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Anjana R, Joseph LD, Suresh R. Immunohistochemical localization of CD1a and S100 in gingival tissues of healthy and chronic periodontitis subjects. Oral Dis 2012; 18:778-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2012.01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Abstract
The mucosal lining of the respiratory and digestive systems contains the largest and most complex immune system in the body, but surprisingly little is known of the immune system that serves the oral mucosa. This review focuses on dendritic cells, particularly powerful arbiters of immunity, in response to antigens of microbial or tumor origin, but also of tolerance to self-antigens and commensal microbes. Although first discovered in 1868, the epidermal dendritic Langerhans cells remained enigmatic for over a century, until they were identified as the most peripheral outpost of the immune system. Investigators' ability to isolate, enrich, and culture dendritic cells has led to an explosion in the field. Presented herein is a review of dendritic cell history, ontogeny, function, and phenotype, and the role of different dendritic cell subsets in the oral mucosa and its diseases. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of recognition and capture of microbes by dendritic cells. Also emphasized is how dendritic cells may regulate immunity/tolerance in response to oral microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, 110 Rockland Hall, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8703, USA.
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3
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Yan H, Miyagi T, Satoh E, Sugiura W, Yamamoto N, Kimura H. Phenotype and function of GM-CSF independent dendritic cells generated by long-term propagation of rat bone marrow cells. Cell Immunol 2004; 229:117-29. [PMID: 15474526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
GM-CSF is believed to be an essential factor for growth and differentiation of myeloid dendritic cells (DC). Employing a low-density fraction of rat bone marrow cells, we attempted to generate DC with human Flt-3/Flk-2 and IL-6. In this culture system, typical DC gradually appeared without exogenous GM-CSF supplement. Phenotypes and functions of the DC were examined. Evidence provided that the most efficient long-term outgrowth of DC progenitors was obtained by GM-CSF independent culture systems with the aid of Flt3/Flk-2 and IL-6, not with c-kit ligand and IL-6. Furthermore, CD103 (OX-62), which is widely used for rat DC separation, was found to be insufficient for enriching DC, due to the down-regulation of the marker. However, the most efficient selection of rat DC was made by CD161a (NKR-P1A), a C-type lectin family. The GM-CSF independent DC was functionally active in vitro as well as in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yan
- Department of Research Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Brissette‐Storkus CS, Kettel JC, Whitham TF, Giezeman‐Smits KM, Villa LA, Potter DM, Chambers WH. Flt‐3 ligand (FL) drives differentiation of rat bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells expressing OX62 and/or CD161 (NKR‐P1). J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.6.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S. Brissette‐Storkus
- Eye and Ear Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
- Brain Tumor Center of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Departments of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - J. C. Kettel
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - T. F. Whitham
- Brain Tumor Center of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Departments of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - K. M. Giezeman‐Smits
- Brain Tumor Center of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Departments of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - L. A. Villa
- Brain Tumor Center of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Departments of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
- Pathology, and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - D. M. Potter
- Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
| | - William H. Chambers
- Brain Tumor Center of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Departments of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
- Pathology, and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
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5
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Makala LHC, Nagasawa H. Dendritic cells: a specialized complex system of antigen presenting cells. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:181-93. [PMID: 11999435 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) network is a specialized system for presenting antigen to naive or quiescent T cells, and consequently plays a central role in the induction of T cell and B cell immunity in vivo. Despite considerable achievements in the last ten years, in our understanding of how DC induce and regulate immune responses, much remains to be learned about this complex system of cells. The history and current status of DC termed "directors of the immune system orchestra" is reviewed. The present understanding of DC cell biology, function and use, taking into account their complexity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi H C Makala
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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6
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Yano Y, Hara M, Miyahara T, Shibata K, Onitsuka T, Nawa Y, Li XK, Suzuki S, Amemiya H, Kimura H. Microchimeric cells from the peripheral blood associated with cardiac grafts are bone marrow derived, long-lived and maintain acquired tolerance to minor histocompatibility antigen H-Y. Transplantation 2001; 71:1456-62. [PMID: 11391235 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200105270-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it has been well established that the microchimerism occurs in the peripheral blood of the recipients after various settings in both clinical and experimental organ transplantation, nevertheless, their roles in inducing and maintaining acquired transplantation tolerance are controversial. Furthermore, regarding the cell lineages, kinetics, and functions of the cells that constitute the microchimerism after organ transplantation, solid information is not available. METHODS Using rat heterotopic heart isografts from bone marrow chimeras between cross-sex and applying polymerase chain reaction with specific primers to rat sex determining region of Y chromosome, a relationship between a state of microchimerism and induction as well as maintenance of acquired tolerance to H-Y antigen were examined. RESULTS Microchimeric cells of the peripheral blood (MCPB) after cardiac grafting contain bone marrow-derived and radiation-sensitive cells. Furthermore, removal of the primary cardiac grafts revealed that microchimeric cells in the peripheral blood are long-lived cells, i.e., more than 6 months. When the female rats that had contained long-lasting MCPB, were innoculated with syngeneic male dendritic cells, failure to sensitize female toward male specific antigen H-Y was found to occur. CONCLUSIONS Thus it was suggested that radiation-sensitive, bone marrow derived, long-lived MCPB play a significant role in maintaining acquired transplantation tolerance to minor histocompatibility antigen H-Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yano
- Department of Research Surgery, National Children's Medical Research Center, 3-35-31 Taishido, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-8509 Japan
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7
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are distinguishable from other antigen-presenting cells by their potent antigen-presenting capacity. They are not only efficient at presenting peptide antigen but can also process and present soluble protein antigen sto antigen-specific T cells and cloned T cell lines. They are very strong stimulators of both allogeneic and syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions and have a unique capacity to stimulate naive T cells. The potent functional capacity of DC is related to a high-level expression of major histocompatibility complex class I/II molecules and constitutive expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD80/CD86, as well as heat stable antigen, CD40 and the leucocyte function antigen (LFA) family of adhesion molecules. Recent studies have shown that DC are also involved in regulation of the immune response via induction of both central and peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ni
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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8
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Chen-Woan M, Delaney CP, Fournier V, Wakizaka Y, Murase N, Fung J, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ. In vitro characterization of rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their precursors. J Leukoc Biol 1996; 59:196-207. [PMID: 8603992 PMCID: PMC3154760 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.59.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the rat is commonly used for basic immunology and transplantation research, phenotypic and functional characterization of rat dendritic cells (DCs) lags behind similar studies in the human and mouse. Therefore, these features were examined using DCs propagated from cultures of rat bone marrow maintained in a medium supplemented with granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Analysis of cytospin preparations of cultured cells showd that DCs arise from OX7+ myelomonocytic precursors. Typical mature rat DCs were morphologically similar to their mouse and human counterparts and expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (common part determinant of Ia), OX62 (integrin molecule), OX7 (CD90), ICAM-1 (CD54), and CTLA4 counterreceptor, but were negative for OX8 (CD8), OX19 (CD5), W3/25 (CD4), and ED2, a rat macrophage marker. Functional analysis of OX62+ sorted DCs showed that they could effectively present the soluble antigen ovalbumin to naive T cells in vitro. A combination of anti-MHC class II monoclonal antibody and CTLA4-immunoglobulin inhibited allostimulatory ability more effectively than either reagent alone. Implications for studying the role of DCs in immune responses in the rat are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen-Woan
- Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Health Science Center, PA 15261, USA
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9
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Chen-Woan M, Delaney CP, Fournier V, Wakizaka Y, Murase N, Fung J, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ. A new protocol for the propagation of dendritic cells from rat bone marrow using recombinant GM-CSF, and their quantification using the mAb OX-62. J Immunol Methods 1995; 178:157-71. [PMID: 7836778 PMCID: PMC2950639 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)00253-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent known antigen (Ag) presenting cell in vivo and in vitro. Detailed analysis of their properties and mechanisms of action requires an ability to produce large numbers of DC. Although DC have been isolated from several rat tissues, including BM, the yield is uniformly low. We describe a simple method for the propagation of large numbers of DC from rat BM and document cell yield with the rat DC marker, OX-62. After depletion of plastic-adherent and Fc+ cells by panning on dishes coated with normal serum, residual BM cells were cultured in gelatin coated flasks using murine rGM-CSF supplemented medium. Prior to analysis, non-adherent cells were re-depleted of contaminating Fc+ cells. Propagation of DC was monitored by double staining for FACS analysis (major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+/OX-62+, OX-19-). Functional assay, morphological analysis and evaluation of homing patterns of cultured cells revealed typical DC characteristics. MHC class II and OX-62 antigen expression increased with time in culture and correlated with allostimulatory ability. DC yield increased until day 7, when 3.3 x 10(6) DC were obtained from an initial 3 x 10(8) unfractionated BM cells. Significant numbers of DC can be generated from rat BM using these simple methods. This should permit analysis and manipulation of rat DC functions in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen-Woan
- Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Health Science Center, PA 15261
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10
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Fossum S. The life history and functional roles of accessory cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 355:51-6. [PMID: 7709843 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2492-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Fossum
- Immunobiological laboratory, University of Oslo
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11
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Gieseler RK, Xu H, Schlemminger R, Peters JH. Serum-free differentiation of rat and human dendritic cells, accompanied by acquisition of the nuclear lamins A/C as differentiation markers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 329:287-91. [PMID: 8379383 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R K Gieseler
- Department of Immunology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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12
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van Vugt E, Verdaasdonk MA, Beelen RH, Kamperdijk EW. Induction of an increased number of dendritic cells in the peritoneal cavity of rats by intraperitoneal administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Immunobiology 1992; 186:230-40. [PMID: 1490729 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently we described the presence of a small number of DC among the peritoneal cells of steady state rats. These DC had the same morphological characteristics and a similar antigen-presenting capacity as DC isolated from the spleen. This study shows that in the peritoneal cavity, which is a non-lymphoid microenvironment, the number of DC increases after i.p. administration of BCG. Next to this relatively small influx of DC, the approximately three-fold increase of the total number of cells is predominantly caused by an enormous influx of neutrophilic granulocytes, and to a lesser extent by an influx of macrophages. The phenotype and the antigen-presenting capacity of peritoneal DC has not changed, while the number of Ia-positive M phi has increased. Nevertheless, due to a suppressive effect of the peritoneal M phi, the total peritoneal cell suspension is no longer capable of presenting antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van Vugt
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
The expression of MHC class II antigens on potential APC is a crucial step in T-lymphocyte activation and the initiation of an immune response. The studies which are presented here were initiated to characterize the critical APC present in physiologically normal, untreated rats. Such a cell should constitutively express these antigens at high density and therefore provide the apparatus necessary to provoke both primary and secondary immune responses at any time. DAC were found to fulfill these criteria. In the absence of specific surface markers of rat DAC, the results are based on the strict combination of morphological appearance and functional activity. However, the high expression of MHC class II antigens may be regarded as semispecific markers for DAC which are distributed at strategic positions in many lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues (Hart & Fabre 1981, Steiniger et al. 1984). The relatively low number of these cells observed in tissue sections and in in vitro isolates (0.1% of all cells) may explain their high activity as APC. This would facilitate the presentation of antigen in vivo to a sufficient number of competent T lymphocytes. DAC differentiate from a bone marrow progenitor cell pool preferentially under the influence of spleen cell-derived activities. Although the exact lineage has not yet been determined it may be fair to speculate that DAC form a new cell lineage probably related to interdigitating cells but not to macrophages which differentiate from bone marrow-derived precursors under the influence of colony-stimulating activities. However, the cooperation between DAC plus macrophages may provide the stage for T-lymphocyte activation and T-T collaboration (Mitchison 1990). There are still many open questions concerning the general role of DAC in vivo and in vitro. To further characterize rat DAC, their tissue distribution, role in the immune response and possible influence on intrathymic lymphopoiesis, with respect to T-lymphocyte subpopulations and the selection of the T-lymphocyte antigen-receptor repertoire, a panel of DAC-specific monoclonal antibodies must be generated in the future. Such antibodies will also be useful to study the mechanism by which DAC activate T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Klinkert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Martinsried, Fed. Rep. Germany
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14
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Romani N, Kämpgen E, Koch F, Heufler C, Schuler G. Dendritic cell production of cytokines and responses to cytokines. Int Rev Immunol 1990; 6:151-61. [PMID: 1967103 DOI: 10.3109/08830189009056626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a family of bone marrow-derived MHC class II expressing cells which occur in small numbers in most lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. They represent a distinct lineage of leukocytes which can be found in two distinct maturational stages: immature dendritic cells are exemplified by the Langerhans cells in the epidermis, and are considered to be precursors to the mature dendritic cells in the lymphoid organs. These maturational stages can be distinguished by phenotypic and functional characteristics. Immature dendritic cells are weak stimulators of resting T lymphocytes but are excellent in processing soluble protein antigens for presentation to T cell clones. Mature dendritic cells show exactly reciprocal features. In this review the relatively few available data on cytokine production by DC and responses of DC to cytokines are collected. Our goal is to consider the role of cytokines in DC function including the transition from immature to mature stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Romani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Abstract
Interstitial dendritic cells (IDC) were first identified in the interstitium of non-lymphoid organs as leucocytes which stained intensely with anti-MHC class II antibodies. These cells have been identified in several species including man, and can be distinguished from tissue macrophages by their immunological phenotype and cytochemical and functional characteristics. IDC appear to be closely related to lymphoid dendritic cells (DC), and have the capacity to bind antigen and stimulate T lymphocyte responses. It seems probable that they represent a stage of nonlymphoid dendritic cell differentiation necessary for antigen surveillance, similar to the Langerhans cell of the skin. Exposure to antigen appears to induce migration of these cells into adjacent lymphatics and subsequent localization in the interfollicular areas of lymph node, where the DC present processed antigen to activate a primary T cell response. The IDC has been identified as the passenger leucocyte within organ allografts which contributes substantially to graft immunogenicity, so that eradication of donor organ IDC improves organ graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Hart
- Haematology Department, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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16
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Kamperdijk EW, van Nieuwkerk EB, Verdaasdonk MA, Hoefsmit EC. Macrophages in different compartments of the non-neoplastic lymph node. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1990; 84 ( Pt 1):219-45. [PMID: 2292195 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75519-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The thymus is the primary organ in which T cells undergo rearrangement of T cell receptor alpha and beta genes, positive selection for affinity to self MHC products, and elimination (negative selection) of reactivity to self antigens. These events require an interaction of the developing T cell with other cell types in the thymus. The latter include epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and the recently described thymic B cells the majority of which are CD5+. Here we review the identification and isolation of thymic dendritic cells and CD5+ B cells. We consider phenotype, ontogeny, and function, including possible contributions to the induction of self tolerance. Thymic dendritic cells are similar to spleen dendritic cells, but are larger and exhibit a few differences in phenotype. Dendritic cells from both organs are equally potent accessory cells for the MLR and lectin-induced, T cell proliferation. Thymic dendritic cells have higher levels of Fc receptors and support anti-CD3 dependent mitogenesis. Thymic CD5+ B cells share phenotypic features with peritoneal CD5+ B cells. However thymic B cells neither proliferate nor form antibody producing cells in response to the stimulation with LPS or anti-IgM plus IL-4, but do respond to stimulation with MHC class II-restricted helper T cells. Thymic dendritic cells and CD5+ B cells both appear at a similar time in ontogeny, about 14 d of gestation, which is the time T cell differentiation begins to take place. Dendritic cells from spleen, which are potent activators for peripheral T cells, are also potent inactivators for thymic-derived cytotoxic T cells. A correlation between reactivity to MIs products and the expression of TCR-V beta genes is well documented, and B cells are the primary APC for this antigen. Therefore, thymic CD5+ B cells may be a good tool for the investigation of tolerance to M1s products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Inaba
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Abundant evidence indicates that dendritic cells arise from the bone marrow. In vitro, precursors that differ phenotypically from mature dendritic cells divide several times to form functional dendritic cells. A soluble factor(s) produced in the supernatants of ConA-stimulated spleen cells enhances the production of dendritic cells. This factor(s) has not been fully characterized. Further maturation of dendritic cells occurs after they are released from the bone marrow; species differences exist. Interrelationships between various types of dendritic cells need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Bowers
- Medical Research Institute, Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, Cooperstown, New York 13326
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19
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Fossum S. The life history of dendritic leukocytes (DL). CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1989; 79:101-24. [PMID: 2644081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-73855-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Kamperdijk EW, Döpp EA, Dijkstra CD. Transport of immune complexes from the subcapsular sinus into the lymph node follicles of the rat. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 237:191-6. [PMID: 3254051 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5535-9_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E W Kamperdijk
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Kamperdijk EW, Dijkstra CD, Döpp EA. Transport of immune complexes from the subcapsular sinus into the lymph node follicles of the rat. Immunobiology 1987; 174:395-405. [PMID: 3679278 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(87)80013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To study the mode of transport of immune complexes from the subcapsular sinus into the follicles of draining popliteal lymph nodes, horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-anti HRP was injected in rat footpads. Within six minutes, complexes were already present in the subcapsular sinus freely or attached to the plasma membrane of different types of cell including cells forming the stroma. A few minutes later, complexes were also seen in the deeper part of the outer cortex, and after two hours they had reached the periphery of the follicles. They were always seen scattered between lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. After one day, complexes were present on well-developed follicular dendritic cells. After injection of HRP, no localization of this antigen was observed in the deeper part of the outer cortex including the follicles. These results strongly suggest that HRP-anti HRP complexes are passively transported through the outer cortex into the follicles where they are trapped and retained by follicular dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Kamperdijk
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Medical Faculty, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Nau P, Peters JH. Human peripheral blood accessory cell: isolation by hypotonic density gradient, functional, and phenotypical characterization. Immunobiology 1986; 173:82-97. [PMID: 3026958 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(86)80092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to purify the human peripheral blood-derived accessory cell that cooperate with T lymphocytes in the process of mitogenic stimulation, we developed a new density gradient separation. This was based on the principle of hypotonic swelling of the cells to obtain a differential change of the buoyant densities of cells. By this method, we have obtained a highly accessory cell-depleted lymphocyte fraction whose proliferative response to sodium periodate stimulation was almost aborted. Another fraction containing high accessory cell activity was further divided into Fc-receptor-positive and -negative cells. The latter revealed the highest accessory activity for T lymphocyte periodate stimulation. The cells were characterized according to a number of markers and appeared to resemble lymphoid dendritic cells. Compared with the monocyte/macrophage fraction, they showed veils and dendritiform elongations and expressed reduced values of monocyte/macrophage specific markers. Compared with the high accessory activity of these cells, monocytes/macrophages expressed a low accessory activity.
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23
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Abstract
Although dendritic cells (DC) originate from bone marrow, they were not observed in fresh preparations of bone marrow cells (BMC). Likewise, accessory activity was barely measurable in a sensitive assay for this potent function of DC. However, both DC and accessory activity developed when BMC were cultured for 5 d. Based on fractionation before culture, nearly all of the accessory activity could be attributed to only 5% of the total BMC recovered in a low-density (LD) fraction. The LD-DC precursors differed from mature DC in a number of important respects. Removal of Ia+ cells from the LD fraction by panning did not decrease the production of DC when the nonadherent cells were cultured. Thus, the cell from which the DC is derived does not express or minimally expresses Ia antigens, in contrast to the strongly Ia+ DC that is produced in bone marrow cultures. Irradiation of LD cells before culture prevented the development of DC. When irradiation was delayed by daily intervals, progressive increases in the number of DC resulted, up to the fifth day. These findings, together with preliminary autoradiographic data, indicate that cell division has occurred, in contrast to the DC, which does not divide. We conclude that bone marrow-derived DC arise in culture from the division of LD, Ia- precursors.
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