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Muse ME, Armstrong DA, Hoen AG, Gilbert-Diamond D, Gui J, Palys TJ, Kolling FW, Christensen BC, Karagas MR, Howe CG. Maternal-Infant Factors in Relation to Extracellular Vesicle and Particle miRNA in Prenatal Plasma and in Postpartum Human Milk. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1538. [PMID: 38338815 PMCID: PMC10855220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) in extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) in maternal circulation during pregnancy and in human milk postpartum are hypothesized to facilitate maternal-offspring communication via epigenetic regulation. However, factors influencing maternal EVP miRNA profiles during these two critical developmental windows remain largely unknown. In a pilot study of 54 mother-child dyads in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, we profiled 798 EVP miRNAs, using the NanoString nCounter platform, in paired maternal second-trimester plasma and mature (6-week) milk samples. In adjusted models, total EVP miRNA counts were lower for plasma samples collected in the afternoon compared with the morning (p = 0.024). Infant age at sample collection was inversely associated with total miRNA counts in human milk EVPs (p = 0.040). Milk EVP miRNA counts were also lower among participants who were multiparous after delivery (p = 0.047), had a pre-pregnancy BMI > 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.037), or delivered their baby via cesarean section (p = 0.021). In post hoc analyses, we also identified 22 specific EVP miRNA that were lower among participants who delivered their baby via cesarean section (Q < 0.05). Target genes of delivery mode-associated miRNAs were over-represented in pathways related to satiety signaling in infants (e.g., CCKR signaling) and mammary gland development and lactation (e.g., FGF signaling, EGF receptor signaling). In conclusion, we identified several key factors that may influence maternal EVP miRNA composition during two critical developmental windows, which should be considered in future studies investigating EVP miRNA roles in maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Muse
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA (M.R.K.); (C.G.H.)
| | - David A. Armstrong
- Research Service, V.A. Medical Center, Hartford, VT 05009, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Anne G. Hoen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA (M.R.K.); (C.G.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA (M.R.K.); (C.G.H.)
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Thomas J. Palys
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA (M.R.K.); (C.G.H.)
| | - Frederick W. Kolling
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Brock C. Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA (M.R.K.); (C.G.H.)
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA (M.R.K.); (C.G.H.)
| | - Caitlin G. Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA (M.R.K.); (C.G.H.)
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Morato A, Accornero P, Hovey RC. ERBB Receptors and Their Ligands in the Developing Mammary Glands of Different Species: Fifteen Characters in Search of an Author. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:10. [PMID: 37219601 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ERBB tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands belong to a complex family that has diverse biological effects and expression profiles in the developing mammary glands, where its members play an essential role in translating hormone signals into local effects. While our understanding of these processes stems mostly from mouse models, there is the potential for differences in how this family functions in the mammary glands of other species, particularly in light of their unique histomorphological features. Herein we review the postnatal distribution and function of ERBB receptors and their ligands in the mammary glands of rodents and humans, as well as for livestock and companion animals. Our analysis highlights the diverse biology for this family and its members across species, the regulation of their expression, and how their roles and functions might be modulated by varying stromal composition and hormone interactions. Given that ERBB receptors and their ligands have the potential to influence processes ranging from normal mammary development to diseased states such as cancer and/or mastitis, both in human and veterinary medicine, a more complete understanding of their biological functions should help to direct future research and the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Morato
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Paolo Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO, 10095, Italy
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Morato A, Martignani E, Miretti S, Baratta M, Accornero P. External and internal EGFR-activating signals drive mammary epithelial cells proliferation and viability. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111081. [PMID: 33181234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During puberty, the mammary gland undergoes an intense growth, dependent on the interplay between the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in the stroma and different mammary epithelial receptors. We hypothesize that EGFR expressed in the mammary epithelium also has a role in puberty and the epithelial cells can self-sustain by EGFR-mediated autocrine signaling. We adopted mammary cell lines from different species, as in vitro model for the epithelium, and we observed that EGFR-signaling positively affects their survival and proliferation. Once deprived of external growth factors, mammary cells still showed strong Erk 1/2 phosphorylation, abolished upon EGFR inhibition, coupled with a further reduction in survival and proliferation. Based on gene expression analysis, three EGFR-ligands (AREG, EREG and HBEGF) are likely to mediate this autocrine signaling. In conclusion, internal EGFR-activating signals sustain mammary epithelial cell proliferation and survival in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Morato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martignani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Mario Baratta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paolo Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Monier M, Abdel-Latif D, El-Mekabaty A, Mert BD, Elattar KM. Advances in the Chemistry of 6-6 Bicyclic Systems: Chemistry of Pyrido[3,4- d]pyrimidines. Curr Org Synth 2019; 16:812-854. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190704113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to discuss the chemistry of pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines as one of the most
important heterocyclic compounds with remarkable synthetic, biological and medical applications. In this
overview, the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds incorporated the pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold as
demonstrated by chemical reactions and different preparation processes. The anticipated compounds were
synthesized from pyridine or pyrimidine compounds and a description of the reactivity of substituents attached
to ring carbon and nitrogen atoms is discussed. On the other hand, the synthesis and reactions of fused
heterocycles incorporated pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold is described. The diamine analogs included
pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine core were reported as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The chemical reactions of certain
unexpected and chemically substantial compounds have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Monier
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Doaa Abdel-Latif
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mekabaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Başak D. Mert
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana 01250, Turkey
| | - Khaled M. Elattar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Gabadage K, Chirino-Trejo M, Campbell J, Luby C. Efficacy of recombinant bovine epidermal growth factor in the treatment of experimental subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in a ewe model. Vet Rec Open 2017; 4:e000179. [PMID: 28761665 PMCID: PMC5520021 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common contagious mastitis pathogen of dairy cattle. Antimicrobial treatment of infected cattle results in variable cure rates. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in the modulation of host innate immune responses and the regulation of mammary epithelial regeneration, indicating that EGF may be useful as a treatment for mastitis. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant bovine EGF (rbEGF) for the treatment of S aureus intramammary infection (IMI) using an ovine model. Each ewe was experimentally infected with S aureus in both udder halves. One udder half of each ewe received one of two treatments: EGF (n=13) or pirlimycin (n=13). The contralateral udder half of each ewe received sterile saline as a control. The bacteriological cure rate following rbEGF was significantly lower (15 per cent) than that attained with pirlimycin hydrochloride (61 per cent) and did not differ from that following treatment with sterile saline. Cure rates following treatment with rbEGF were not significantly different to those following sterile saline. Given that EGF is associated with modulation of host immunity and wound healing, future studies into EGF should not focus on whether EGF increases cure rates of S aureus IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Gabadage
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Manuel Chirino-Trejo
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John Campbell
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christopher Luby
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Filgo AJ, Foley JF, Puvanesarajah S, Borde AR, Midkiff BR, Reed CE, Chappell VA, Alexander LB, Borde PR, Troester MA, Bouknight SAH, Fenton SE. Mammary Gland Evaluation in Juvenile Toxicity Studies: Temporal Developmental Patterns in the Male and Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:1034-58. [PMID: 27613106 PMCID: PMC5068132 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316663864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no reports describing mammary gland development in the Harlan Sprague-Dawley (HSD) rat, the current strain of choice for National Toxicology Program (NTP) testing. Our goals were to empower the NTP, contract labs, and other researchers in understanding and interpreting chemical effects in this rat strain. To delineate similarities/differences between the female and male mammary gland, data were compiled starting on embryonic day 15.5 through postnatal day 70. Mammary gland whole mounts, histology sections, and immunohistochemically stained tissues for estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors were evaluated in both sexes; qualitative and quantitative differences are highlighted using a comprehensive visual timeline. Research on endocrine disrupting chemicals in animal models has highlighted chemically induced mammary gland anomalies that may potentially impact human health. In order to investigate these effects within the HSD strain, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, diethylstilbestrol, or vehicle control was gavage dosed on gestation day 15 and 18 to demonstrate delayed, accelerated, and control mammary gland growth in offspring, respectively. We provide illustrations of normal and chemically altered mammary gland development in HSD male and female rats to help inform researchers unfamiliar with the tissue and may facilitate enhanced evaluation of both male and female mammary glands in juvenile toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Filgo
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie F Foley
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the NTP, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Aditi R Borde
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bentley R Midkiff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey E Reed
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vesna A Chappell
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lydia B Alexander
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pretish R Borde
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Suzanne E Fenton
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Translational research in the Gynecologic Oncology Group: evaluation of ovarian cancer markers, profiles, and novel therapies. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117:429-39. [PMID: 20233625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the translational research (TR) performed in the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) to evaluate ovarian cancer markers, profiles and novel therapies. METHODS Prospective trials with stand alone or embedded TR objectives involving patient and specimen accrual as well as retrospective studies using banked specimens and resources were and continue to be performed in the GOG. Appropriate statistical methods are employed to evaluate associations with clinical characteristics and outcomes including tumor response, adverse events, progression free survival and overall survival. RESULTS Highlights are presented for some of the collaborative and multidisciplinary TR conducted with the GOG to evaluate markers, pathway and novel therapeutics in epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal and/or fallopian tube cancer. For example, in GOG 111, high immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of cyclin E was associated with a shorter median survival (29 versus 35 months) and an increased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]=1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.0-2.1, p=0.05). In GOG 114/132, non-detectable immunoblot expression of maspin was associated with debulking status (p=0.034) and an increased risk of disease progression (HR=1.89, 95% CI=1.04-3.45, p=0.038) and death (HR=1.99, 95% CI=1.07-3.69, p=0.030) while high CD105-microvessel density (MVD), but not CD31-MVD in tumor was associated with increased risk of disease progression (HR=1.873, 95% CI=1.102-3.184, p=0.020) but not death. In GOG 172, low IHC expression of BRCA1 was associated with advanced stage (p<0.001), serous histology (p<0.001) and a reduced risk of disease progression (HR=0.64, 95% CI=0.42-0.96) and death (HR=0.51, 95% CI=0.32-0.83) while the CA/AA versus CC genotypes in C8092A in ERCC1 were associated with an increased risk of disease progression (HR=1.44, 95% CI=1.06-1.94, p=0.018) and death (HR=1.50, 95% CI=1.07-2.09, p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS The GOG has an extensive TR program that provides clues regarding the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of disease, treatments and outcomes in women with or at risk for a gynecologic malignancy.
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Pagano E, Coso O, Calvo JC. Down-modulation of erbB2 activity is necessary but not enough in the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:274-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Macejova D, Baranova M, Liska J, Brtko J. Expression of nuclear hormone receptors, their coregulators and type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase gene in mammary tissue of nonlactating and postlactating rats. Life Sci 2005; 77:2584-93. [PMID: 15946693 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that expression of retinoid receptors (RARalpha, RARbeta, RARgamma), rexinoid receptors (RXRalpha, RXRbeta), thyroid hormone receptors (TRalpha, TRbeta), estrogen receptors (ERalpha, ERbeta), nuclear receptor coregulators (N-CoR, SRC-1, SMRT), and in addition type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (5'-DI), EGFR and erb-B2/neu would be different in mammary postlactating tissue in comparison with that of nonlactating mammary gland. Using RT-PCR, we have shown that expression of RARalpha, RXRalpha,TRalpha, ERalpha,ERbeta,N-CoR, SRC-1, SMRT and EGFR in rat was significantly increased in postlactating mammary gland when compared to that of nonlactating mammary tissue. Postlactating mammary glands were found to express all RAR and RXR subtypes studied when compared to nonlactating mammary tissues that express exclusively RARalpha and RXRalpha subtypes. Enhanced expression of a number of nuclear hormone receptors, their coregulators in mammary tissue of postlactating rats in comparison with nonlactating animals identify a potential role for retinoid, thyroid and estrogen signalling pathways also after lactation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Macejova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Tikhomirov O, Carpenter G. Ligand-induced, p38-dependent apoptosis in cells expressing high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB-2. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:12988-96. [PMID: 14711810 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311655200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and ErbB-2 is implicated into the development and progression of breast cancer. Constant ligand-induced activation of EGFR and ErbB-2 receptor-tyrosine kinases is thought to be involved in the transformation of fibroblasts and mammary epithelial cells. Data herein show that ligand stimulation of cells that express both the EGFR and the ErbB-2 may result either in cell proliferation or apoptosis depending on the expression levels of EGFR and ErbB-2. Mammary tumor cells that express low levels of both receptors or high levels of ErbB-2 and low levels of EGFR survive and proliferate in the presence of EGF. In contrast, fibroblastic cells or mammary tumor cells, which co-express high levels of EGFR and ErbB-2 invariably undergo apoptosis in response to EGF. In these cells persistent activation of p38 MAPK is an essential element of the apoptotic mechanism. Also, the data implicate a p38-dependent change in mitochondrial membrane permeability as a downstream effector of apoptosis. Ligand-dependent apoptosis in cells co-expressing high levels of EGFR and ErbB-2 could be a natural mechanism that protects tissues from unrestricted proliferation in response to the sustained activation of receptor-tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Tikhomirov
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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11
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Mulero M, Fernández Raigoso P, Vázquez J, Lamelas ML, Corte D, Allende MT, Rodríguez JC, Vizoso F. [Clinical significance of tumor content of epidermal growth factor receptor in breast cancer]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 22:386-94. [PMID: 14588231 DOI: 10.1016/s0212-6982(03)72222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the content of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using a radioligand method in breast cancer and to analyze the relationship between the EGFR levels and the characteristics of patients and tumors. Prognostic significance was also analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS EGFR was measured by a single point radioligand assay in 265 invasive breast carcinomas tissues. In addition, estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) were measured by enzymatic immunoassays. We analyze the relationship of EGFR levels with the different clinico-pathologic parameters. RESULTS EGFR levels in breast carcinomas varied widely (0.1 to 403) with a median at 4 fmol/mg prot. The significantly higher concentrations of EGFR were detected in patients under 60 years old (p = 0.042), undifferentiated tumors (p = 0.04), and carcinomas with negative ER and PR (p < 0.019 y p < 0018, respectively). In addition, there was a negative correlation between EGFR and the ER and PR levels (p < 0.05). EGFR levels did not show any relationship with the patient's prognosis. CONCLUSIONS In addition, intratumoral levels of EGFR in breast carcinomas vary widely and the highest concentrations are associated with the most aggresive characteristics of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mulero
- Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria del Hospital Central de Asturias. Oviedo. Asturias. Spain
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Stull MA, Richert MM, Loladze AV, Wood TL. Requirement for IGF-I in epidermal growth factor-mediated cell cycle progression of mammary epithelial cells. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1872-9. [PMID: 11956170 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.5.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of cyclin proteins is required for progression of cells through the G(1)-S and G(2)-M cell cycle checkpoints and is a primary mechanism by which mitogens regulate cell cycle progression. IGF-I and the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related ligands are mitogens for mammary epithelial cells in vitro and are essential for growth of the mammary epithelium during development. We report here that IGF-I in combination with EGF or TGFalpha is synergistic in promoting DNA synthesis in mammary epithelial cells in the intact mammary gland cultured in vitro. We further investigated the role of IGF-I and EGF in cyclin expression and cell cycle progression in the mammary gland and demonstrate that IGF-I and EGF induce expression of early G(1) cyclins. However, we show that IGF-I, but not EGF, induces late G(1) and G(2) cyclins and is required for mammary epithelial cells to overcome the G(1)-S checkpoint. These data demonstrate that IGF-I is essential for cell cycle progression in mammary epithelial cells and that it is required for EGF-mediated progression past the G(1)-S checkpoint in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda A Stull
- Department of Neuroscience & Anatomy H109, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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Varela LM, Stangle-Castor NC, Shoemaker SF, Shea-Eaton WK, Ip MM. TNFalpha induces NFkappaB/p50 in association with the growth and morphogenesis of normal and transformed rat mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2001; 188:120-31. [PMID: 11382928 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the cytotoxic or cytostatic effect of TNFalpha on many breast cancer cell lines, TNFalpha stimulates growth and morphogenesis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells (MEC). The present studies were carried out to determine whether there are intrinsic differences between normal and malignant MEC which may explain the differing responsiveness to TNFalpha. Freshly isolated rat MEC organoids from normal mammary gland or 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumors were treated with TNFalpha for 21 days. Unexpectedly, TNFalpha stimulated growth and morphogenesis of both normal and transformed MEC in primary culture, although in transformed cells its effects were delayed and the majority of the colonies were histologically abnormal, with multiple cell layers and no lumen. Since NFkappaB is a key mediator of TNFalpha action and has been implicated in carcinogenesis, the expression of the p50, p52, p65, and c-rel NFkappaB proteins in normal and transformed MEC was determined. Expression of p52 was significantly reduced in tumor cells, and p50 was absent, although its putative precursor, p105 was abundant. There were no changes in the levels of p65 or c-rel. TNFalpha induced a pronounced and sustained increase of a p50 homodimeric NFkappaB/DNA complex in both normal and transformed MEC. However, in transformed MEC, NFkappaB binding was initially undetectable but then increased in response to TNFalpha. Thus, NFkappaB expression and DNA binding activity are altered during mammary carcinogenesis. In addition, the significant increase in NFkappaB/p50 DNA-binding was temporally coincident with TNFalpha-induced growth and morphogenesis, suggesting that it may play a significant role in both normal development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Varela
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Darcy KM, Zangani D, Shea-Eaton W, Shoemaker SF, Lee PP, Mead LH, Mudipalli A, Megan R, Ip MM. Mammary fibroblasts stimulate growth, alveolar morphogenesis, and functional differentiation of normal rat mammary epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2000; 36:578-92. [PMID: 11212143 DOI: 10.1007/bf02577526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interactions play a profound role in regulating normal and tumor development in the mammary gland. The molecular details of these events, however, are incompletely understood. A novel serum-free transwell coculture system was developed to study the natural paracrine interactions between mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and mammary fibroblasts (MFC) isolated from normal rats during puberty. The MEC were cultured within a reconstituted basement membrane (RBM) in transwell inserts with or without MFC in the lower well. The presence of MFC stimulated epithelial cell growth, induced alveolar morphogenesis, and enhanced casein accumulation, a marker of the functional differentiation of MEC, but did not induce ductal morphogenesis. Potent mitogenic, morphogenic, and lactogenic effects were observed when the MFC were cultured either on plastic or within a layer of RBM. Although most MFC maintained on plastic died after 1 wk in serum-free medium, fibroblast survival was enhanced significantly when the MFC were cultured within the RBM. Taken together, this in vitro model effectively reconstitutes a physiologically relevant three-dimensional microenvironment for MEC and MFC, and seems ideal for studying the locally derived factors that regulate the developmental fate of the epithelial and fibroblast compartments of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Darcy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263,USA
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Wosikowski K, Silverman JA, Bishop P, Mendelsohn J, Bates SE. Reduced growth rate accompanied by aberrant epidermal growth factor signaling in drug resistant human breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1497:215-26. [PMID: 10903426 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor (EGFR) expression and signaling in three drug resistant MCF-7 human breast cancer sublines and asked whether these pathways contribute to the drug resistance phenotype. In the resistant sublines, upregulation of both TGFalpha and EGFR mRNA was observed. In an apparent contrast with upregulated growth factor and receptor gene expression, the drug resistant sublines displayed a reduced growth rate. Defects in the EGFR signaling pathway cascade were found in all examined drug resistant sublines, including altered EGF-induced Shc, Raf-1, or mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Induction of c-fos mRNA expression by EGF was impaired in the sublines compared to parental MCF-7 cells. In contrast, the induction of the stress-activated protein kinase activity was similar in both parental and drug resistant cells. Evaluating the link between the reduced growth rate and drug resistance, serum starvation experiments were performed. These studies demonstrated that a reduced proliferative activity resulted in a marked reduction in sensitivity to cytotoxic agents in the parental MCF-7 cells. We propose that the altered EGFR levels frequently observed in drug resistant breast cancer cells are associated with perturbations in the signaling pathway that mediate a reduced proliferative rate and thereby contribute to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wosikowski
- Medicine Branch, Division of Clinical Science, NCI, NIH, Bldg. 10, Room 12N226, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Darcy KM, Zangani D, Wohlhueter AL, Huang RY, Vaughan MM, Russell JA, Ip MM. Changes in ErbB2 (her-2/neu), ErbB3, and ErbB4 during growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:63-80. [PMID: 10653587 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to examine the natural role of ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 during the development of normal rat mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in vivo and in vitro. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that mammary gland terminal end buds expressed abundant ErbB2 and ErbB4 but limited ErbB3 in pubescent rats, whereas luminal epithelial cells in nulliparous rats expressed ErbB2, ErbB3, and/or ErbB4. During pregnancy, ductal epithelial cells and stromal cells expressed abundant ErbB3 but limited ErbB2. Although ErbB2 and ErbB3 were downregulated throughout lactation, both receptors were re-expressed during involution. In contrast, ErbB4 was downregulated throughout pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the developmental expression of ErbB2 and ErbB3 in the mammary gland and the co-localization of distinct ErbB receptors in the mammary gland of nulliparous rats. In agreement with our in vivo findings, primary culture studies demonstrated that ErbB2 and ErbB3 were expressed in functionally immature, terminally differentiated and apoptotic MECs, and downregulated in functionally differentiated MECs. ErbB receptor signaling was required for epithelial cell growth, functional differentiation, and morphogenesis of immature MECs, and the survival of terminally differentiated MECs. Finally, ErbB4 expression did not interfere with functional differentiation and apoptosis of normal MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Darcy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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DARCY KATHLEENM, ZANGANI DANILO, SHEA-EATON WENDY, SHOEMAKER SUZANNEF, LEE PINGPINGH, MEAD LAWRENCEH, MUDIPALLI ANURADHA, MEGAN ROBERTA, IP MARGOTM. MAMMARY FIBROBLASTS STIMULATE GROWTH, ALVEOLAR MORPHOGENESIS, AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF NORMAL RAT MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2000)036<0578:mfsgam>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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