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Hayashi K, Anzai N. L-type amino acid transporter 1 as a target for inflammatory disease and cancer immunotherapy. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:31-40. [PMID: 34924127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of amino acids is fundamental for cellular activity. Amino acids are important components for protein synthesis but are also crucial for intracellular metabolic reactions and signal transduction. Following activation, immune cells induce metabolic reprogramming to generate adequate energy and constitutive substances. Hence, the delivery of amino acids by transporters is necessary for the progression of metabolic rewiring. In this review, we discuss how amino acids and their transporters regulate immune cell functions, with emphasis on LAT1, a transporter of large neutral amino acids. Furthermore, we explore the possibility of targeting amino acid transporters to improve immune disorders and cancer immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuga, Japan.
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuga, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Li R, Guo C, Tse WKF, Su M, Zhang X, Lai KP. Metabolomic analysis reveals metabolic alterations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by perfluorooctanoic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124810. [PMID: 31520980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a dispersive persistent organic pollutant in the environment. Accumulating reports suggest that PFOA is toxic to human lymphocytes; however, the toxicological effects of PFOA on these cells remain largely unclear. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-based metabolomic analysis was employed to identify metabolites in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and to assess the metabolic alterations caused by PFOA exposure. Our comparative metabolomic analysis results demonstrated that PFOA treatment could increase the level of organic acids and reduce the level of lipid molecules. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation further highlighted the fact that the PFOA treatment interfered with the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which may lead to disruption of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China.
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guigang City People's Hospital, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guigang, Guangxi, PR China
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Department of Bioresource and Bioenvironment, School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Min Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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3
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Screening for B cell, T cell and natural killer cell defects among children with methylmalonic and propionic acidemias. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-019-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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4
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Ananieva EA, Powell JD, Hutson SM. Leucine Metabolism in T Cell Activation: mTOR Signaling and Beyond. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:798S-805S. [PMID: 27422517 PMCID: PMC4942864 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In connection with the increasing interest in metabolic regulation of the immune response, this review discusses current advances in understanding the role of leucine and leucine metabolism in T lymphocyte (T cell) activation. T cell activation during the development of an immune response depends on metabolic reprogramming to ensure that sufficient nutrients and energy are taken up by the highly proliferating T cells. Leucine has been described as an important essential amino acid and a nutrient signal that activates complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1), which is a critical regulator of T cell proliferation, differentiation, and function. The role of leucine in these processes is further discussed in relation to amino acid transporters, leucine-degrading enzymes, and other metabolites of leucine metabolism. A new model of T cell regulation by leucine is proposed and outlines a chain of events that leads to the activation of mTORC1 in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitsa A Ananieva
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA;
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Susan M Hutson
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Solverson P, Murali SG, Brinkman AS, Nelson DW, Clayton MK, Yen CLE, Ney DM. Glycomacropeptide, a low-phenylalanine protein isolated from cheese whey, supports growth and attenuates metabolic stress in the murine model of phenylketonuria. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E885-95. [PMID: 22297302 PMCID: PMC3330708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00647.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a mutation in the phenylalanine (phe) hydroxylase gene and requires a low-phe diet plus amino acid (AA) formula to prevent cognitive impairment. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) contains minimal phe and provides a palatable alternative to AA formula. Our objective was to compare growth, body composition, and energy balance in Pah(enu2) (PKU) and wild-type mice fed low-phe GMP, low-phe AA, or high-phe casein diets from 3-23 wk of age. The 2 × 2 × 3 design included main effects of genotype, sex, and diet. Fat and lean mass were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and acute energy balance was assessed by indirect calorimetry. PKU mice showed growth and lean mass similar to wild-type littermates fed the GMP or AA diets; however, they exhibited a 3-15% increase in energy expenditure, as reflected in oxygen consumption, and a 3-30% increase in food intake. The GMP diet significantly reduced energy expenditure, food intake, and plasma phe concentration in PKU mice compared with the casein diet. The high-phe casein diet or the low-phe AA diet induced metabolic stress in PKU mice, as reflected in increased energy expenditure and intake of food and water, increased renal and spleen mass, and elevated plasma cytokine concentrations consistent with systemic inflammation. The low-phe GMP diet significantly attenuated these adverse effects. Moreover, total fat mass, %body fat, and the respiratory exchange ratio (CO(2) produced/O(2) consumed) were significantly lower in PKU mice fed GMP compared with AA diets. In summary, GMP provides a physiological source of low-phe dietary protein that promotes growth and attenuates the metabolic stress induced by a high-phe casein or low-phe AA diet in PKU mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Solverson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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6
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Walsh CJ, Luer CA, Noyes DR. Effects of environmental stressors on lymphocyte proliferation in Florida manatees, Trichechus manatus latirostris. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 103:247-56. [PMID: 15621310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The health of many Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is adversely affected each year by exposure to cold weather or harmful algal blooms (red tide; Karenia brevis). Exposures can be sublethal, resulting in stressed animals that are rescued and taken to authorized facilities for rehabilitation, or lethal if exposures are prolonged or unusually severe. To investigate whether sublethal environmental exposures can impair immune function in manatees, rendering animals vulnerable to disease or death, mitogen-induced proliferation was assessed in lymphocytes from manatees exposed to cold temperatures (N=20) or red tide (N=19) in the wild, and compared to lymphocyte responses from healthy free-ranging manatees (N=32). All animals sampled for this study were adults. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with either concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and proliferation was assessed after 96 h using incorporation of the thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), into newly synthesized DNA. Proliferation of lymphocytes from manatees rescued from exposure to red tide or cold-stress was approximately one-third that of lymphocytes from healthy free-ranging manatees. To examine the direct effects of red tide toxins on lymphocyte function, mitogen-induced proliferation was assessed following co-culture of lymphocytes with K. brevis toxin extracts. Stimulation indices decreased with increasing toxin concentration, with a significant decrease in proliferation occurring in the presence of 400 ng red tide toxins/ml. When lymphocytes from cold-stressed manatees were co-cultured with red tide toxin extracts, proliferative responses were reduced even further, suggesting multiple stressors may have synergistic effects on immune function in manatees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy J Walsh
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
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Lindecrona RH, Mølck AM, Gry J, Poulsen M, Andersen R, Thorup I. Subchronic oral toxicity study on the three flavouring substances: octan-3-ol, 2-methylcrotonic acid and oct-3-yl 2-methylcrotonate in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:647-54. [PMID: 12659717 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were administered 0, 25, 100 or 400 mg octan-3-ol/kg body weight per day, 77 mg 2-methylcrotonic acid/kg body weight per day or 163 mg oct-3-yl 2-methylcrotonate/kg body weight per day by gavage for 90 days. Relative liver weights of high-dose octan-3-ol males, and males and females dosed with oct-3-yl 2-methylcrotonate were significantly greater than those of the control. In male and female rats dosed with the highest level of octan-3-ol and in male rats dosed with 2-methylcrotonic acid, incidences of bile duct proliferation were increased. In the kidneys of males dosed with mid- and high level of octan-3-ol and oct-3-yl 2-methylcrotonate, tubular karyomegaly and desquamation of tubular epithelial cells were observed. Based on increased liver weight and microscopic evaluation of the liver and kidney, a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of 25 mg/kg for octan-3-ol in rats was established. The histopathological evaluation of the liver of rats dosed with oct-3-yl 2-methylcrotonate revealed lesions corresponding to the lesions seen in rats dosed mid-dose with octan-3-ol. This observation is in accordance with the general assumption that oct-3-yl 2-methylcrotonate is completely hydrolysed to octan-3-ol and 2-methylcrotonic acid. However, when comparing the liver histopathology of oct-3-yl 2-methylcrotonate and 2-methylcrotonic acid and the kidney lesions of all three substances, conflicting results were seen and the present study does not allow the conclusion to be drawn that oct-3-yl 2-methylcrotonate and structurally-related esters are completely hydrolysed, at least under the conditions of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Lindecrona
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Somorovská M, Szabová E, Vodicka P, Tulinská J, Barancoková M, Fábry R, Lísková A, Riegerová Z, Petrovská H, Kubová J, Rausová K, Dusinská M, Collins A. Biomonitoring of genotoxic risk in workers in a rubber factory: comparison of the Comet assay with cytogenetic methods and immunology. Mutat Res 1999; 445:181-92. [PMID: 10575429 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several substances used in rubber processing are known to be genotoxic. Workers in a rubber tyre factory, exposed to a broad spectrum of contaminants such as benzo[a]pyrene, benzo-fluoranthene, naphthalene, acetonaphthene, alkenes and 1,3-butadiene have been regularly examined for several years: chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes, mutagenicity of urine (by use of the Ames test) and various parameters of blood and urine were assessed. An elevated level of mercapturic acid derivatives was found in the urine of employees, which is indicative of environmental exposure to toxicants with alkylating activity. We have now extended this study by examining genotoxicity with the modified Comet assay in parallel with chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus formation as well as immunological endpoints. Twenty-nine exposed workers from this factory were compared with 22 non-exposed administrative staff working in the same factory, as well as with 22 laboratory workers. The absolute numbers of peripheral leukocytes were significantly higher in the exposed group than in either of the control groups (p < 0.001). The erythrocyte mean cell volume was significantly higher in exposed workers in comparison with laboratory controls (p < 0.05). Percentages of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were not altered. The proliferative response of T- and B-cells to mitogen treatment when calculated per number of lymphocytes and adjusted for smoking, age and years of exposure did not differ between exposed and control groups. Endogenous strand breaks (including alkali-labile sites) and altered bases (formamidopyrimidine glycosylase- and endonuclease III-sensitive sites) were measured by the Comet assay in lymphocyte DNA. Exposed workers had significantly elevated levels of DNA breaks compared with office workers (p < 0.00001) or with laboratory controls (p < 0.00001). Micronuclei occurred at significantly higher frequencies in the exposed group than in controls (p < 0.00001), though the frequencies were all within the normal range. Significant correlations were seen between individual values of strand breaks, micronuclei and chromatid/chromosome breaks and certain immunological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Somorovská
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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