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Saur L, Baptista PPA, Bagatini PB, Neves LT, de Oliveira RM, Vaz SP, Ferreira K, Machado SA, Mestriner RG, Xavier LL. Experimental Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Decreases Astrocyte Density and Changes Astrocytic Polarity in the CA1 Hippocampus of Male Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:892-904. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wood AG, Chen J, Barton S, Nadebaum C, Anderson VA, Catroppa C, Reutens DC, O'Brien TJ, Vajda F. Altered cortical thickness following prenatal sodium valproate exposure. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:497-501. [PMID: 25356420 PMCID: PMC4184779 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to sodium valproate (VPA) is associated with neurodevelopmental impairments. Cortical thickness was measured in 16 children exposed prenatally to VPA and 16 controls. We found increased left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; BA45) and left pericalcarine sulcus (BA18) thickness, an association between VPA dose and right IFG thickness, and a close relationship between verbal skills and left IFG thickness. A significant interaction between group and hemispheric IFG thickness showed absence of the normal asymmetry in the IFG region of VPA-exposed children. These data provide preliminary insights into the putative neural basis of difficulties experienced by some VPA-exposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Wood
- University of Birmingham Birmingham, United Kingdom ; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville, Australia ; Monash University Clayton, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville, Australia ; Monash University Clayton, Australia
| | - Sarah Barton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Vicki A Anderson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville, Australia ; Royal Children's Hospital Parkville, Australia
| | - Cathy Catroppa
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Terence J O'Brien
- The University of Melbourne Parkville, Australia ; Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville, Australia
| | - Frank Vajda
- The University of Melbourne Parkville, Australia ; Australian Pregnancy Register for Women with Epilepsy and Allied Conditions Kew, Australia
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Riva G, Baronchelli S, Paoletta L, Butta V, Biunno I, Lavitrano M, Dalprà L, Bentivegna A. In vitro anticancer drug test: A new method emerges from the model of glioma stem cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:188-199. [PMID: 28962238 PMCID: PMC5598297 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV astrocytoma and the most common malignant brain tumor. Current therapies provide a median survival of 12–15 months after diagnosis, due to the high recurrence rate. The failure of current therapies may be due to the presence, within the tumor, of cells characterized by enhanced self-renewal capacity, multilineage differentiation potential and elevated invasive behavior, called glioma stem cells (GSCs). To evaluate the pharmacological efficacy of selected drugs on six GSC lines, we set up a multiple drug responsivity assay based on the combined evaluation of cytomorphological and functional parameters, including the analysis of polymorphic nuclei, mitotic index and cell viability. In order to understand the real pharmacological efficacy of the tested drugs, we assigned a specific drug responsivity score to each GSC line, integrating the data produced by multiple assays. In this work we explored the antineoplastic effects of paclitaxel (PTX), an inhibitor of microtubule depolymerization, utilized as standard treatment in several cancers, and of valproic acid (VPA), an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) with multiple anticancer properties. We classified the six GSC lines as responsive or resistant to these drugs, on the basis of their responsivity scores. This method can also be useful to identify the best way to combine two or more drugs. In particular, we utilized the pro-differentiating effect of VPA to improve the PTX effectiveness and we observed a significant reduction of cell viability compared to single treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Riva
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Simona Baronchelli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.,Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research - National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Paoletta
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Butta
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ida Biunno
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research - National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy.,IRCCS MultiMedica, Science and Technology Pole, via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Lavitrano
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Leda Dalprà
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.,Medical Genetics Laboratory, S. Gerardo Hospital, via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
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Wang Y, Wang X, Liu L, Wang X. HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A-inhibited survival of dopaminergic neuronal cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 467:212-6. [PMID: 19835929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, their effects on survival of dopaminergic neurons remain uncertain. In the present study, the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) was tested in following dopaminergic neuronal cell lines: rat N27, mouse MN9D, and human SH-SY5Y cells. Results demonstrated that a single TSA treatment resulted in decreased cell survival and increased apoptosis in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Pre-treatment with TSA resulted in exacerbated neurotoxic damage to dopaminergic neurons induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and rotenone. These results suggest that HDAC inhibitors may influence Parkinson's disease pathogenesis by inhibiting survival and increasing vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to neurotoxins. Our data also suggested the importance of prudent use of HDAC inhibitors in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Key Laboratory of the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, China
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Sechi GP, Conti M, Sau GF, Cocco GA. Valproate-induced parkinsonism, glial cells and Alexander's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1351-2. [PMID: 18495313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Goodenough S, Schleusner D, Pietrzik C, Skutella T, Behl C. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta links neuroprotection by 17beta-estradiol to key Alzheimer processes. Neuroscience 2005; 132:581-9. [PMID: 15837120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen exerts many of its receptor-mediated neuroprotective functions through the activation of various intracellular signal transduction pathways including the mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK), phospho inositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C pathways. Here we have used a hippocampal slice culture model of kainic acid-induced neurotoxic cell death to show that estrogen can protect against oxidative cell death. We have previously shown that MAPK and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) are involved in the cell death/cell survival induced by kainic acid. In this model and other cellular and in vivo models we have shown that estrogen can also cause the phosphorylation and hence inactivation of GSK-3beta, a known mediator of neuronal cell death. The effect of estrogen on GSK-3beta activity is estrogen receptor mediated. Further, this estrogen/GSK-3beta interaction may have functional consequences in cellular models of some key pathogenic pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease. More specifically, estrogen affects the basal levels of tau phosphorylation at a site known to be phosphorylated by GSK-3beta. Taken together, these data indicate a novel molecular and functional link between estrogen and GSK-3beta and may have implications for estrogen receptor modulation as a target for the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goodenough
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Medical School, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Costa LG, Steardo L, Cuomo V. Structural Effects and Neurofunctional Sequelae of Developmental Exposure to Psychotherapeutic Drugs: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:103-47. [PMID: 15001664 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of psychotherapeutic drugs has enabled management of mental illness and other neurological problems such as epilepsy in the general population, without requiring hospitalization. The success of these drugs in controlling symptoms has led to their widespread use in the vulnerable population of pregnant women as well, where the potential embryotoxicity of the drugs has to be weighed against the potential problems of the maternal neurological state. This review focuses on the developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of five broad categories of widely available psychotherapeutic drugs: the neuroleptics, the antiepileptics, the antidepressants, the anxiolytics and mood stabilizers, and a newly emerging class of nonprescription drugs, the herbal remedies. A brief review of nervous system development during gestation and following parturition in mammals is provided, with a description of the development of neurochemical pathways that may be involved in the action of the psychotherapeutic agents. A thorough discussion of animal research and human clinical studies is used to determine the risk associated with the use of each drug category. The potential risks to the fetus, as demonstrated in well described neurotoxicity studies in animals, are contrasted with the often negative findings in the still limited human studies. The potential risk fo the human fetus in the continued use of these chemicals without more adequate research is also addressed. The direction of future research using psychotherapeutic drugs should more closely parallel the methodology developed in the animal laboratories, especially since these models have already been used extremely successfully in specific instances in the investigation of neurotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy
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Sobaniec-Lotowska ME. Ultrastructure of astrocytes in the cortex of the hippocampal gyrus and in the neocortex of the temporal lobe in experimental valproate encephalopathy and after valproate withdrawal. Int J Exp Pathol 2003; 84:115-25. [PMID: 12974941 PMCID: PMC2517555 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.2003.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyse the astrocyte ultrastructure within the hippocampal gyre cortex and neocortex of the temporal lobe in valproate encephalopathy induced by chronic administration of an anti-epileptic drug - sodium valproate (VPA) to rats for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, once daily intragastrically, in a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. and after its withdrawal for 1 and 3 months. Prolonged application of VPA caused damage to protoplasmic astrocytes of the cortex regions examined, mainly in the pyramidal layer, which intensified in the later stages of the experiment, especially after 9 and 12 months. Ultrastructural alterations in astroglia during this experiment did not differ significantly between the hippocampal cortex and neocortex. The most pronounced astroglial abnormalities, concerning about 2/3 of protoplasmic astrocytes after 9 and 12 months, were characterized by considerable swelling of cells, with the presence of empty vacuolar structures in the cytoplasm, a substantial decrease in the number of gliofilaments or even their complete loss, which indicated fibrillopoietic failure of the cell, and the appearance of astrocytes showing phagocytic activity. The astrocytic changes coexisted with distinct damage to neurones and structural elements of the blood-brain barrier. One month after termination of chronic exposure to the drug, the abnormalities did not subside, whereas after 3 months features of distinct normalization could be observed in a considerable number, more than a half, of astrocytes. In valproate encephalopathy, apart from any direct effect of VPA and/or its metabolites on astrocytes, the main cause of the protoplasmic astroglial damage in the cortex of the CNS structures examined could be associated with changes in microcirculation in the cortex (vasogenic factor), leading to its ischaemia.
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van Bergen A, Papanikolaou T, Schuker A, Möller A, Schlosshauer B. Long-term stimulation of mouse hippocampal slice culture on microelectrode array. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2003; 11:123-33. [PMID: 12738008 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(03)00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To understand mechanisms of information processing, development and degeneration of the central nervous system, simultaneous multisite recording and stimulation have become extremely helpful. We have further developed the innovative approach to record from intact neural networks using planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with 60 substrate-integrated nano-columnar electrodes. To allow for long-term stimulation, mouse hippocampal tissue slices were immobilized onto MEAs and permanently moved between the gas and medium phase in a specifically designed tilting incubator that made it possible to electrically contact up to 90 MEAs with 5400 electrodes. After 2-3 weeks in vitro, histochemical staining, the intracellular microinjection of the fluorescent dye Alexa and the recording of spontaneous activity revealed in vivo-like characteristics of the organotypically cultured tissue. The feasibility of long-term stimulation during culturing was demonstrated with a low frequency paradigm. 0.003 Hz stimulation over a 16 h period resulted in a significant decline of field potentials and population spikes in two identified hippocampal subregions. Control experiments revealed that this effect was not due to tissue detachment or to induced cell death. In summary, the novel technology promises to open a new avenue for analyzing regulatory interactions of neuronal activity, cell differentiation and gene expression during development and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van Bergen
- NMI Naturwissenschaftliches und Medizinisches Institut an der Universität Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, D-72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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Hoff A, Hämmerle H, Schlosshauer B. Organotypic culture system of chicken retina. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 1999; 4:237-48. [PMID: 10592331 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(99)00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of developmental mechanisms during neuroembryogenesis, evaluation of toxicological effects and testing of neuroprotheses rely to an increasing extent on in vivo-like in vitro models. We have developed a novel organotypic culture system of the chick retina. Tissue slices of embryonic retinae were immobilized on glass coverslips by a fibrin clot and permanently rotated between the gas and medium phase, resulting in regular formation and the maintenance of the retinal cytoarchitecture. Selection of embryonic stage, slice thickness and specimen processing were optimized for culturing. Scanning electron microscopy revealed degradation during increasing culture periods of the fibrin clot, which was used for initial immobilization of explants on glass coverslips. Simultaneously, retinal cells became exposed on the tissue surface. Even after several weeks in vitro, formation and maintenance of plexiform and nuclear layers was evident as revealed by two specific monoclonal antibodies. Immunocytochemistry employing two additional photoreceptor- and radial Müller-antibodies indicated differentiation of neuronal and glial cells specific for the retina. The organotypic culture system promises to facilitate developmental studies of retinal development. Quantitative evaluation of Na(+)-channel blocker mexiletine impact on the histogenesis of retinal explants proved the organotypic culture system to be a valuable tool also for neurotoxicological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoff
- Naturwissenschaftliches und Medizinisches Institut (NMI), an der Universität Tübingen in Reutlingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, D-72770, Reutlingen, Germany
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