interplay between ECM and EGFR regulates ECM stiffness, angiogenesis, survival, adhesion, migration, and metastasis. Furthermore, some tumor-promoting ECM components (e.g., glycoproteins and proteoglycans) enhance activation of EGFR and loss of PTEN. On the other hand, other tumor-suppressing glycoproteins and -proteoglycans can inhibit EGFR activation, suppressing cell invasion and migration. Therefore, deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying EGFR and ECM interactions might provide a better understanding of disease pathobiology and aid in developing therapeutic strategies. This review critically discusses the crosstalk between EGFR and ECM affecting cell behavior of NSCLC, as well as the involvement of ECM components in developing resistance to EGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sayed Hassanein
- Biotechnology Program, Basic and Applied Sciences (BAS) Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria, Egypt
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Lotfy Abdel-Mawgood
- Biotechnology Program, Basic and Applied Sciences (BAS) Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria, Egypt
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2
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Oo HZ, Lohinai Z, Khazamipour N, Lo J, Kumar G, Pihl J, Adomat H, Nabavi N, Behmanesh H, Zhai B, Dagil R, Choudhary S, Gustavsson T, Clausen TM, Esko JD, Allen JW, Thompson MA, Tran NL, Moldvay J, Dome B, Salanti A, Al-Nakouzi N, Weiss GJ, Daugaard M. Oncofetal Chondroitin Sulfate Is a Highly Expressed Therapeutic Target in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4489. [PMID: 34503301 PMCID: PMC8430715 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum therapeutics in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are in demand. Most human solid tumors express proteoglycans modified with distinct oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains that can be detected and targeted with recombinant VAR2CSA (rVAR2) proteins and rVAR2-derived therapeutics. Here, we investigated expression and targetability of oncofetal CS expression in human NSCLC. High oncofetal CS expression is associated with shorter disease-free survival and poor overall survival of clinically annotated stage I and II NSCLC patients (n = 493). Oncofetal CS qualifies as an independent prognosticator of NSCLC in males and smokers, and high oncofetal CS levels are more prevalent in EGFR/KRAS wild-type cases, as compared to mutation cases. NSCLC cell lines express oncofetal CS-modified proteoglycans that can be specifically detected and targeted by rVAR2 proteins in a CSA-dependent manner. Importantly, a novel VAR2-drug conjugate (VDC-MMAE) efficiently eliminates NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. In summary, oncofetal CS is a prognostic biomarker and an actionable glycosaminoglycan target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Htoo Zarni Oo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Zoltan Lohinai
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (J.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Nastaran Khazamipour
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Joey Lo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Gunjan Kumar
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jessica Pihl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (T.M.C.); (J.D.E.)
| | - Hans Adomat
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hakhamanesh Behmanesh
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Beibei Zhai
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Robert Dagil
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Thomas M. Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (T.M.C.); (J.D.E.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (T.M.C.); (J.D.E.)
| | | | | | - Nhan L. Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA;
| | - Judit Moldvay
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (J.M.); (B.D.)
- MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Department of Pathology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (J.M.); (B.D.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Salanti
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Nader Al-Nakouzi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
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Gkogkou P, Peponi E, Ntaskagiannis D, Murray S, Demou A, Sainis I, Ioakeim E, Briasoulis E, Tsekeris P. E-Cadherin and Syndecan-1 Expression in Patients With Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Chemoradiotherapy. In Vivo 2020; 34:453-459. [PMID: 31882513 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of the study was to investigate whether E-cadherin and syndecan-1 are molecular markers of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS The expression of E-cadherin and syndecan-1 (SDC1) was examined immunohistochemically on tissue specimens of 64 patients, with stage III disease at presentation. The obtained expression data were correlated with clinical parameters. RESULTS Negative expression of SDC1 was correlated with squamous histology (p=0.002). E-cadherin positive expression was significantly associated with increased 2-year overall survival (OS) rate (p=0.032). In the multivariate Cox analysis, performance status 0-1 was an independent predictor of OS (p=0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p=0.001). E-cadherin expression was an independent predictor of OS (p=0.007) and DFS (p=0.029). CONCLUSION E-cadherin might be a prognostic factor for OS and DFS in advanced stage NSCLC patients. Further investigations are needed for the establishment of E-cadherin and syndecan-1 as molecular markers, affecting treatment response and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Gkogkou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, U.K.
| | - Evangelia Peponi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - Asimo Demou
- Department of Pathology,"Hatzikosta" Community Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Sainis
- Interscience Molecular Laboratory, Cancer Biobank Center, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elli Ioakeim
- Department of Pathology,"Hatzikosta" Community Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Briasoulis
- Hematology Department and Interscience Molecular Laboratory, Cancer Biobank Center, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Pericles Tsekeris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Prevalence of Syndecan-1 (CD138) Expression in Different Kinds of Human Tumors and Normal Tissues. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:4928315. [PMID: 31976021 PMCID: PMC6954471 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4928315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a transmembrane proteoglycan known to be expressed in various normal and malignant tissues. It is of interest because of a possible prognostic role of differential expression in tumors and its role as a target for indatuximab, a monoclonal antibody coupled with a cytotoxic agent. To comprehensively analyze CD138 in normal and neoplastic tissues, we used tissue microarrays (TMAs) for analyzing immunohistochemically detectable CD138 expression in 2,518 tissue samples from 85 different tumor entities and 76 different normal tissue types. The data showed that CD138 expression is abundant in tumors. At least an occasional weak CD138 immunostaining could be detected in 71 of 82 (87%) different tumor types, and 58 entities (71%) had at least one tumor with a strong positivity. In normal tissues, a particularly strong expression was found in normal squamous epithelium of various organs, goblet and columnar cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and in hepatocytes. The highly standardized analysis of most human cancer types resulted in a ranking order of tumors according to the frequency and levels of CD138 expression. CD138 immunostaining was highest in squamous cell carcinomas such as from the esophagus (100%), cervix uteri (79.5%), lung (85.7%), vagina (89.7%) or vulva (73.3%), and in invasive urothelial cancer (76.2%). In adenocarcinomas, CD138 was also high in lung (82.9%) and colorectal cancer (85.3%) but often lower in pancreas (73.3%), stomach (54.2% in intestinal type), or prostate carcinomas (16.3%). CD138 expression was usually low or absent in germ cell tumors, sarcomas, endocrine tumors including thyroid cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors. In summary, the preferential expression in squamous cell carcinomas of various sites makes these cancers prime targets for anti-CD138 treatments once these might become available. Abundant expression in many different normal tissues might pose obstacles to exploiting CD138 as a therapeutic target, however.
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5
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Sayyad MR, Puchalapalli M, Vergara NG, Wangensteen SM, Moore M, Mu L, Edwards C, Anderson A, Kall S, Sullivan M, Dozmorov M, Singh J, Idowu MO, Koblinski JE. Syndecan-1 facilitates breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:35-49. [PMID: 31327090 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although survival rates for patients with localized breast cancer have increased, patients with metastatic breast cancer still have poor prognosis. Understanding key factors involved in promoting breast cancer metastasis is imperative for better treatments. In this study, we investigated the role of syndecan-1 (Sdc1) in breast cancer metastasis. METHODS To assess the role of Sdc1 in breast cancer metastasis, we silenced Sdc1 expression in the triple-negative breast cancer human MDA-MB-231 cell line and overexpressed it in the mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 cell line. Intracardiac injections were performed in an experimental mouse metastasis model using both cell lines. In vitro transwell blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain section adhesion assays were utilized to specifically investigate how Sdc1 facilitates brain metastasis. A cytokine array was performed to evaluate differences in the breast cancer cell secretome when Sdc1 is silenced. RESULTS Silencing expression of Sdc1 in breast cancer cells significantly reduced metastasis to the brain. Conversely, overexpression of Sdc1 increased metastasis to the brain. We found that silencing of Sdc1 expression had no effect on attachment of breast cancer cells to brain endothelial cells or astrocytes, but migration across the BBB was reduced as well as adhesion to the perivascular regions of the brain. Loss of Sdc1 also led to changes in breast cancer cell-secreted cytokines/chemokines, which may influence the BBB. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study demonstrates a role for Sdc1 in promoting breast cancer metastasis to the brain. These findings suggest that Sdc1 supports breast cancer cell migration across the BBB through regulation of cytokines, which may modulate the BBB. Further elucidating this mechanism will allow for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Sayyad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Madhavi Puchalapalli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Natasha G Vergara
- Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,McCormick School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sierra Mosticone Wangensteen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Melvin Moore
- Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,McCormick School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Liang Mu
- Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chevaunne Edwards
- Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aubree Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stefanie Kall
- Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,McCormick School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Megan Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jaime Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael O Idowu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Women's Cancer Research Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall 4-013, 1101 E. Marshall St, Box 980662, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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6
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Lai WV, Rudin CM. Analyzing the Thin Tail: Searching for Biomarkers of Exceptional Survival in SCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:1122-1124. [PMID: 31235032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Victoria Lai
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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7
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Muppa P, Parrilha Terra SBS, Sharma A, Mansfield AS, Aubry MC, Bhinge K, Asiedu MK, de Andrade M, Janaki N, Murphy SJ, Nasir A, Van Keulen V, Vasmatzis G, Wigle DA, Yang P, Yi ES, Peikert T, Kosari F. Immune Cell Infiltration May Be a Key Determinant of Long-Term Survival in Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:1286-1295. [PMID: 31078775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although most patients with SCLC die within a few months of diagnosis, a subgroup of patients survive for many years. Factors determining long-term survivorship remain largely unknown. We present the first comprehensive comparative genomic and tumor microenvironment analyses of SCLC between patients with long-term survivorship and patients with the expected survivorship. METHODS We compared surgically resected tumors of 23 long-term SCLC survivors (survival >4 years) and 18 SCLC survivors with the expected survival time (survival ≤2 years). There were no significant differences in clinical variables, including TNM staging and curative- versus non-curative-intent surgery between the groups. Gene expression profiling was performed by using microarrays, and tumor microenvironment analyses were performed by immunohistochemistry of prominent immune-related markers. RESULTS Immune-related genes and pathways represented the majority of the differentially overexpressed genes in long-term survivorship compared with in expected survivorship. The differences in the immunological tumor microenvironment were confirmed by quantitative immunostaining. Increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating and associated lymphocytes were present throughout tumors of long-term survivors of SCLC. Several differentiating patterns of enhanced antitumor immunity were identified. Although some areas of the tumors of long-term survivors of SCLC also harbored higher numbers of suppressive immune cells (monocytes, regulatory lymphocytes, and macrophages), the ratios of these suppressive cells to CD3-positive lymphocytes were generally lower in the tumors of long-term survivors of SCLC, indicating a less tumor-suppressive microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that long-term survivorship of patients with SCLC is strongly influenced by the presence of the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Characterization of the antitumor immune responses may identify opportunities for individualized immunotherapies for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasuna Muppa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Anurag Sharma
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Kaustubh Bhinge
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael K Asiedu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nafiseh Janaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen J Murphy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aqsa Nasir
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Virginia Van Keulen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dennis A Wigle
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tobias Peikert
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Farhad Kosari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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8
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Li X, Li J, Wu P, Zhou L, Lu B, Ying K, Chen E, Lu Y, Liu P. Smoker and non-smoker lung adenocarcinoma is characterized by distinct tumor immune microenvironments. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1494677. [PMID: 30288364 PMCID: PMC6169585 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1494677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking causes DNA damages in epithelial cells and immune dysfunction in the lung, which collectively contribute to lung carcinogenesis and progression. However, potential mechanisms by which tumor-infiltrating immune cells contribute to lung cancer survival and their differential contributions in ever-smokers and never-smokers are not well studied. Here, we performed integrative analysis of 11 lung cancer gene-expression datasets, including 1,111 lung adenocarcinomas and 200 adjacent normal lung samples. Distinct pathways were altered in lung carcinogenesis in ever-smokers and never-smokers. Never-smoker patients had a better outcome than ever-smoker patients. We characterized compositional patterns of 21 types of immune cells in lung adenocarcinomas and revealed the complex association between immune cell composition and clinical outcomes. Interestingly, we found two subsets of immune cells, mast cells and CD4+ memory T cells, which had completely opposite associations with outcomes in resting and activated status. We further discovered that several chemokines and their associated receptors (e.g., CXCL11-CX3CR1 axis) were selectively altered in lung tumors in response to cigarette smoking and their abundances showed stronger correlation with fractions of these immune subsets in ever-smokers than never-smokers. The status switched from the resting to activated forms in mast cells and CD4+ memory T cells might manifest some important processes induced by cigarette smoking during tumor development and progression. Our findings suggested that aberrant activation of mast cells and CD4+ memory T cells plays crucial roles in cigarette smoking-induced immune dysfunction in the lung, which contributes to tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingjian Lu
- Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kejing Ying
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Enguo Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Jenkins LM, Horst B, Lancaster CL, Mythreye K. Dually modified transmembrane proteoglycans in development and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 39:124-136. [PMID: 29291930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cell signaling in response to secreted growth factors has been linked to the development of multiple diseases, including cancer. As such, understanding mechanisms that control growth factor availability and receptor-growth factor interaction is vital. Dually modified transmembrane proteoglycans (DMTPs), which are classified as cell surface macromolecules composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked heparan sulfated (HS) and/or chondroitin sulfated (CS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, provide one type of regulatory mechanism. Specifically, DMTPs betaglycan and syndecan-1 (SDC1) play crucial roles in modulating key cell signaling pathways, such as Wnt, transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor signaling, to affect epithelial cell biology and cancer progression. This review outlines current and potential functions for betaglycan and SDC1, with an emphasis on comparing individual roles for HS and CS modified DMTPs. We highlight the mutual dependence of DMTPs' GAG chains and core proteins and provide comprehensive knowledge on how these DMTPs, through regulation of ligand availability and receptor internalization, control cell signaling pathways involved in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Ben Horst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Carly L Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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10
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Syndecan-1 in Cancer: Implications for Cell Signaling, Differentiation, and Prognostication. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:796052. [PMID: 26420915 PMCID: PMC4569789 DOI: 10.1155/2015/796052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1, a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is critically involved in the differentiation and prognosis of various tumors. In this review, we highlight the synthesis, cellular interactions, and the signalling pathways regulated by syndecan-1. The basal syndecan-1 level is also crucial for understanding the sequential changes involving malignant transformation, tumor progression, and advanced or disseminated cancer stages. Moreover, we focus on the cellular localization of this proteoglycan as cell membrane anchored and/or shed, soluble syndecan-1 with stromal or nuclear accumulation and how this may carry different, highly tissue specific prognostic information for individual tumor types.
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11
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Prediction of inhibitory activity of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors using grid search-projection pursuit regression method. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22367. [PMID: 21811593 PMCID: PMC3141047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) is an important protein target for anti-tumor drug discovery. To identify potential EGFR inhibitors, we conducted a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) study on the inhibitory activity of a series of quinazoline derivatives against EGFR tyrosine kinase. Two 2D-QSAR models were developed based on the best multi-linear regression (BMLR) and grid-search assisted projection pursuit regression (GS-PPR) methods. The results demonstrate that the inhibitory activity of quinazoline derivatives is strongly correlated with their polarizability, activation energy, mass distribution, connectivity, and branching information. Although the present investigation focused on EGFR, the approach provides a general avenue in the structure-based drug development of different protein receptor inhibitors.
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12
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Al-Shibli K, Al-Saad S, Andersen S, Donnem T, Bremnes RM, Busund LT. The prognostic value of intraepithelial and stromal CD3-, CD117- and CD138-positive cells in non-small cell lung carcinoma. APMIS 2010; 118:371-82. [PMID: 20477813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The major value of prognostic markers in potentially curable non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) should be to guide therapy after surgical treatment. Although tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and plasma cells have been documented in NSCLC, a clear association with clinical outcome, especially for the stromal component, has not been well established. The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognostic significance of these cells/markers in the epithelial and stromal compartments of NSCLC. Tissue microarrays from 335 resected, stage I-IIIA, NSCLC were constructed by duplicate cores from viable neoplastic epithelial and stromal areas. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the infiltration of CD3(+), CD117(+) as well as CD138(+) cells in epithelial and stromal areas. In univariate analyses, increasing numbers of stromal CD3(+) (p = 0.001) and epithelial CD3(+) cells (p = 0.004) correlated significantly with an improved disease-specific survival. No such relation was noted with CD3(+) or CD117(+) cells. In the multivariate analysis, stromal CD3(+) cells was an independent prognostic factor for disease-specific survival (HR 1.925, CI 1.21-3.04, p = 0.005). Increased presence of the pan T-cell marker, CD3, which is an independent factor, correlates with improved clinical outcome in NSCLC. This prognostic impact of T cells is clearer in the tumor stroma. Neither plasma cells nor mast cells were prognostic indicators in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Shibli
- Department of Pathology, Nordland Central Hospital, Bodø, Norway.
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13
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Fan F, Wu Y, Liu J. Expression and purification of two different antimicrobial peptides, PR-39 and Protegrin-1 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 73:147-51. [PMID: 20573563 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To implement coexpression of antimicrobial peptides PR-39 and Protegrin-1 (PG-1) in prokaryotic expression system, a tandem gene fragment encoding PR-39 and PG-1 has been synthesized chemically. The cleavage site (Asn-Gly) of hydroxylamine hydrochloride was introduced between PR-39 and PG-1. The fragment was inserted into vector pGEX-4T-1 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The fusions of single peptides to GST were created at the same time. The fusion protein GST-PR-39-PG-1, purified by affinity chromatography, was cleaved first by hydroxylamine hydrochloride to release recombinant PG-1 and then by enterokinase to release PR-39. Purification of recombinant PR-39 and PG-1 was achieved. About 1.9 mg/l recombinant PR-39 and 1.1 mg/l PG-1 were obtained. The recombinant antimicrobial peptides showed antibacterial activities that were similar to those released from fusions of single peptides to GST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Fan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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14
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Massabeau C, Rouquette I, Lauwers-Cances V, Mazières J, Bachaud JM, Armand JP, Delisle MB, Favre G, Toulas C, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-2/β3 Integrin Expression Profile: Signature of Local Progression After Chemoradiotherapy for Patients With Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 75:696-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Sang Y, Blecha F. Porcine host defense peptides: expanding repertoire and functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:334-343. [PMID: 18579204 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are a large group of innate immune effectors that are also termed antimicrobial peptides. Because of the rapid progress that has been made in completing several animal genomes, many HDPs have been systemically defined using bioinformatic analysis and partially characterized using reverse genomic approaches. In pigs, about 30 HDPs have been identified and partially characterized relative to structure and function. Antimicrobial activity of porcine HDPs has been extensively evaluated against a broad spectrum of microorganisms in vitro and evaluated for their protective role in vivo. Increasing evidence indicates that HDPs are functionally differentiated during posttranslational and postsecretory processing, and that the structural units for antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions are separate. These findings suggest promising new avenues for therapeutic drug design based on HDPs, including porcine HDPs. This review summarizes and discusses advances in porcine HDPs research during the last decade with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding profiles and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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16
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Papay J, Krenacs T, Moldvay J, Stelkovics E, Furak J, Molnar B, Kopper L. Immunophenotypic profiling of nonsmall cell lung cancer progression using the tissue microarray approach. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 15:19-30. [PMID: 17536303 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000213143.32030.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study, using tissue microarrays, aimed at the immunomorphologic profiling of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases to reveal clinically relevant disease groups and biomarkers associated with patients' survival and tumor progression including brain metastatic potential. Donor tissue blocks were form 59 patients, including 33 primary tumors without distant metastasis and 26 brain metastatic primary tumors as well as the brain metastases. Sections were immunostained for 29 markers targeting molecules of cell adhesion, cell growth, cell cycle, and apoptosis regulation. beta-Catenin expression was the only independent prognostic marker associated with better outcome. Elevated expression of collagen XVII, CD44v6, and caspase-9, and the reduced production of beta-catenin and cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein were significantly associated with the metastatic potential of primary NSCLC. Expression of positive cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and cyclin D3 was also increased in metastatic primary tumors. Metastatic tumor progression into the brain was accompanied by prominent p16, syndecan-1, p53 (DO7), and caspase-3 protein levels. Hierarchical clustering of complex immunoprofiles based on the differentially expressed markers grouped NSCLCs of the poorest outcome with high correlation including 2/3 of brain metastases of mixed histology. The brain metastatic potential of NSCLCs may be linked to the elevated levels of cyclinD1, cyclinD3, p16, p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, CD44v6, and collagen XVII and the down-regulation of beta-catenin and cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein. Unsupervised immunoprofiles based on differentially expressed biomarkers may help selecting lung cancers with aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Papay
- Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Kurokawa H, Zhang M, Matsumoto S, Yamashita Y, Tanaka T, Takamori K, Igawa K, Yoshida M, Fukuyama H, Takahashi T, Sakoda S. Reduced syndecan-1 expression is correlated with the histological grade of malignancy at the deep invasive front in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35:301-6. [PMID: 16630294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many histopathological characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma (O-SCC) have been identified as prognostic factors, no factor is completely accurate and unequivocal. This study evaluated the association between the loss of syndecan-1 expression and the histological grade of malignancy at the deep invasive front in O-SCC. METHODS The expression of syndecan-1 at the invasive tumor front of O-SCC was examined immunohistochemically using archived tissue from 72 cases. The mean age of the patients was 62.5 years (range: 23-90 years) and the male-female ratio was 1.3:1 (41 men, 31 women). There were 26, 24, 11, and 11 cases classified as stages I-IV respectively. The correlation between the intensity of syndecan-1 immunostaining and the clinicopathological factors, especially the histological grade of malignancy at the deep invasive front (invasive front grade) was analyzed. RESULTS Of the 72 cases, seven (9.7%), 29 (40.3%), 36 (50.0%) showed strong, intermediate, and weak or negative syndecan-1 staining respectively. There were significant differences between syndecan-1 expression and prognosis, differentiation, and pattern of invasion at the deep invasive front. Moreover, the invasive front grade scores, based on the intensity of syndecan-1 staining, were 5.6 +/- 1.0, 8.0 +/- 2.1, and 10.2 +/- 2.3 points with strong, intermediate, and weak or negative intensity respectively; and the difference was significant (P < 0.0001). Patients with intermediate or strong intensity for syndecan-1 had significantly better prognoses than did those with negative or weak intensity (P = 0.0138). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the reduced expression of syndecan-1 seems to be a useful marker of histological malignancy at the deep tumor invasive front and may be a useful prognostic factor in O-SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kurokawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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18
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Atkins SR, Turesson C, Myers JL, Tazelaar HD, Ryu JH, Matteson EL, Bongartz T. Morphologic and quantitative assessment of CD20+ B cell infiltrates in rheumatoid arthritis-associated nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:635-41. [PMID: 16447242 DOI: 10.1002/art.21758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE B lymphocytes are emerging as important elements in the events leading to joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, B lymphocytes have not been studied in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated lung disease. We performed a morphologic and quantitative analysis of B lymphocytes and plasma cells in RA-associated interstitial pneumonia (IP) in comparison with idiopathic IP and normal lungs. METHODS Open-lung biopsy specimens from patients with RA-associated IP (n = 18), patients with idiopathic IP (n = 21), and control subjects (n = 11) were stained with antibodies to CD20 and CD138. Morphologic patterns of stained specimens were characterized and staining was quantified using computer-assisted image analysis. RESULTS In RA-associated IP, marked follicular B cell hyperplasia was detected, which was limited almost entirely to peribronchiolar lymphoid aggregates. Plasma cells were also present in large numbers, but showed a more diffuse tissue infiltration. Quantification of B cells demonstrated higher cellularity in RA-associated IP (median 2.0%, interquartile range [IQR] 1.0-5.7) as compared with idiopathic IP (0.9%, IQR 0.5-2.1). Control specimens showed a significantly smaller number of B cells compared with both diseases (0.4%, IQR 0.1-1.3). In RA patients who were smokers and in those who were male, the proportion of CD20+ tissue areas further increased to 4.3% (IQR 1.0-5.8) and 3.9% (IQR 0.7-6.9), respectively. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a significant follicular B cell hyperplasia in RA-associated IP. The differences between RA-associated IP and idiopathic IP imply a differential emphasis of B cell-mediated mechanisms in the 2 diseases despite radiologic and histologic similarities and provide a rationale for studying functional aspects of B cell involvement in the pathogenesis of RA-associated IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Atkins
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Watanabe A, Mabuchi T, Satoh E, Furuya K, Zhang L, Maeda S, Naganuma H. Expression of syndecans, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in malignant gliomas: participation of nuclear factor-κB in upregulation of syndecan-1 expression. J Neurooncol 2005; 77:25-32. [PMID: 16132527 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-9010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding normal brain tissues is a prominent feature of malignant gliomas. Malignant glioma cells secrete thrombospondin-1 which participates in the motility of glioma cells and binds cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan. To clarify the invasion mechanism of tumor cells, expression of the syndecans (syndecan-1, -2, -3, and -4), a major cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan family, was analyzed in malignant gliomas. Involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) on syndecan-1 expression was also investigated. Using reverse transcription-PCR, the authors analyzed the expression of syndecan-1, -2, -3, and -4 in 10 malignant glioma cell lines, 2 glioblastoma specimens, and 2 normal brain specimens. All malignant glioma cell lines and glioblastoma specimens expressed all types of syndecan mRNA, except in one glioma cell line that lacked syndecan-3 expression. On the other hand, normal brain specimens expressed syndecan-2, -3, and -4 mRNA, but did not syndecan-1 mRNA. Syndecan-1 protein was localized in the cell surface of all malignant glioma cell lines by flow cytometry. Various levels of active nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) was detected in all malignant glioma cell lines using immunoblotting. The expression of active NF-kappaB and syndecan-1 increased in U251 glioma cells after tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta treatment, which can activate NF-kappaB. The amplification of active NF-kappaB and syndecan-1 by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta was suppressed by an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation (emodin). Emodin also downregulated the expression of syndecan-1 mRNA in U251 cells. These results indicate that malignant glioma cells express all types of syndecans and suggest that NF-kappaB participates in the upregulation of the syndecan-1 expression at the transcriptional level, and increased expression of syndecan-1 could associate with extracellular matrices including thrombospondin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, 409 3898, Nakakoma-gun, Yamanashi, Japan
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Linnerth NM, Sirbovan K, Moorehead RA. Use of a transgenic mouse model to identify markers of human lung tumors. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:977-82. [PMID: 15645424 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Despite advances in detection technologies, most patients diagnosed with lung cancer already harbor metastatic lesions. Because early detection is one of the primary determinants of patient outcome, a transgenic mouse model of lung cancer was utilized to identify markers of early lung tumors in humans. DNA microarray analysis of lung tumors arising in MMTV-IGF-II transgenic mice showed 9 genes consistently elevated in the murine lung tumors. Western blot analyses confirmed that several of these proteins were elevated in the lung tumors and immunohistochemical analyses identified 3 proteins, microsomal glutathione-S-transferase 1 (Mgst1), cathepsin H and syndecan 1 as being consistently elevated in the murine lung tumors compared to non-tumor bearing transgenic lung tissue and normal lung tissue surrounding the tumor. These 3 proteins were also elevated in human lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas. Importantly, the proteins were elevated in early stage, node negative tumors indicating their ability to detect early lung lesions that would be amenable to surgical resection. Therefore, our findings indicate that Mgst1, cathepsin H and syndecan 1 should be further evaluated as markers capable of identifying patients with early stage lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle M Linnerth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor, the Met protein tyrosine kinase, form a classic ligand-receptor system for epithelial-mesenchymal communications in the normal and cancerous prostate. This review illustrates the expression and activities of HGF/SF and Met during prostate development, homeostasis, and carcinogenesis. The participation of HGF/SF in the morphogenetic program of rodent prostate development, the role of Met in normal human prostate epithelium, and underlying mechanisms of deregulated Met expression in localized and metastatic prostate cancer are discussed. On the basis of the commonly observed overexpression of Met in metastatic prostate cancer, HGF/SF-Met-targeted imaging and therapeutic agents can now be applied toward diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S Knudsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98125, USA
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Shah L, Walter KL, Borczuk AC, Kawut SM, Sonett JR, Gorenstein LA, Ginsburg ME, Steinglass KM, Powell CA. Expression of syndecan-1 and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor are associated with survival in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 2004; 101:1632-8. [PMID: 15378500 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the authors identified molecular signatures and pathways associated with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma histology and lung development. They hypothesized that genetic classifiers of histology would provide insight into lung tumorigenesis and would be associated with clinical outcome when evaluated in a broader set of specimens. METHODS Associations between patient survival and immunostaining for 11 representative histologic classifiers (epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], CDK4, syndecan-1, singed-like, TTF-1, keratin 5, HDAC2, docking protein 1, integrin alpha3, P63, and cyclin D1) were examined using a tissue microarray constructed from nonsmall cell lung carcinoma specimens. RESULTS Sixty-three tumors were examined, including 43 adenocarcinomas, 11 large cell carcinomas, and 9 squamous cell carcinomas. Sixty-three percent of tumors were clinical Stage I lesions, and 37% were Stage II-III lesions. In a multivariate analysis that controlled for age, gender, and race, syndecan-1 expression was found to be associated with a significant reduction in the risk of death (hazard ratio, 0.31 [95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.87]; P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis also indicated that EGFR expression was associated with a significant reduced risk of death. CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrated that expression of either of the nonsmall cell lung carcinoma subtype classifiers syndecan-1 and EGFR was associated with a 30% reduction in the risk of death, with this reduction being independent of histology and other confounders. The results of the current study suggest that loss of expression of these histologic classifiers is associated with biologic aggressiveness in lung tumors and with poor outcome for patients with such tumors. If their significance can be validated prospectively, these biomarkers may be used to guide therapeutic planning for patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Shah
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Chen D, Adenekan B, Chen L, Vaughan ED, Gerald W, Feng Z, Knudsen BS. Syndecan-1 expression in locally invasive and metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 2004; 63:402-7. [PMID: 14972511 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 08/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the significance of syndecan-1 expression, a cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan in localized and metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 76 men with Gleason sum 6 or 7 prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy and a separate cohort of 75 men with metastatic prostate cancer. Syndecan-1 immunoreactivity was measured in primary prostate specimens or in samples from metastatic sites and correlated with patient outcome. RESULTS Syndecan-1 was expressed in normal basal and secretory epithelial cells, 26% of radical prostatectomy specimens, and 35% of metastatic disease. No association was found between syndecan-1 positivity and prostate-specific antigen recurrence in the collective cohort of Gleason sum 6 and 7 cancers. However, when stratified by Gleason sum, syndecan-1 immunoreactivity (immunoreactivity score 150 or greater) was associated with a greater recurrence rate in Gleason sum 7 cancers. Expression of syndecan-1 was significantly greater in soft tissue than in bone metastasis (P = 0.048, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS Consistent with a possible biochemical role for syndecan-1 in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, syndecan-1 expression correlated with serologic recurrence in Gleason sum 7 prostate cancer and was highly expressed in soft-tissue metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chen
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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Harada K, Masuda S, Hirano M, Nakanuma Y. Reduced expression of syndecan-1 correlates with histologic dedifferentiation, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2003; 34:857-63. [PMID: 14562280 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(03)00336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1, a cell-surface transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, has been reported to correlate with the biologic behavior of malignant tumors in various organs. We examined the correlation between the expression of syndecan-1 at the protein and mRNA levels and clinicopathologic features of 37 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs). Noncancerous bile duct epithelial cells showed basolateral membranous expression of syndecan-1, whereas ICC cells showed membranous and also diffuse cytoplasmic expression. In situ hybridization demonstrated a distribution of syndecan-1 mRNA similar to that of the protein in carcinoma tissue, suggesting that syndecan-1 expression in ICC is regulated at the transcriptional level. Reduction of syndecan-1 expression in carcinoma was associated with poor histological differentiation (P <0.01): syndecan-1 expression was intense and extensive in well-differentiated (10 cases) and largely negative or weakly positive in poorly differentiated (13 cases) adenocarcinoma, and its expression in moderately differentiated tumors (14 cases) was intermediate. Patients with ICCs demonstrating negative or weak expression of syndecan-1 frequently had lymph node metastases and had a rather poor prognosis after surgical resection compared with those whose tumors demonstrated moderate or strong expression (P <0.05). However, syndecan-1 expression was not correlated with tumor size, stromal desmoplasia, gross classification, vascular invasion, or perineural invasion. We conclude that expression of syndecan-1 could correlate with some aspects of the biologic behaviors of ICCs and may be a useful prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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25
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Ito Y, Yoshida H, Nakano K, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Yokozawa T, Matsuzuka F, Matsuura N, Kuma K, Miyauchi A. Syndecan-1 expression in thyroid carcinoma: stromal expression followed by epithelial expression is significantly correlated with dedifferentiation. Histopathology 2003; 43:157-64. [PMID: 12877731 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of syndecan-1 in thyroid neoplasia. Syndecan-1 is a proteoglycan regulating cell adhesion. Previous studies have demonstrated that decreased expression of syndecan-1 is linked to malignant progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Syndecan-1 expression in thyroid neoplasia was studied immunohistochemically. Syndecan-1 was expressed in stromal cells as well as neoplastic epithelial cells. Stromal syndecan-1 expression was observed more frequently in papillary carcinomas larger than 10 mm in size than in microcarcinomas and in widely invasive than in minimally invasive follicular carcinomas. Furthermore, poorly differentiated carcinomas showed this phenomenon more than well-differentiated carcinomas, but the expression in undifferentiated carcinomas was similar to that of poorly differentiated carcinomas. Epithelial syndecan-1 expression was more frequently observed in anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinomas than in papillary and follicular carcinomas. No significant difference in epithelial expression was found between well and poorly differentiated carcinomas, but undifferentiated carcinomas expressed epithelial syndecan-1 more frequently than did poorly differentiated carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS These results are in contrast to those previously reported for carcinomas at other sites. It is suggested that the role of syndecan-1 in thyroid carcinomas might be unique. Stromal syndecan-1 expression followed by its epithelial expression is significantly related to progression, including dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
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Raben D, Helfrich BA, Chan D, Johnson G, Bunn PA. ZD1839, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, alone and in combination with radiation and chemotherapy as a new therapeutic strategy in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 2002; 29:37-46. [PMID: 11894012 DOI: 10.1053/sonc.2002.31521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor is overexpressed in a majority of non-small cell lung cancers and has been associated with a poor prognosis. Preclinical studies have shown that ZD1839, an oral anilinoquinazoline, targets the epidermal growth factor receptor-associated tyrosine kinase, reversibly inhibiting critical downstream signaling and resulting in cancer cell growth arrest. Potent antitumor effects have been observed in human lung tumor xenograft models. Preclinical studies have shown additive to synergistic effects when ZD1839 is combined with radiation or chemotherapy in colon, head and neck, and non-small cell lung cancers. Phase I clinical trials have shown modest dose-related toxicity, and antitumor activity has been reported in a variety of malignancies including lung cancer. Future studies will certainly combine ZD1839 with chemotherapy or radiation. ZD1839 also may be effective as a chemoprevention agent because premalignant lesions often overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Denver, CO 80010-0510, USA
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