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Jember TH, Amor A, Nibret E, Munshea A, Flores-Chavez M, Ta-Tang TH, Saugar JM, Benito A, Anegagrie M. Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection and associated clinical symptoms among schoolchildren living in different altitudes of Amhara National Regional State, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010299. [PMID: 35482629 PMCID: PMC9049318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasite that causes strongyloidiasis in humans. It is prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics where poor sanitation is a common problem. The true prevalence of S. stercoralis in Ethiopia is underestimated due to the lack of a “Gold” standard diagnostic method. Moreover, its prevalence across altitudinal gradient in Amhara Region has not been studied. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 844 schoolchildren in Amhara Region from April to December 2019. A stool sample was collected from each study participant and processed using formol ether concentration technique (FECT), spontaneous tube sedimentation technique (STST), Baermann concentration technique (BCT), agar plate culture (APC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data were entered using EpiData and analyzed by SPSS version 23 statistical software. Prevalence of S. stercoralis infection was determined using a single diagnostic technique and combination of techniques. Association of clinical variables with S. stercoralis infection was assessed by logistic regression and independent variables with p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and S. mansoni infections was 38.0% and 20.4%, respectively. Among STHs, the prevalence of hookworm infection was 32.8%. Prevalence of S. stercoralis infection was 39.0%, 28.8%, 10.9%, 10.3%, 4.0% and 2.0% by the respective, combinations of the five methods, RT-PCR, APC, BCT, STST and FECT. The highest prevalence rates, 48.2%, 45.0% and 41.1% of S. stercoralis were recorded in the age group of 12–14 years, males and rural dwellers, respectively. Prevalence rates of S. stercoralis infection in highland, semi-highland and lowland areas were 40.4%, 41.8% and 25.9%, respectively. Having abdominal pain (AOR = 2.48; 95% CI:1.65–3.72), cough (AOR = 1.63;95%CI:1.09–2.42), urticaria (AOR = 2.49;95%CI:1.50–4.01) and being malnourished (AOR = 1.44;95%:1.10–2.01) were significantly associated with strongyloidiasis. Conclusion Prevalence of S. stercoralis infection was high and varied across different altitudes in Amhara Region. Some clinical syndromes were found to be significantly associated with S. stercoralis infection. Therefore, proper diagnosis and preventive strategies against S. stercoralis infection are highly recommended to be devised and implemented in Amhara Region. Prevalence of S. stercoralis is under-reported in many resource-poor countries including Ethiopia. We carried out a school-based cross-sectional study among 844 schoolchildren across highlands, semi-highlands and lowland areas of Amhara Region. We used an approach made of five diagnostic methods, namely, FECT, STST, BCT, APC, and RT-PCR. The total prevalence of S. stercoralis was 39.0%. The highest S. stercoralis prevalence (41.8%) was observed in the semi-highland areas of the region. Strongyloidiasis was significantly higher among 12–14 years age groups, males, and rural dweller children. Clinical symptoms such as presence of abdominal pain, cough, skin rash and malnourishment were significantly associated with strongyloidiasis. We recommend that preventive strategies against strongyloidiasis in Amhara Region should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Hailu Jember
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Arancha Amor
- Mundo Sano Foundation and Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- Biology Department, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abaineh Munshea
- Biology Department, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Maria Flores-Chavez
- Mundo Sano Foundation and National Centre for Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thuy-Huong Ta-Tang
- National Center of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Biomedical Research Networking Center of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Saugar
- National Centre of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Benito
- National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melaku Anegagrie
- Mundo Sano Foundation and Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Bae J, Jeong MJ, Shin DH, Kim HW, Ahn SH, Choi JH, Yu HS. Phylogenetic Positioning of a Strongyloides stercoralis Isolate Recovered from a Korean Patient and Comparison with Other Asian Isolates. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:689-694. [PMID: 33412774 PMCID: PMC7806424 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis and is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. Although several strongyloidiasis cases have been reported in Korea, genetic analysis of Korean isolates is still incomplete. In this study, a parasite was isolated from a 61-year-old man diagnosed with strongyloidiasis during the treatment of lymphoma on his retroperitoneal lymph node. Diffuse symmetric wall thickening from the ascending to descending colon and a nematode-infected intestine was observed following microscopic examination. Genomic DNA was isolated from a patient tissue block, and S. stercoralis was identified by PCR and sequencing (18S rDNA). In order to determine phylogenetic location of a Korean isolate (named KS1), we analyzed cox1 gene (500-bp) and compared it with that from 47 previous S. stercoralis isolates (28 human isolates and 19 canid isolates) from Asian countries. Our results showed that phylogenetic tree could clearly be divided into 5 different groups according to hosts and regions. KS1 was most closely related with the Chinese isolates in terms of genetic distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Jeong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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Abstract
The majority of the 30-100 million people infected with Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil transmitted intestinal nematode, have subclinical (or asymptomatic) infections. These infections are commonly chronic and longstanding because of the autoinfective process associated with its unique life cycle. A change in immune status can increase parasite numbers, leading to hyperinfection syndrome, dissemination, and death if unrecognized. Corticosteroid use and HTLV-1 infection are most commonly associated with the hyperinfection syndrome. Strongyloides adult parasites reside in the small intestine and induce immune responses both local and systemic that remain poorly characterized. Definitive diagnosis of S. stercoralis infection is based on stool examinations for larvae, but newer diagnostics - including new immunoassays and molecular tests - will assume primacy in the next few years. Although good treatment options exist for infection and control of this infection might be possible, S. stercoralis remains largely neglected.
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Kieliszak CR, Pollinger TH, Tollefson MM, Griffin JR. Umbilical and periumbilical dermatoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72:1066-73. [PMID: 25840731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The umbilicus may be the site of congenital and acquired malformations and may harbor clinical clues to the diagnosis of potentially fatal inherited disorders, primary skin conditions, and a variety of infectious diseases. Both benign and malignant tumors may involve the umbilicus, and some are unique to this site. Finally, cutaneous signs localized to this anatomic location may be found in diverse systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Kieliszak
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Tess H Pollinger
- Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Megha M Tollefson
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John R Griffin
- Division of Dermatology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas.
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Toledo R, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG. Strongyloidiasis with emphasis on human infections and its different clinical forms. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:165-241. [PMID: 25911368 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis (caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, and to a lesser extent by Strongyloides fuelleborni) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases with endemic areas and affecting more than 100 million people worldwide. Chronic infections in endemic areas can be maintained for decades through the autoinfective cycle with the L3 filariform larvae. In these endemic areas, misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment and the facilitation of the hyperinfection syndrome by immunosuppression are frequent and contribute to a high mortality rate. Despite the serious health impact of strongyloidiasis, it is a neglected disease and very little is known about this parasite and the disease when compared to other helminth infections. Control of the disease is difficult because of the many gaps in our knowledge of strongyloidiasis. We examine the recent literature on different aspects of strongyloidiasis with emphasis in those aspects that need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Periumbilical Purpura. Am J Dermatopathol 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Puthiyakunnon S, Boddu S, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang C, Li J, Chen X. Strongyloidiasis--an insight into its global prevalence and management. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3018. [PMID: 25121962 PMCID: PMC4133206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloides stercoralis, an intestinal parasitic nematode, infects more than 100 million people worldwide. Strongyloides are unique in their ability to exist as a free-living and autoinfective cycle. Strongyloidiasis can occur without any symptoms or as a potentially fatal hyperinfection or disseminated infection. The most common risk factors for these complications are immunosuppression caused by corticosteroids and infection with human T-lymphotropic virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Even though the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is improved by advanced instrumentation techniques in isolated and complicated cases of hyperinfection or dissemination, efficient guidelines for screening the population in epidemiological surveys are lacking. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS In this review, we have discussed various conventional methods for the diagnosis and management of this disease, with an emphasis on recently developed molecular and serological methods that could be implemented to establish guidelines for precise diagnosis of infection in patients and screening in epidemiological surveys. A comprehensive analysis of various cases reported worldwide from different endemic and nonendemic foci of the disease for the last 40 years was evaluated in an effort to delineate the global prevalence of this disease. We also updated the current knowledge of the various clinical spectrum of this parasitic disease, with an emphasis on newer molecular diagnostic methods, treatment, and management of cases in immunosuppressed patients. CONCLUSION Strongyloidiasis is considered a neglected tropical disease and is probably an underdiagnosed parasitic disease due to its low parasitic load and uncertain clinical symptoms. Increased infectivity rates in many developed countries and nonendemic regions nearing those in the most prevalent endemic regions of this parasite and the increasing transmission potential to immigrants, travelers, and immunosuppressed populations are indications for initiating an integrated approach towards prompt diagnosis and control of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Puthiyakunnon
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Swapna Boddu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiji Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Strongyloides stercoralis infection complicating the central nervous system. NEUROPARASITOLOGY AND TROPICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 114:229-34. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53490-3.00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Shafaghi A, Askari K, Hajizadeh H, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Gastric strongyloidiasis as multiple small gastric nodules. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2012; 13:7-10. [PMID: 23569473 PMCID: PMC3615914 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.882279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloidiasis, a common intestinal parasitic infection, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and occurs sporadically in temperate areas. It is endemic in Guilan province, Iran, and especially affects the rural population. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 43-year-old woman living in Anzali (in the north of Iran), with dyspepsia and epigastric pain for 2 years, unresponsive to H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done and showed multiple small nodules at the stomach. The pathologist reported Strongyloides. Treatment with Ivermectin and antibiotic triple therapy was done. She responded well to treatment and 6 months later an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed no significant lesions and all nodules had disappeared. Strongyloidiasis is usually not severe and frequently is nonspecific. For this reason, the infection is easily ignored by both the patients and physicians. CONCLUSIONS Although gastric involvement shows nonspecific symptoms, the possibility should be carefully considered by clinicians who practice in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Shafaghi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GLDRC), Rasht, Iran
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Basile A, Simzar S, Bentow J, Antelo F, Shitabata P, Peng SK, Craft N. Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis: Hyperinfection during medical immunosuppression. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:896-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Galimberti R, Pontón A, Zaputovich FA, Velasquez L, Galimberti G, Torre A, Kowalczuk A. Disseminated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised patients - report of three cases. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:975-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fardet L, Généreau T, Poirot JL, Guidet B, Kettaneh A, Cabane J. Severe strongyloidiasis in corticosteroid-treated patients: case series and literature review. J Infect 2006; 54:18-27. [PMID: 16533536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the main features of severe strongyloidiasis in corticosteroid-treated patients METHODS We report on 3 cases of corticosteroid-treated patients with severe strongyloidiasis and review cases of severe strongyloidiasis in corticosteroid-treated patients reported in the literature. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-one cases of severe strongyloidiasis complicated a therapy with corticosteroids were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 48+/-17 years and 71% were men. Corticosteroids were given for hematological malignancies in 34 (23%), systemic lupus erythematosus or vasculitis in 27 (18%), and nephropathy or renal transplantation in 32 (21%). At time of infection, the mean daily dosage of prednisone-equivalent was 52+/-42 mg (median: 40 mg) and 84% of patients had received a cumulative dosage of prednisone-equivalent higher than 1000 mg. The total duration of treatment ranged from 4 days to 20 years (6 months or less: 69%). Non-specific gastro-intestinal symptoms were reported in 91% of these patients associated or not with pulmonary complaints. Low-grade fever was present in 54% of patients. Fifty-nine patients (39%) experienced severe bacterial or yeast infection during the course of severe strongyloidiasis. Peripheral eosinophilia was detected at presentation in 32% of patients. Strongyloidiasis was usually confirmed by repeated stool examinations. Thiabendazole was the treatment the more widely used. Eighty-nine patients (59%) deceased during the course of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Severe strongyloidiasis is a risk in every corticosteroid-treated patient who has traveled to a soil-infested country, even if the contact was 30 years prior. This diagnosis should be suspected in patients who either experience unusual gastro-intestinal or pulmonary symptoms or suffer from unexplained Gram-negative bacilli sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Fardet
- Hopital Saint-Antoine, Internal Medicine, Parasitology and Intensive Care Department, 184 rue du Fbg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of humans that infects tens of millions of people worldwide. S. stercoralis is unique among intestinal nematodes in its ability to complete its life cycle within the host through an asexual autoinfective cycle, allowing the infection to persist in the host indefinitely. Under some conditions associated with immunocompromise, this autoinfective cycle can become amplified into a potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome, characterized by increased numbers of infective filariform larvae in stool and sputum and clinical manifestations of the increased parasite burden and migration, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and respiratory distress. S. stercoralis hyperinfection is often accompanied by sepsis or meningitis with enteric organisms. Glucocorticoid treatment and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are the two conditions most specifically associated with triggering hyperinfection, but cases have been reported in association with hematologic malignancy, malnutrition, and AIDS. Anthelmintic agents such as ivermectin have been used successfully in treating the hyperinfection syndrome as well as for primary and secondary prevention of hyperinfection in patients whose exposure history and underlying condition put them at increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Keiser
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G Albanese
- Divisione Dermosifilopatica, Micologia e Dermatologia Tropicale, Ospedale S. Gerardo, Monza (MI), Italy
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Abstract
Hemorrhage into the skin (purpura) may result from abnormalities in any of the three components of hemostasis: platelets, plasma coagulation factors, and blood vessels. The morphology, size, and distribution of the hemorrhagic lesions are helpful diagnostic features. The main causes of purpura in the newborn and the more common hemorrhagic disorders in children are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baselga
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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Gutierrez Y, Bhatia P, Garbadawala ST, Dobson JR, Wallace TM, Carey TE. Strongyloides stercoralis eosinophilic granulomatous enterocolitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:603-12. [PMID: 8619425 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199605000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Six patients suffering from an unusual form of colitis produced by Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection are described. In contrast to the usual Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome, in which small intestinal and pulmonary manifestations are seen in patients with some forms of immunodeficiency, the patients described here presented with only a characteristic transmural eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation affecting mostly the colonic wall and clinically mimicking ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. This Strongyloides eosinophilic granulomatous enterocolitis apparently results from a florid inflammatory response by eosinophils, histiocytes, and giant cells with formation of granulomas that destroy the larvae entering the colon. This morphologic picture differs from that of the well-described hyperinfection syndrome, in which the bulk of the larvae pass through the colonic wall to complete the life cycle, with only a few larvae destroyed in the colon. The probable pathophysiologic mechanism of this unusual manifestation of hyperinfection is discussed based on the anatomic and clinical observations of patients who presented at different stages in the evolution of their condition and whose length of follow-up varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Chaudhary K, Smith RJ, Himelright IM, Baddour LM. Case report: purpura in disseminated strongyloidiasis. Am J Med Sci 1994; 308:186-91. [PMID: 8074139 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199409000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpuric lesions have been described previously in 10 patients with disseminated strongyloidiasis. We identified three additional patients in whom purpura developed as a manifestation of disseminated strongyloidiasis. Nine (69%) of the 13 patients were men, and the median age of patients was 61 years (range, 32-75 years). Six patients were from the southeastern United States. Six patients had underlying malignancy and four patients had chronic lung disease. All patients had received prior corticosteroids. The parasite was identified in 11 (92%) of 12 patients where stool or sputum examination was performed. Skin biopsies of purpuric lesions were obtained in 12 patients, in 10 (83%) of which larvae were found. Despite recommended treatment with thiabendazole in 12 of 13 patients, 11 (85%) of the patients died, and at least 6 died within 16 days of onset of purpura. Physicians, particularly those in the southeastern United States, should strongly consider the diagnosis of disseminated strongyloidiasis in patients receiving corticosteroids and in whom purpura and systemic toxicity develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center at Knoxville 37920-6999
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Gordon SM, Gal AA, Solomon AR, Bryan JA. Disseminated strongyloidiasis with cutaneous manifestations in an immunocompromised host. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31:255-9. [PMID: 8040411 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(94)70158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the characteristic cutaneous eruption of disseminated strongyloidiasis can be crucial for early diagnosis and treatment of this potentially fatal infestation. We describe a corticosteroid-dependent elderly man who had a purpuric eruption. Filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were found in dermal granulomas and also in the sputum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Purvis RS, Beightler EL, Diven DG, Sanchez RL, Tyring SK. Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting with petechiae and purpura. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31:169-71. [PMID: 1568809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R S Purvis
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Purvis
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Bank DE, Grossman ME, Kohn SR, Rabinowitz AD. The thumbprint sign: rapid diagnosis of disseminated strongyloidiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23:324-6. [PMID: 2212133 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(08)81247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Bank
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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