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Junça-Silva A. The Black Unicorn Effect: Micro-daily Events and Satisfaction Decrease the COVID-19 Xenophobia, but Only for Those With Low Levels of Neuroticism. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231161278. [PMID: 36853867 PMCID: PMC9978234 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231161278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the behavioral concordance model and the trait activation theory, this study examined how and when daily micro-events influence COVID-19 xenophobic attitudes. First, we examined the mediating role of satisfaction, and then, tested the moderating role of neuroticism in the mediated relationship. Overall, 340 working adults volunteered to participate in this study. The findings revealed that (1) satisfaction mediated the negative relationship between daily micro-events and xenophobic attitudes and (2) neuroticism moderated this relationship such that xenophobic attitudes increased for neurotic individuals, even when their satisfaction increased. Our findings contribute to understanding the relationship between daily micro-events and COVID-19 xenophobia and provide empirical evidence for the combined effects of personality factors and affective factors on xenophobic attitudes. Furthermore, we evidence the existence of the black unicorn effect, that is, neurotic individuals tend to transpose their neurotic cognitions and emotions to xenophobic attitudes despite the uplifting and satisfying nature of positive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Junça-Silva
- Instituto
Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Business Research Unit
(BRU-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Tomar
(IPT), Tomar, Portugal
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2
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Trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms over time in the transition to university: Their co-occurrence and the role of self-critical perfectionism. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:345-356. [PMID: 34632973 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how mental health symptoms develop during the transition to university. Most anxiety and depression research fails to consider how symptom development differs over time across different individuals, and how symptom co-occurrence influences the severity of mental health problems. Students (N = 658) completed online surveys on mental health prior to starting university and every 2 months until April. To better understand mental health problems during this transitional period, latent class growth curve analyses were run to determine how anxiety and depressive symptoms co-develop over time, as well, if self-critical perfectionism was a transdiagnostic risk factor for more severe symptom trajectories in this transition. About 40% of students experienced depression and anxiety symptoms prior to entering/during the transition to university. There is substantial variation between students in terms of how they experience depression and anxiety symptoms, and research needs to take this heterogeneity into account to properly identify which students might benefit most from resources. Self-critical perfectionism was a transdiagnostic risk factor, such that students higher in this trait experienced more severe anxiety and depressive symptom trajectories during this transition. This research further implicates the importance of understanding and studying individual differences in symptom development.
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Ewen ACI, Rief W, Wilhelm M. Exploring the path of persisting dysfunctional expectations-Development of the immunization scale IMS. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1033078. [PMID: 36570994 PMCID: PMC9773141 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1033078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Persistent dysfunctional expectations seem to be core features of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire that assesses mechanisms responsible for the consistency of dysfunctional expectations. Processes before (i.e., assimilation) and after (i.e., immunization) expectation-violating experiences have been considered. Design The Immunization Scale (IMS) is constructed and validated with the help of an explorative (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in two conducted studies. Materials and methods For the first study, the initially formulated 75-item version was completed online by 230 (range 18-69) participants from a convenience sample. For the second study, 299 (range 18-62) participants completed the reduced scale at the first measurement point, 75 participants thereof also 1 month later. For validity and reliability analyses, participants in both studies provided demographic information, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Depressive Expectation Scale (DES), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the German version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (FAH-II). Results The initial 75 items were reduced to 23 items. The EFA revealed three main factors, namely, negative expectations, assimilation, and cognitive immunization. The three-factor structure could be confirmed in study 2 by the CFA. Reliability measures showed an excellent internal consistency for the entire IMS. A very good test-retest reliability was found. Significant correlations resulted between the IMS and DES, BDI-II, BAI, and FAH-II, the highest for DES and FAH-II. Conclusion Psychometric properties of the IMS are promising. Future studies should verify the reliability and validity measures in other population samples. The IMS can be very useful in expectation research, especially in the examination of expectation-focused therapy.
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Trait Versus State Predictors of Emotional Distress Symptoms: The Role of the Big-5 Personality Traits, Metacognitive Beliefs, and Strategies. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:943-950. [PMID: 35764593 PMCID: PMC9742004 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To enhance formulation and interventions for emotional distress symptoms, research should aim to identify factors that contribute to distress and disorder. One way to formulate emotional distress symptoms is to view them as state manifestations of underlying personality traits. However, the metacognitive model suggests that emotional distress is maintained by metacognitive strategies directed by underlying metacognitive beliefs. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the role of these factors as predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms in a cross-sectional sample of 4936 participants collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality traits (especially neuroticism) were linked to anxiety and depression, but metacognitive beliefs and strategies accounted for additional variance. Among the predictors, metacognitive strategies accounted for the most variance in symptoms. Furthermore, we evaluated two statistical models based on personality traits versus metacognitions and found that the latter provided the best fit. Thus, these findings indicate that emotional distress symptoms are maintained by metacognitive strategies that are better accounted for by metacognitions compared with personality traits. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Kräplin A, Kupka KF, Fröhner JH, Krönke KM, Wolff M, Smolka MN, Bühringer G, Goschke T. Personality Traits Predict Non-Substance Related and Substance Related Addictive Behaviours. SUCHT 2022. [DOI: 10.1024/0939-5911/a000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Aims: To examine whether personality traits predict the course of addictive behaviours in general and whether predictive associations differ between non-substance related (NR) and substance related (SR) addictive behaviours. Methodology: We recruited 338 individuals (19–27 y, 59 % female) from a random community sample with NR, SR, or no DSM-5 addictive disorder. Predictors were the Big Five personality traits (NEO-FFI) and reward and punishment sensitivity (BIS/BAS questionnaire). Outcomes were the slopes of addictive behaviours (i. e., quantity, frequency, and number of DSM-5 criteria) over three years. Bayesian multiple regressions were used to analyse the probabilities for each hypothesis. Results: The evidence that higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness, lower agreeableness, higher extraversion, lower openness, higher reward sensitivity, and lower punishment sensitivity predict increased addictive behaviours over time was, overall, moderate to high (69 % to 99 %) and varied by trait and outcome. Predictive associations were mostly higher for NR compared with SR addictive behaviours. Conclusions: Personality traits predict the course of addictive behaviours, but associations were only about half as large as expected. While some personality traits, such as lower conscientiousness, predict increases in both NR and SR addictive behaviours over time, others, such as lower punishment sensitivity, seem to specifically predict increases in NR addictive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kräplin
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Max Wolff
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- MIND Foundation, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Bühringer
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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6
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Wood RE, Beckmann N, Ren S, Guan B. Situation contingent negative emotions and performance: The moderating role of trait neuroticism. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Vidal-Arenas V, Bravo AJ, Ortet-Walker J, Ortet G, Mezquita L, Ibáñez MI, Cross-cultural Addictions Study Team. Neuroticism, rumination, depression and suicidal ideation: A moderated serial mediation model across four countries. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2022; 22:100325. [PMID: 35950010 PMCID: PMC9343412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Research has highlighted the role of neuroticism, rumination, and depression in predicting suicidal thoughts, but studies on how these variables interplay are scarce. The aims of the present study were to test a model in which emotional stability (i.e., low neuroticism) would act as an antecedent and moderator of rumination and depressed mood in the prediction of suicidal ideation (i.e., moderated serial-mediation), and to explore their replicability across four countries and sex, among college students as an at-risk-group for suicide. Method Participants were 3482 undergraduates from U.S, Spain, Argentina, and the Netherlands. Path analysis and multi-group analysis were conducted. Results Emotional stability was indirectly linked to suicidal ideation via rumination and depressed mood. Moreover, emotional stability moderated the associations between rumination and depressed mood, and between depressed mood and suicidal ideation. Findings were consistent in males and females, and across countries studied. Discussion Regardless of sex and country, people with low emotional stability reported higher levels of rumination, which in turn was associated with more depressed mood, and these were associated with higher reports of suicidal thoughts. This cascade of psychological risk factors for suicidal ideation seems to be more harmful in people who endorse low levels of emotional stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Vidal-Arenas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Adrian J. Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jordi Ortet-Walker
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - Generós Ortet
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Manuel Ignacio Ibáñez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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8
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A Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Effect of Fitspiration Images on Self: The Influence of Media Literacy and BMI. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095077. [PMID: 35564472 PMCID: PMC9105724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between internal locus of control and the perceived impact of Instagram fitspiration images on the self with media literacy as the mediating role in this relationship. This study also examined the importance of body mass index (BMI) as a moderating factor in the mediated model, where higher BMIs could weaken the relationship between internal locus of control and the perceived effect of fitspiration images mediated through media literacy. A sample of 321 Malaysian university students who were fitspiration viewers filled out a self-report questionnaire assessing internal locus of control, media literacy, perceived effect of fitspiration images on self, body satisfaction and BMI. The data analysis was performed using SPSS PROCESS macro. Results show that internal locus of control is negatively associated with the perceived impact of fitspiration images on self, mediated by media literacy. However, BMI moderates the mediated relationship such that the negative relationship between internal locus of control and the perceived effect of fitspiration images through media literacy does not exert an effect on those with high BMI. These results accentuate the value of incorporating a potential mediator and moderator into the direct relationship between internal locus of control and perceived effect of media ideals on self to provide an enhanced understanding of this process and offer practical insights about the protective role of media literacy and negative effects of high BMI.
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9
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Chen L, Zhang Z. Community Participation and Subjective Well-Being of Older Adults: The Roles of Sense of Community and Neuroticism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063261. [PMID: 35328950 PMCID: PMC8953512 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Participation in community affairs and activities is beneficial to the mental health of older adults. The current study attempted to confirm the mediating role of sense of community (SoC) between community participation (CP) and subjective well-being (SWB), and the moderating role of neuroticism between CP and SoC. A total of 465 older adults aged ≥65 years from China participated in both two-wave online surveys. The self-developed Community Participation questionnaire, the SoC scale, and the Neuroticism subscale were used to assess CP, SoC, and neuroticism, respectively. The four indicators of SWB were assessed by the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale. The results revealed that CP was associated with three indicators of SWB including life satisfaction, positive affect, and depressive symptoms, SoC mediated the above associations, and neuroticism negatively moderated the association between CP and SoC, after controlling for age, sex, education, spouse status, monthly income, and physical health. CP enhances older adults’ SWB through increasing their SoC. When compared to those older adults with a higher score of neuroticism, the enhancing effect of CP on SoC is stronger for those with lower scores of neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanshuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-2289-5882
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10
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Leikas S, Mäkinen S, Lönnqvist J, Verkasalo M. Cognitive ability × emotional stability interactions on adjustment. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive ability has been shown to moderate the relations between emotional stability and self‐reports of well being. The present study examined whether this interaction effect generalizes to non‐self‐report measures of well being. Male conscripts (N = 152) completed an emotional stability scale and a cognitive ability test. Several indicators of their general adjustment and competence were derived from self‐ and superior‐ratings, a psychiatric interview and from military archives. Cognitive ability moderated the association of emotional stability with both self‐report and non‐self‐report indicators of adjustment and competence. Low emotional stability was related to adverse outcomes only among low cognitive ability individuals. The results support the idea that cognitive ability buffers the influence of emotional stability on well being. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sointu Leikas
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Mäkinen
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Lahti, Finland
| | | | - Markku Verkasalo
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Thomas EHX, Steffens M, Harms C, Rossell SL, Gurvich C, Ettinger U. Schizotypy, neuroticism, and saccadic eye movements: New data and meta-analysis. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13706. [PMID: 33095460 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficits on saccade tasks, particularly antisaccade performance, have been reliably reported in schizophrenia. However, less evidence is available on saccade performance in relation to schizotypy, a personality constellation harboring risk for schizophrenia. Here, we report a large empirical study of the associations of schizotypy and neuroticism with antisaccade and prosaccade performance (Study I). Additionally, we carried out meta-analyses of the association between schizotypy and antisaccade error rate (Study II). In Study I, N = 526 healthy individuals from the general population aged 18-54 years completed prosaccade and antisaccade tasks as well as the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Schizotypy was significantly associated with increased antisaccade error rate, with the disorganized dimension emerging as strongest predictor (β = .118, p = .007). Neuroticism emerged as a significant predictor for prosaccade gain (β = .103, p = .023) and antisaccade latency (β = .101, p = .025). In Study II, random-effects meta-analyses were performed on the published data and those from Study I. Meta-analyses revealed significant associations (all p ≤ .003) of antisaccade error rate with positive (g = 0.37), negative (g = 0.26), disorganized (g = 0.36) and overall schizotypy (g = 0.37). Overall, the present work replicates the association between antisaccade direction errors and schizotypy. Significant findings from meta-analyses provide further evidence of the antisaccade error rate as a putative schizophrenia spectrum marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H X Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Susan L Rossell
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,St Vincent's Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Vinograd M, Williams A, Sun M, Bobova L, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG. Neuroticism and interpretive bias as risk factors for anxiety and depression. Clin Psychol Sci 2020; 8:641-656. [PMID: 32923175 PMCID: PMC7485931 DOI: 10.1177/2167702620906145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroticism has been associated with depression and anxiety both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Interpretive bias has been associated with depression and anxiety, primarily in cross-sectional and bias induction studies. The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of interpretive bias as a prospective risk factor and a mediator of the relation between neuroticism and depressive and anxious symptoms in young adults assessed longitudinally. Neuroticism significantly predicted a broad general distress dimension, but not intermediate fears and anhedonia-apprehension dimensions, nor a narrow social fears dimension. Neuroticism also significantly predicted negative interpretive bias for social scenarios. Negative interpretive bias for social scenarios did not significantly predict dimension scores, nor did it mediate the relation between neuroticism and general distress or social fears. These results suggest that although neuroticism relates to negative interpretive bias, its risk for symptoms of depression and anxiety is at most weakly conferred through negative interpretive bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard E Zinbarg
- Northwestern University and The Family Institute at Northwestern University
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13
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Towards a neuroscience-based theory of personality: within-subjects dissociation of human brain activity during pursuit and goal conflict. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 2:e4. [PMID: 32435739 PMCID: PMC7219687 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2019.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As demonstrated by neuroimaging data, the human brain contains systems that control responses to threat. The revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality predicts that individual differences in the reactivity of these brain systems produce anxiety and fear-related personality traits. Here we discuss some of the challenges in testing this theory and, as an example, present a pilot study that aimed to dissociate brain activity during pursuit by threat and goal conflict. We did this by translating the Mouse Defense Test Battery for human fMRI use. In this version, dubbed the Joystick Operated Runway Task (JORT), we repeatedly exposed 24 participants to pursuit and goal conflict, with and without threat of electric shock. The runway design of JORT allowed the effect of threat distance on brain activation to be evaluated independently of context. Goal conflict plus threat of electric shock caused deactivation in a network of brain areas that included the fusiform and middle temporal gyri, as well as the default mode network core, including medial frontal regions, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus, and laterally the inferior parietal and angular gyri. Consistent with earlier research, we also found that imminent threat activated the midbrain and that this effect was significantly stronger during the simple pursuit condition than during goal conflict. Also consistent with earlier research, we found significantly greater hippocampal activation during goal conflict than pursuit by imminent threat. In conclusion, our results contribute knowledge to theories linking anxiety disorders to altered functioning in defensive brain systems and also highlight challenges in this research domain.
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14
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Zaborski D, Rzepa T, Pastucha M, Modrzejewski A, Grzesiak W. Neuroticism Level and Life Satisfaction in Women Undergoing Breast Augmentation Surgery (a Preliminary Report). Aesthetic Plast Surg 2019; 43:521-530. [PMID: 30725194 PMCID: PMC6420459 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-019-01308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to verify the relationship between the level of neuroticism and selected aspects of life satisfaction in women undergoing breast augmentation surgery. Methods The study group included 109 women, aged 18–46 years, who completed the self-developed survey measuring selected psychological traits before and after (1 year) surgery. Four questions in this survey were related to the level of neuroticism and two pertained to the self-assessment of leading character traits and the level of life satisfaction. Three questions made up the lie scale. Results The studied women were constant in their truthfulness. No statistically significant difference in the level of neuroticism before and after surgery was noticed. However, an increase in the subjective life satisfaction after surgery was highly significant (p < 0.001). Statistically significant negative correlations of neuroticism level with the self-assessment of positive character traits (rs = − 0.236; p = 0.013) and life satisfaction (rs = − 0.277; p = 0.004) were found before surgery. Also, a significant positive correlation was observed between neuroticism and the change in life satisfaction 1 year after surgery (rs = 0.302; p = 0.001). Conclusions Breast augmentation surgery did not affect neuroticism level, which proves that constitutional personality traits in women undergoing such operations are not significantly influenced by a surgical intervention. However, neuroticism may play the role of a modulator of the psychological changes in women after breast augmentation (e.g., an increased postsurgical life satisfaction). The preliminary results obtained in our study should be confirmed on a larger sample size in the future. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zaborski
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Teresa Rzepa
- Department of General Psychology and History of Psychology, The Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastucha
- Private Medical Practice in the Field of Cosmetic Surgery, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Modrzejewski
- Laboratory of Surgical and Emergency Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wilhelm Grzesiak
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
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15
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Nordahl H, Hjemdal O, Hagen R, Nordahl HM, Wells A. What Lies Beneath Trait-Anxiety? Testing the Self-Regulatory Executive Function Model of Vulnerability. Front Psychol 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30804834 PMCID: PMC6371045 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulnerability to psychological disorder can be assessed with constructs such as trait anxiety and neuroticism which among others are transdiagnostic risk factors. However, trait-anxiety and related concepts have been criticised because they don't illuminate the etiological mechanisms of psychopathology. In contrast, the metacognitive (S-REF) model offers a framework in which metacognitive knowledge conceptualised in trait terms is part of a core mechanism underlying trait-anxiety and related constructs. The present study therefore set out to explore metacognitions as potential underlying factors in trait-anxiety (the propensity to depression and anxiety). Nine hundred and eighty two participants completed self-report measures of metacognitions and trait-anxiety at time 1, and 425 individuals completed the same measures 8 weeks later. At the cross-sectional level, metacognitions accounted for 83% of the variance in anxiety- and 64% of depression propensity. Furthermore, despite both domains of trait-anxiety showing high stability over time, negative- and positive metacognitive beliefs were significant prospective predictors of both domains of vulnerability. These findings suggests that metacognitive beliefs may be an underlying mechanism of vulnerability attributed to trait-anxiety with the implication that the metacognitive (S-REF) model informs conceptualization of psychological vulnerability, and that metacognitive therapy applications might be employed to enhance psychological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Nordahl
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Nidaros District Psychiatric Center, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roger Hagen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans M. Nordahl
- Nidaros District Psychiatric Center, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adrian Wells
- Division of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Prestwich, United Kingdom
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16
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Neuroticism and Somatic Complaints: Concomitant Effects of Rumination and Worry. Behav Cogn Psychother 2018; 47:431-445. [DOI: 10.1017/s1352465818000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Neuroticism is associated with inflated somatic symptom reporting. Worry and rumination are a cognitive concomitant of neuroticism and potentially mediate the neuroticism–somatic complaint relationship. Aims: The present study examined the degree to which worry and rumination mediated the relationship between neuroticism and somatic complaints. Method: A sample of 170 volunteers, recruited via convenience sampling, took part. Participants completed a series of self-report measures: the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Short Form, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, the Ruminative Response Scale and the Somatic Symptom Scale-8. Results: Analysis revealed significant positive correlations between neuroticism, rumination and worry. Neuroticism, rumination and worry also correlated positively with somatic complaints. Using structural equation modelling, a mediational model indicated that rumination fully mediated the relationship between neuroticism and somatic complaints. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with the symptom perception hypothesis and have implications for healthcare in terms of managing individuals who present with multiple somatic complaints. Future research would benefit from adopting a longitudinal approach to test how rumination interacts with neuroticism and somatic complaints over time.
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Curşeu PL, Ilies R, Vîrgă D, Maricuţoiu L, Sava FA. Personality characteristics that are valued in teams: Not always "more is better"? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 54:638-649. [PMID: 30014482 PMCID: PMC6767192 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationships between personality traits and contributions to teamwork that are often assumed to be linear. We use a theory‐driven approach to propose that extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness have inverted U‐shaped relationships with contributions to teamwork. In a sample of 220 participants asked to perform a creative task in teams, we found that extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were curvilinearly associated with peer‐rated contributions to teamwork in such a way that the associations were positive, with a decreasing slope, up to a peak, and then they became negative as personality scores further increased. We replicated the results concerning the non‐linear association between extraversion, conscientiousness and peer‐rated contributions to teamwork in a sample of 314 participants engaged in a collaborative learning exercise. Our results support recent claims and empirical evidence that explorations of personality–work‐related behaviours relationships should move beyond the linearity assumptions. We conclude by discussing the implications of our research for personnel selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru Lucian Curşeu
- Department of Psychology, "Babeş-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Organization, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Remus Ilies
- Department of Management and Organisation, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Delia Vîrgă
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - Florin A Sava
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timisoara, Romania
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18
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Perry S, Godoy I, Lammers W, Lin A. Impact of personality traits and early life experience on timing of emigration and rise to alpha male status for wild male white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) at Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. BEHAVIOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is rare in studies of long-lived animals to know enough about the personalities and early experiences of individuals to use this information to predict their behaviour during major life transitions in adolescence and adulthood. Here, we examine how personality traits and early experiences predict age of natal emigration and timing of first ascent to alpha status in 169 wild male white-faced capuchins studied at Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rica, 75 of whom emigrated and 23 of whom acquired alpha status. Males were more likely to delay natal emigration if they were more extraverted, more neurotic, if their fathers co-resided longer with them, and if there were fewer alpha male turnovers. More extraverted males attained alpha status sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Perry
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Los Angeles, 375 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553, USA
- Behavior, Evolution and Culture Program, University of California-Los Angeles, 375 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Proyecto de Monos, Apdo 5, Bagaces, GTE, Costa Rica
| | - Irene Godoy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Los Angeles, 375 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553, USA
- Behavior, Evolution and Culture Program, University of California-Los Angeles, 375 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Proyecto de Monos, Apdo 5, Bagaces, GTE, Costa Rica
| | - Wiebke Lammers
- Proyecto de Monos, Apdo 5, Bagaces, GTE, Costa Rica
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Andy Lin
- Statistical Consulting Group, Institute for Digital Research and Education, University of California-Los Angeles, 375 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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MacNeill LP, Best LA, Davis LL. The role of personality in body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating: discrepancies between men and women. J Eat Disord 2017; 5:44. [PMID: 29075494 PMCID: PMC5648431 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-017-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body image and disordered eating research has focused mostly on the female experience. The present study examined gender differences in the relationship between personality, disordered eating, and body image dissatisfaction. METHODS Participants were 238 female and 85 male undergraduates (Mage = 20.52 years, SD = 4.22) at a Canadian university. Materials included a battery of self-report questionnaires pertaining to personality, body image, and disordered eating. RESULTS As expected, females reported more body dissatisfaction and disordered eating than males. Personality factors were found to be significantly related to the experience of body dissatisfaction in both genders. Further, several personality traits significantly contributed to the prediction of male (high Neuroticism, low Conscientiousness) and female (high Neuroticism) body dissatisfaction beyond the influence of body mass index (BMI). Interestingly, and contrary to findings with female participants, personality traits were not significantly related to disordered eating scores in men. Among women, disordered eating scores were significantly predicted by high Neuroticism and Extraversion, and low Conscientiousness. CONCLUSIONS Although the relationship between disordered eating, body image dissatisfaction, and personality is well-documented in females, this relation may differ for males. The focus on male body image has been increasing in Western society; exploring how males view their bodies may be beneficial to researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P MacNeill
- Deparment of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Road, P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada
| | - L A Best
- Deparment of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Road, P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada
| | - L L Davis
- Deparment of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Road, P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada
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20
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Bubić A, Ivanišević K. The Role of Emotional Stability and Competence in Young Adolescents’ Career Judgments. JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0894845316633779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A transition from elementary to high school represents a very profound change and a potential source of stress, as it often requires young adolescents to make significant professional decisions. This topic was the focus of the present study in which 303 Croatian students attending their final year of elementary school completed measures of career decision self-efficacy, emotional stability, emotional competence, and concerns regarding the upcoming transition. The results indicated emotional competence as a statistically significant predictor of career decision self-efficacy, whereas emotional stability was revealed as a significant predictor of career concerns. Furthermore, a moderating effect of gender and a mediating role of career decision self-efficacy were revealed in this context. These findings provide novel evidence regarding the complex relationship between individuals’ vocational self-beliefs and emotional processing and may be informative for vocational guidance interventions targeted at young adolescents undergoing similar educational transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Bubić
- Chair of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Karmen Ivanišević
- Department of Pedagogy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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21
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Goldenberg JL, Hart J, Pyszczynski T, Warnica GM, Landau M, Thomas L. Ambivalence Toward the Body: Death, Neuroticism, and the Flight From Physical Sensation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 32:1264-77. [PMID: 16902244 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206289505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on terror management theory, the authors suggest that ambivalent reactions to the human body are partially rooted in the association of the physical body with inescapable death and that individuals high in neuroticism are particularly vulnerable to such difficulties. Three experiments demonstrated that priming thoughts about one’s death leads individuals high in neuroticism to flee from physical sensations, including pleasurable ones. In response to mortality salience, highly neurotic individuals spent less time submerging their arm in ice-cold water and using an electric foot massager but did not avoid stimulation in nontactile modalities (i.e., listening to music). The discussion highlights the role of existentially motivated self-repression in inhibitions surrounding the body.
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22
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Merino H, Senra C, Ferreiro F. Are Worry and Rumination Specific Pathways Linking Neuroticism and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder and Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156169. [PMID: 27243462 PMCID: PMC4886972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationships between neuroticism (higher-order vulnerability factor), the cognitive styles of worry, brooding and reflection (second-order vulnerability factors) and symptoms of anxiety and depression in three groups of patients: patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and with Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder (MADD). One hundred and thirty four patients completed a battery of questionnaires including measures of neuroticism, worry, rumination (brooding and reflection), anxiety and depression. Multiple mediation analyses indicate that worry may act as a mediating mechanism linking neuroticism and anxiety symptoms in the three diagnostic groups, whereas brooding-rumination may play a mediating role between neuroticism and depressive symptoms in patients with MDD and MADD and, with less certainty, in patients with GAD. Overall, our findings suggest that neuroticism may increase the risk of anxious and depressive symptoms via specific links involving either worry or brooding, respectively, and that both worry and brooding may operate in the three groups examined, irrespectively of whether anxiety or depression are the main emotions or whether they coexist without any clear predominance; consequently, we hypothesize the existence of "specific transdiagnostic" mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hipólito Merino
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Senra
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Fátima Ferreiro
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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23
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Thinking too much: self-generated thought as the engine of neuroticism. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 19:492-8. [PMID: 26320724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuroticism is a dimension of personality that captures trait individual differences in the tendency to experience negative thoughts and feelings. Established theories explain neuroticism in terms of threat sensitivity, but have limited heuristic value since they cannot account for features of neuroticism that are unrelated to threat, such as creativity and negative psychological states experienced in benign, threat-free environments. We address this issue by proposing that neuroticism stems from trait individual differences in activity in brain circuits that govern the nature of self-generated thought (SGT). We argue our theory explains not only the association of neuroticism with threat sensitivity but also the prominence within the neurotic mind of representations of information that are unrelated to the way the world is right now, such as creativity and nonsituational 'angst'.
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24
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Zanon C, Hutz CS, Reppold CT, Zenger M. Are happier people less vulnerable to rumination, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress? Evidence from a large scale disaster. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41155-016-0038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Gao Q, Ma G, Zhu Q, Fan H, Wang W. Predicting Personality Disorder Functioning Styles by the Five-Factor Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire in Healthy Volunteers and Personality Disorder Patients. Psychopathology 2016; 49:5-12. [PMID: 26905579 DOI: 10.1159/000443838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting personality disorders in the illiterate population is a challenge, but nonverbal tools measuring personality traits such as the Five-Factor Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (FFNPQ) might help. We hypothesized that FFNPQ traits are associated with personality disorder functioning styles in a predictable way, especially in a sample of personality disorder patients. METHODS We therefore invited 106 personality disorder patients and 205 healthy volunteers to answer the FFNPQ and the Parker Personality Measure (PERM) which measures 11 personality disorder functioning styles. RESULTS Patients scored significantly higher on the FFNPQ neuroticism and conscientiousness traits and all 11 PERM styles. In both groups, the 5 FFNPQ traits displayed extensive associations with the 11 PERM styles, respectively, and the associations were more specific in patients. Associations between neuroticism, extraversion and agreeableness traits and most PERM styles were less exclusive, but conscientiousness was associated with antisocial (-) and obsessive-compulsive styles, and openness to experience with schizotypal and dependent (-) styles. CONCLUSIONS Our study has demonstrated correlations between FFNPQ traits and PERM styles, and implies the nonverbal measure of personality traits is capable of aiding the diagnoses of personality disorders in the illiterate population. Enlarging sample size and including the illiterate might make for more stable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Gao
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Cuzzocrea F, Costa S, Larcan R, Toffle ME. Differences between adolescents exhibiting moderate binging and non-binging eating behaviors. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:593. [PMID: 26543728 PMCID: PMC4628073 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Much research has been conducted to study the association between personality and eating disorders using clinical samples. However, less research has been done on personality variables in non-clinical cases of adolescents prone to binge eating. The purpose of this study is to compare a group of 53 adolescents without binge eating with a group of 28 adolescents with moderate binging behaviors and to investigate the relationship between personality traits and eating behaviors. All participants completed BES, STAY, EPQ-R, IVE and EDI-2. The results demonstrated that the group with moderate binging presented higher scores in state and trait anxiety, psychoticism, neuroticism, and impulsivity than the adolescents without binge eating. The second hypothesis of this research was to analyze the relationship between personality characteristics and eating behaviors. In the group of adolescents without binge eating both neuroticism and psychoticism correlated with ED symptomatology. Similarly extraversion, impulsivity and venturesomeness correlated with ED symptomatology. In the group of adolescents with moderate binge eating, there was an association of trait anxiety, extraversion, venturesomeness and empathy with ED symptomatology in university samples. The results of this study represent a new stimulus to thoroughly investigate those aspects of personality that may be predictive of ED symptomatology and to develop preventative strategies. It is our opinion that it is necessary to focus attention not only on clinical or non-clinical samples, but also on adolescents who could be considered at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cuzzocrea
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Messina, Via Tommaso Cannizzaro, 278, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Costa
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Messina, Via Tommaso Cannizzaro, 278, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Larcan
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Messina, Via Tommaso Cannizzaro, 278, Messina, Italy
| | - Mary Ellen Toffle
- Department of Law and History of Institutions, University of Messina, Piazza XX Settembre, 4, Messina, Italy
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Vall G, Gutiérrez F, Peri JM, Gárriz M, Ferraz L, Baillés E, Obiols JE. Seven basic dimensions of personality pathology and their clinical consequences: Are all personalities equally harmful? BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 54:450-68. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vall
- Department of Psychiatry; Mental Health and Addiction; GSS - Hospital Santa Maria - IRB; Lleida Spain
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Spain
| | - Fernando Gutiérrez
- Personality Disorder Unit, Institute of Neurosciences; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; Spain
- IDIBAPS (August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep M. Peri
- Institute of Neurosciences; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; Spain
| | - Miguel Gárriz
- INAD (Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addiction); MAR Health Park Barcelona Spain
| | - Liliana Ferraz
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Spain
| | - Eva Baillés
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi E. Obiols
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Spain
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28
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Iliadis SI, Koulouris P, Gingnell M, Sylvén SM, Sundström-Poromaa I, Ekselius L, Papadopoulos FC, Skalkidou A. Personality and risk for postpartum depressive symptoms. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015; 18:539-46. [PMID: 25369905 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-014-0478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common childbirth complication, affecting 10-15 % of newly delivered mothers. This study aims to assess the association between personality factors and PPD. All pregnant women during the period September 2009 to September 2010, undergoing a routine ultrasound at Uppsala University Hospital, were invited to participate in the BASIC study, a prospective study designed to investigate maternal well-being. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) while the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) was used as a diagnostic tool for major depression. Personality traits were evaluated using the Swedish Universities Scale of Personality (SSP). One thousand thirty-seven non-depressed pregnant women were included in the study. Non-depressed women reporting high levels of neuroticism in late pregnancy were at high risk of developing postpartum depressive symptoms (PPDSs) at 6 weeks and 6 months after delivery, even after adjustment for confounders (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.4, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.8-6.5 and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.9, 95 % CI 1.9-7.9). The same was true for a DSRS-based diagnosis of major depression at 6 months postpartum. Somatic trait anxiety and psychic trait anxiety were associated with increased risk for PPDS at 6 weeks (aOR = 2.1, 95 % CI 1.2-3.5 and aOR = 1.9, 95 % CI 1.1-3.1), while high scores of mistrust were associated with a twofold increased risk for PPDS at 6 months postpartum (aOR 1.9, 95 % CI 1.1-3.4). Non-depressed pregnant women with high neuroticism scores have an almost fourfold increased risk to develop depressive symptoms postpartum, and the association remains robust even after controlling for most known confounders. Clinically, this could be of importance for health care professionals working with pregnant and newly delivered women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Iliadis
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden,
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Komulainen E, Meskanen K, Lipsanen J, Lahti JM, Jylhä P, Melartin T, Wichers M, Isometsä E, Ekelund J. The effect of personality on daily life emotional processes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110907. [PMID: 25343494 PMCID: PMC4208812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality features are associated with individual differences in daily emotional life, such as negative and positive affectivity, affect variability and affect reactivity. The existing literature is somewhat mixed and inconclusive about the nature of these associations. The aim of this study was to shed light on what personality features represent in daily life by investigating the effect of the Five Factor traits on different daily emotional processes using an ecologically valid method. The Experience Sampling Method was used to collect repeated reports of daily affect and experiences from 104 healthy university students during one week of their normal lives. Personality traits of the Five Factor model were assessed using NEO Five Factor Inventory. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the effect of the personality traits on daily emotional processes. Neuroticism predicted higher negative and lower positive affect, higher affect variability, more negative subjective evaluations of daily incidents, and higher reactivity to stressors. Conscientiousness, by contrast, predicted lower average level, variability, and reactivity of negative affect. Agreeableness was associated with higher positive and lower negative affect, lower variability of sadness, and more positive subjective evaluations of daily incidents. Extraversion predicted higher positive affect and more positive subjective evaluations of daily activities. Openness had no effect on average level of affect, but predicted higher reactivity to daily stressors. The results show that the personality features independently predict different aspects of daily emotional processes. Neuroticism was associated with all of the processes. Identifying these processes can help us to better understand individual differences in daily emotional life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Komulainen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarina Meskanen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lipsanen
- University of Helsinki, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Marko Lahti
- University of Helsinki, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Jylhä
- Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Jorvi Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Espoo, Finland
- National Institute of Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Melartin
- Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marieke Wichers
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Erkki Isometsä
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper Ekelund
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
- Vaasa Hospital District, Department of Psychiatry, Vaasa, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Gill D, Warburton W. An investigation of the biosocial model of borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychol 2014; 70:866-73. [PMID: 24585693 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to test the Biosocial Theory of borderline personality disorder (BPD) that posits that borderline traits are due to emotional dysregulation, caused by the interaction between childhood emotional vulnerability and invaliding parenting. METHOD A total of 250 adults (76% female, median age = 32.06 years) from a nonclinical population completed self-report measures assessing current levels of borderline traits and emotional dysregulation. They also completed retrospective measures of childhood emotional vulnerability and parental invalidation. RESULTS Invalidating parenting and emotional vulnerability independently predicted emotion dysregulation, but an interaction effect was not found. Having experienced validating parenting was found to be a protective factor for developing borderline traits but was not significantly related to emotional dysregulation. CONCLUSION Data in this sample did not support the underlying genesis of BPD proposed by the Biosocial Theory and a model that more parsimoniously explains the development of BPD is proposed.
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Merino H, Ferreiro F, Senra C. Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Symptoms: Reconsidering the Role of Worry and Rumination. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-013-9374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Michalica K, Hunt H. Creativity, Schizotypicality, and Mystical Experience: An Empirical Study. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2013.813780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Perkins AM, Ettinger U, Weaver K, Schmechtig A, Schrantee A, Morrison PD, Sapara A, Kumari V, Williams SCR, Corr PJ. Advancing the defensive explanation for anxiety disorders: lorazepam effects on human defense are systematically modulated by personality and threat-type. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e246. [PMID: 23591970 PMCID: PMC3641407 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically effective drugs against human anxiety and fear systematically alter the innate defensive behavior of rodents, suggesting that in humans these emotions reflect defensive adaptations. Compelling experimental human evidence for this theory is yet to be obtained. We report the clearest test to date by investigating the effects of 1 and 2 mg of the anti-anxiety drug lorazepam on the intensity of threat-avoidance behavior in 40 healthy adult volunteers (20 females). We found lorazepam modulated the intensity of participants' threat-avoidance behavior in a dose-dependent manner. However, the pattern of effects depended upon two factors: type of threat-avoidance behavior and theoretically relevant measures of personality. In the case of flight behavior (one-way active avoidance), lorazepam increased intensity in low scorers on the Fear Survey Schedule tissue-damage fear but reduced it in high scorers. Conversely, in the case of risk-assessment behavior (two-way active avoidance), lorazepam reduced intensity in low scorers on the Spielberger trait anxiety but increased it in high scorers. Anti-anxiety drugs do not systematically affect rodent flight behavior; therefore, we interpret this new finding as suggesting that lorazepam has a broader effect on defense in humans than in rodents, perhaps by modulating general perceptions of threat intensity. The different patterning of lorazepam effects on the two behaviors implies that human perceptions of threat intensity are nevertheless distributed across two different neural streams, which influence effects observed on one-way or two-way active avoidance demanded by the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Perkins
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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34
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Costa A, la Fougère C, Pogarell O, Möller HJ, Riedel M, Ettinger U. Impulsivity is related to striatal dopamine transporter availability in healthy males. Psychiatry Res 2013; 211:251-6. [PMID: 23158972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity characterises various psychiatric disorders, particularly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence shows that ADHD symptoms are associated with dopamine dysfunction and alleviated with methylphenidate, a drug that reduces dopamine transporter availability. ADHD-like symptoms and impulsive traits are continuously distributed across the general population. Here, we aimed to investigate the dopaminergic basis of impulsivity and other ADHD-related traits in healthy individuals by studying the association of these traits with striatal dopamine transporter availability. Single-photon emission computed tomography with [(123)I] FP-CIT was performed on 38 healthy males. Impulsivity was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). We found that greater dopamine transporter availability was associated with higher BIS impulsivity but not with ADHD-related traits. The association with BIS was significant after accounting for individual differences in age and neuroticism. These results suggest that individual differences in the dopamine system may be a neural correlate of trait impulsivity in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Costa
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Pidgeon A, Grainger A. Mindfulness as a Factor in the Relationship between Insecure Attachment Style, Neurotic Personality and Disordered Eating Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmp.2013.24b005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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The biological and psychological basis of neuroticism: Current status and future directions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:59-72. [PMID: 23068306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Clark AA, Owens GP. Attachment, personality characteristics, and posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. J Trauma Stress 2012; 25:657-64. [PMID: 23225032 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
U.S. veterans of Iraq and/or Afghanistan (N = 116) completed an Internet survey with questions related to attachment style in intimate relationships, personality factors, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants completed the PTSD Checklist-Military, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Short Form, and the International Personality Item Pool Big Five Short Form Questionnaire. Most participants were male and Caucasian. Hierarchical linear regression analysis results indicated that emotional stability (β = -.46, p < .001) and attachment avoidance (β = .20, p < .05) were associated with PTSD symptom severity (adjusted R(2) = .63). An interaction between conscientiousness and attachment anxiety was found (β = -.26, p < .001; ΔR(2) = .06), with secure attachment moderating the relationship between conscientiousness and PTSD symptom severity. Results of this study indicate that emotional stability, conscientiousness, and secure relationship attachment styles (low attachment anxiety and avoidance) are important for postcombat mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0900, USA.
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38
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Dahl JK, Eriksen L, Vedul-Kjelsås E, Strømmen M, Kulseng B, Mårvik R, Holen A. Depression, anxiety, and neuroticism in obese patients waiting for bariatric surgery: Differences between patients with and without eating disorders and subthreshold binge eating disorders. Obes Res Clin Pract 2012; 6:e91-e174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Völter C, Strobach T, Aichert DS, Wöstmann N, Costa A, Möller HJ, Schubert T, Ettinger U. Schizotypy and behavioural adjustment and the role of neuroticism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30078. [PMID: 22363416 PMCID: PMC3282691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the present study the relationship between behavioural adjustment following cognitive conflict and schizotypy was investigated using a Stroop colour naming paradigm. Previous research has found deficits with behavioural adjustment in schizophrenia patients. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that individual differences in schizotypy, a personality trait reflecting the subclinical expression of the schizophrenia phenotype, would be associated with behavioural adjustment. Additionally, we investigated whether such a relationship would be explained by individual differences in neuroticism, a non-specific measure of negative trait emotionality known to be correlated with schizotypy. Methods 106 healthy volunteers (mean age: 25.1, 60% females) took part. Post-conflict adjustment was measured in a computer-based version of the Stroop paradigm. Schizotypy was assessed using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and Neuroticism using the NEO-FFI. Results We found a negative correlation between schizotypy and post-conflict adjustment (r = −.30, p<.01); this relationship remained significant when controlling for effects of neuroticism. Regression analysis revealed that particularly the subscale No Close Friends drove the effect. Conclusion Previous findings of deficits in cognitive control in schizophrenia patients were extended to the subclinical personality expression of the schizophrenia phenotype and found to be specific to schizotypal traits over and above the effects of negative emotionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Völter
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Wöstmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Costa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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40
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Ormel J, Riese H, Rosmalen JGM. Interpreting neuroticism scores across the adult life course: immutable or experience-dependent set points of negative affect? Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 32:71-9. [PMID: 22172577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroticism (N) scores predict psychopathology. Therefore, it is important to know how to best interpret N-scores. This paper reviews prior interpretations, the item content of N-measures and relevant empirical studies. We propose that N-scores reflect person-specific negative affect set points. We distinguish three possible set point models. (1) The immutable set point model in which N-scores fluctuate with short-term perturbations in reaction to positive and negative experiences but always return to their person-specific set point. (2) The experience-dependent model in which an individual's set point can change during any life stage when prompted by far-reaching experiences. (3) The mixed model, a combination of the first two models, which separates the variation in neuroticism into stable and changing components. The changing component is experience-dependent. Current evidence provides little support for the immutable model. Rather, the evidence, though inconclusive, suggests that the experience-dependent or mixed model may help to explain between- and within-subject differences in N-scores across the life span. In particular, the observation that the differential consistency of N-scores tends to drop over time, but has not been shown to approach zero, is consistent with the mixed model. We discuss implications of the models and how to distinguish them empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ormel
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Graduate School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Graduate School of Health Sciences (SHARE), The Netherlands.
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Curtis V, de Barra M, Aunger R. Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:389-401. [PMID: 21199843 PMCID: PMC3013466 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disgust is an evolved psychological system for protecting organisms from infection through disease avoidant behaviour. This ‘behavioural immune system’, present in a diverse array of species, exhibits universal features that orchestrate hygienic behaviour in response to cues of risk of contact with pathogens. However, disgust is also a dynamic adaptive system. Individuals show variation in pathogen avoidance associated with psychological traits like having a neurotic personality, as well as a consequence of being in certain physiological states such as pregnancy or infancy. Three specialized learning mechanisms modify the disgust response: the Garcia effect, evaluative conditioning and the law of contagion. Hygiene behaviour is influenced at the group level through social learning heuristics such as ‘copy the frequent’. Finally, group hygiene is extended symbolically to cultural rules about purity and pollution, which create social separations and are enforced as manners. Cooperative hygiene endeavours such as sanitation also reduce pathogen prevalence. Our model allows us to integrate perspectives from psychology, ecology and cultural evolution with those of epidemiology and anthropology. Understanding the nature of disease avoidance psychology at all levels of human organization can inform the design of programmes to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Curtis
- The Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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42
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Lewis AR, Zinbarg RE, Mineka S, Craske MG, Epstein A, Griffith JW. The relationship between anxiety sensitivity and latent symptoms of emotional problems: A structural equation modeling approach. Behav Res Ther 2010; 48:761-9. [PMID: 20510917 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A large body of research suggests that common and specific psychopathology dimensions underlie the symptoms that occur within mood and anxiety disorders. As of yet, it is unclear precisely how the facets of Anxiety Sensitivity (AS), or fear of the symptoms of fear and anxiety, relate to these latent factors. Using data from 606 adolescents participating in the baseline phase of a longitudinal study on risk factors for emotional disorders, we modeled the facets of AS as measured by the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Expanded Form (ASI-X) and related these facets to a hierarchical model of latent symptoms of psychological distress. Results suggest that one facet of AS is associated with a broad General Distress factor underlying symptoms of most emotional disorders while others relate to intermediate-level and conceptually-meaningful narrow factors representing aspects of psychological distress specific to particular emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Lewis
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, 2029 Sheridan Road, Swift Hall 102, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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43
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van der Heiden C, Melchior K, Muris P, Bouwmeester S, Bos AER, van der Molen HT. A hierarchical model for the relationships between general and specific vulnerability factors and symptom levels of generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2010; 24:284-9. [PMID: 20074909 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined a hierarchical model for the relationships between general and specific vulnerability factors and symptom manifestations of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A clinical sample of patients with GAD (N=137) completed a set of self-report questionnaires for measuring neuroticism, extraversion, intolerance of uncertainty, metacognitive beliefs, and symptoms of generalized anxiety (i.e., worry) and depression. A bootstrapping analysis yielded support for a model in which the relation between the general vulnerability factor of neuroticism and symptoms of GAD were mediated by the specific vulnerability factors of intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitions. Implications for the classification and treatment of GAD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin van der Heiden
- Outpatient Treatment Center PsyQ, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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44
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van Kampen D. Personality and Psychopathology: a Theory-Based Revision of Eysenck's PEN Model. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2009; 5:9-21. [PMID: 20498694 PMCID: PMC2858518 DOI: 10.2174/1745017900905010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The principal aim of this paper is to investigate whether it is possible to create a personality taxonomy of clinical relevance out of Eysenck's original PEN model by repairing the various shortcomings that can be noted in Eysenck's personality theory, particularly in relation to P or Psychoticism. Addressing three approaches that have been followed to answer the question 'which personality factors are basic?', arguments are listed to show that particularly the theory-informed approach, originally defended by Eysenck, may lead to scientific progress. However, also noting the many deficiencies in the nomological network surrounding P, the peculiar situation arises that we adhere to Eysenck's theory-informed methodology, but criticize his theory. These arguments and criticisms led to the replacement of P by three orthogonal and theory-based factors, Insensitivity (S), Orderliness (G), and Absorption (A), that together with the dimensions E or Extraversion and N or Neuroticism, that were retained from Eysenck's PEN model, appear to give a comprehensive account of the main vulnerability factors in schizophrenia and affective disorders, as well as in other psychopathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk van Kampen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Barrantes-Vidal N, Ros-Morente A, Kwapil TR. An examination of neuroticism as a moderating factor in the association of positive and negative schizotypy with psychopathology in a nonclinical sample. Schizophr Res 2009; 115:303-9. [PMID: 19822406 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits such as neuroticism are associated with schizophrenia and schizotypy. However, studies thus far have not clarified the differential association of neuroticism with individual schizotypy dimensions and the role it plays in the expression of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. 204 nonclinically ascertained participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing neuroticism and the positive and negative schizotypy dimensions, and underwent structured interviews assessing schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology (psychotic-like experiences, negative symptoms, cluster A personality disorders and traits), mood episodes, substance abuse, and global functioning. Results indicated that neuroticism predicted positive symptoms of schizophrenia and depression, over-and-above the effects of both schizotypy dimensions. Also, neuroticism moderated the association of positive schizotypy with interview measures of psychopathology and functioning. The results of this study are consistent with other research indicating that neuroticism is etiologically relevant for schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology and that it cannot be considered solely a 'secondary effect' of spectrum disorders. Current psychological models of psychosis can accomodate the finding of neuroticism being a shared vulnerability factor for affective and psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Paine P, Worthen SF, Gregory LJ, Thompson DG, Aziz Q. Personality differences affect brainstem autonomic responses to visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21:1155-e98. [PMID: 19538443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brainstem autonomic nuclei integrate interoceptive inputs including pain, with descending modulation, to produce homeostatic and defence outputs. Cardiac Vagal Control is especially implicated in psychophysiological processes for both health and disease and is indexed non-invasively by heart rate variability. The study aim was to determine the nature of psychophysiological response profiles for visceral pain. Nineteen healthy subjects had electrocardiographic recordings at rest and during 10 painful oesophageal balloon distensions. Cardiac Vagal Control originating from nucleus ambiguus (CVC(NA)) was determined by polynomial filter application to the electrocardiogram inter-beat interval series. Heart rate and 'Cardiac Sympathetic Index (CSI)' were also determined. Psychological state and trait, including neuroticism and extroversion, were assessed. Subjects who increased CVC(NA) to pain were more neurotic, anxious and sensory sensitive than those who decreased CVC(NA.) Cluster analysis identified two psychophysiological groups: Group 1 (n = 11) demonstrated lower baseline CVC(NA) (P = 0.0001), higher heart rate (P = 0.02) and CSI (P = 0.015), pain tolerance at lower balloon volumes (P = 0.04), but attenuated heart rate response to pain (P = 0.01). Group 2 (n = 8) had the converse profile. Neuroticism scores were higher (P = 0.0004) and extroversion lower (P = 0.01) for group 1 than group 2. Two distinct psychophysiological response profiles to visceral pain exist that are influenced by personality. These may reflect different psychobiological bases for active and passive defence repertoires. Prevalence and clinical relevance of these endophenotypes as vulnerability factors for pain and emotion disorders warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paine
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Hope Hospital, University of Manchester, UK
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47
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Engelhard IM, Hout MAVD, Lommen MJ. Individuals high in neuroticism are not more reactive to adverse events. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Uliaszek AA, Hauner KKY, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Mineka S, Griffith JW, Rose RD. An Examination of Content Overlap and Disorder-Specific Predictions in the Associations of Neuroticism with Anxiety and Depression. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2009; 43:785-794. [PMID: 20161016 PMCID: PMC2748952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether content overlap artificially inflates estimates of the associations of emotional disorders with neuroticism and whether disorder-specificity of prediction exists. We demonstrated a statistical approach for testing the validity of hypothesized facets of neuroticism. In a sample of 627 adolescents, we indentified six facets of neuroticism, one intermediate facet, and a general neuroticism factor (GNF). Only the GNF and the depression facet were significantly associated with depressive symptomatology. The GNF and all facets significantly predicted anxiety symptomatology. This study offers a new statistical approach for addressing content overlap, testing for disorder specific prediction and identifying facets of a broad personality trait, while indicating that content overlap does not largely explain the associations of neuroticism with psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A. Uliaszek
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Katherina K. Y. Hauner
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Richard E. Zinbarg
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- The Family Institute at Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | | | - Susan Mineka
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - James W. Griffith
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Stern B, Glicksohn J, Stern M, Myslobodsky MS. PROFILES OF PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF MILD HEAD INJURY. Int J Neurosci 2009; 114:1223-37. [PMID: 15370184 DOI: 10.1080/00207450490475742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mild head injury (MHI) causes heterogeneous disorders. In this exploratory study, the authors attempted to gain an understanding of this heterogeneity by isolating on clinical criteria three groups of bona fide MHI patients. These were patients who presented with virtually no complaints unless prodded (a "stoic" or "low complaint," LC) group; those who were admitted with numerous complaints, who were also demanding and argumentative ("extraverted-aggressive," EA); and those who, although symptomatic, appeared to retreat under conditions of environmental stress ("introverted-withdrawn," IW). By assessing clinical, neuropsychological, electroencephalographic (EEG) and personality variables the authors were provisionally able to support their subdivision in terms of the personality profile and, to a certain extent, both neuropsychologically and by relying on the EEC alpha/theta ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batia Stern
- Psychobiology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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50
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Female body dissatisfaction after exposure to overweight and thin media images: The role of body mass index and neuroticism. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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