1
|
Ryan AF, Bakaletz LO, Juhn SK, Jung TTK, Li JD. 5. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/00034894021110s308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
2
|
Cutler JL, Wall M, Labadie RF. Effects of Ototopic Steroid and NSAIDS in Clearing Middle ear Effusion in an Animal Model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 135:585-9. [PMID: 17011422 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: A model of otitis media with effusion (OME) has been developed in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat. This model was used to study the effects of an ototopic steroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced OME. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-six rats were randomized into 4 groups: saline solution, LPS, NSAID + LPS, and steroids + LPS. Test substance was injected into the middle ear at 0, 2, and 4 hours. The effusion was collected at 2, 4, and 6 hours. Statistical analysis of effusion volume and albumin concentration was performed. RESULTS: The LPS group demonstrated statistically significant increase in both effusion volume and albumin concentration compared with saline solution. Intergroup comparison revealed significantly less effusion volume in the steroid group and less albumin concentration in the NSAID group when compared with the LPS group. CONCLUSIONS: Transtympanic steroid reduced LPS induced middle ear effusion while NSAID reduced albumin concentration in the rat model. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results lend support to the current use of anti-inflammatory ototopicals in the treatment of inflammatory middle ear disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cutler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8605, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hisamatsu KI, Inoue H, Makiyama K, Homma M. Nitrotyrosine in Otitis Media with Effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 114:804-8. [PMID: 16285272 DOI: 10.1177/000348940511401011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Our purpose was to investigate mucosal cell injury due to the nitric oxide (NO)-superoxide system in otitis media with effusion. Methods: We determined the levels of nitrotyrosine (NT) and NO and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in 90 middle ear fluid samples. Results: The NT concentration was significantly higher in group A (<16 years old) than in group C (>50 years old; p <.05), and significantly higher in the acute group than in the chronic group (p <.05). The NO concentration did not show a significant difference among the groups. The activity of SOD showed significant correlations with the concentrations of NT and NO and with LDH activity (p <.05). The LDH activity was significantly greater in group A than in group C (p <.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate involvement of the NO-superoxide system in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion, showing evidence of protein and/or cell injury in the middle ear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Hisamatsu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeon EJ, Park YS, Lee SK, Yeo SW, Park SN, Chang KH. Effect of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite on Mucociliary Transport Function of Experimental Otitis Media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 134:126-31. [PMID: 16399192 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite on mucociliary activity in experimental otitis media with effusion (OME). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Twenty guinea pigs were divided into 1 control and 3 experimental groups; lipopolysaccharide (LPS), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and uric acid (UA) groups. Ten ears were used in each group. OME was induced by transtympanic injection of LPS in experimental groups. Twenty-four hours after the transtympanic injection, dye transfer time (DTT) was measured and the temporal bone was taken for histopathologic examination. Expression of peroxynitrite was determined by immunohistochemical stain for 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). RESULTS: Dye transfer time was significantly delayed in LPS group compared to control group; by contrast it was significantly reduced in L-NAME or UA treated groups ( P < 0.01). Histopathologic examination showed reduced inflammation and mucosal thickening in the treatment groups when compared to LPS group. These findings, however, were not statistically significant. Immunoreactivity to 3-NT was intense in LPS group and decreased in the treatment groups ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that LPS induced mucociliary dysfunction in the middle ear by NO and peroxynitrite-mediated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-ju Jeon
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Our Lady of Mercy Hospital, 665 Bupyung-dong, Bupyung-gu, Incheon 403-720, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee J, Komatsu K, Lee BC, Lim JH, Jono H, Xu H, Kai H, Zhang ZJ, Yan C, Li JD. Phosphodiesterase 4B mediates extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent up-regulation of mucin MUC5AC protein by Streptococcus pneumoniae by inhibiting cAMP-protein kinase A-dependent MKP-1 phosphatase pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22799-811. [PMID: 22610099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.337378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most common childhood bacterial infection and the major cause of conductive hearing loss in children. Mucus overproduction is a hallmark of OM. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common gram-positive bacterial pathogen causing OM. Among many mucin genes, MUC5AC has been found to be greatly up-regulated in the middle ear mucosa of human patients with OM. We previously reported that S. pneumoniae up-regulates MUC5AC expression in a MAPK ERK-dependent manner. We also found that MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) negatively regulates S. pneumoniae-induced ERK-dependent MUC5AC up-regulation. Therapeutic strategies for up-regulating the expression of negative regulators such as MKP-1 may have significant therapeutic potential for treating mucus overproduction in OM. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which MKP-1 expression is negatively regulated during S. pneumoniae infection is unknown. In this study we show that phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) mediates S. pneumoniae-induced MUC5AC up-regulation by inhibiting the expression of a negative regulator MKP-1, which in turn leads to enhanced MAPK ERK activation and subsequent up-regulation of MUC5AC. PDE4B inhibits MKP-1 expression in a cAMP-PKA-dependent manner. PDE4-specific inhibitor rolipram inhibits S. pneumoniae-induced MUC5AC up-regulation both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we show that PDE4B plays a critical role in MUC5AC induction. Finally, topical and post-infection administration of rolipram into the middle ear potently inhibited S. pneumoniae-induced MUC5AC up-regulation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PDE4B mediates ERK-dependent up-regulation of mucin MUC5AC by S. pneumoniae by inhibiting cAMP-PKA-dependent MKP-1 pathway. This study may lead to novel therapeutic strategy for inhibiting mucus overproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of otitis media and sequelae. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 1:117-38. [PMID: 19434244 PMCID: PMC2671742 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2008.1.3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review deals with the characteristics of various inflammatory mediators identified in the middle ear during otitis media and in cholesteatoma. The role of each inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of otitis media and cholesteatoma has been discussed. Further, the relation of each inflammatory mediator to the pathophysiology of the middle and inner ear along with its mechanisms of pathological change has been described. The mechanisms of hearing loss including sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) as a sequela of otitis media are also discussed. The passage of inflammatory mediators through the round window membrane into the scala tympani is indicated. In an experimental animal model, an application of cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin, on the round window membrane induced sensorineural hearing loss as identified through auditory brainstem response threshold shifts. An increase in permeability of the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) was observed following application of these inflammatory mediators and LPS. The leakage of the blood components into the lateral wall of the cochlea through an increase in BLB permeability appears to be related to the sensorineural hearing loss by hindering K+ recycling through the lateral wall disrupting the ion homeostasis of the endolymph. Further studies on the roles of various inflammatory mediators and bacterial toxins in inducing the sensorineumral hearing loss in otitis media should be pursued.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim DH, Park YS, Jeon EJ, Yeo SW, Chang KH, Lee SK. Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist, platelet activating factor antagonist, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on experimental otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006; 115:617-23. [PMID: 16944661 DOI: 10.1177/000348940611500808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied the inflammatory responses in otitis media with effusion induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats, and compared the preventive effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) soluble receptor type I (sTNFRI, a TNF-alpha antagonist), platelet activating factor antagonist, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). METHODS We used 2 control groups of Sprague Dawley rats (untreated and saline-treated) and 4 experimental groups, which all received an intratympanic injection of LPS, followed in 3 groups by experimental treatment of the same ear. The LPS group had no additional treatment. The L-NAME group received intraperitoneal injection of L-NAME and was reinjected after 12 hours. The A-85783 group was first given an intraperitoneal injection of A-85783. The sTNFRI group was first given an intratympanic injection of sTNFRI. Twenty-four hours after the initial intratympanic injection of LPS, temporal bones from each group were examined histopathologically and the vascular permeability of the middle ear mucosa was measured by Evans blue vital dye staining. RESULTS The L-NAME, A-85783, and sTNFRI groups showed significantly reduced capillary permeability, subepithelial edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in comparison with the LPS group. There were no differences in capillary permeability, subepithelial edema, or infiltration of inflammatory cells between the A-85783 and sTNFRI groups. The L-NAME group showed no difference in vascular permeability or subepithelial edema in comparison with the A-85783 and sTNFRI groups, but showed more infiltration of inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that sTNFRI, A-85783, and L-NAME can be proposed as alternative future treatments for otitis media with effusion. However, L-NAME may be the least effective of these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martin P, Choi DJ, Jinn TH, Cohen JG, John EO, Moorehead MT, Kaura CS, Kaura SH, Jung TTK. Effect of nitric oxide on mucin production in experimental otitis media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130:249-54. [PMID: 14990923 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of mucoid otitis media (OM) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced OM. METHODS OM was induced in chinchillas by injecting S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), LPS, and LPS + SNAP into the superior bullae. Auditory brainstem response thresholds were measured every 24 hours. Samples of middle ear fluid were collected and analyzed for mucin by the periodic acid-Schiff method. At the end of each experiment, temporal bones were harvested for histopathologic study. RESULTS Mucin concentration was greatest in the LPS + the SNAP group and least in the SNAP-alone group. Auditory brainstem response threshold was highest in the LPS group and lowest in the SNAP group, although not significantly. Histopathology showed the greatest mucosal thickening and inflammation in the LPS + SNAP group. CONCLUSION The addition of NO in LPS-induced OM increased the mucin concentration in middle ear fluid and increased mucosal thickness and inflammation in middle ear mucosa. SIGNIFICANCE In the OM disease process, NO may contribute to the pathogenesis of mucoid OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Martin
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head adn Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hardisty RE, Erven A, Logan K, Morse S, Guionaud S, Sancho–Oliver S, Jackie Hunter A, Brown SDM, Steel KP. The deaf mouse mutant Jeff (Jf) is a single gene model of otitis media. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2003; 4:130-8. [PMID: 12943368 PMCID: PMC3202714 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-002-3015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is the most common cause of hearing impairment in children and is primarily characterized by inflammation of the middle ear mucosa. Yet nothing is known of the underlying genetic pathways predisposing to otitis media in the human population. Increasingly, large-scale mouse mutagenesis programs have undertaken systematic and genome-wide efforts to recover large numbers of novel mutations affecting a diverse array of phenotypic areas involved with genetic disease including deafness. As part of the UK mutagenesis program, we have identified a novel deaf mouse mutant, Jeff (Jf). Jeff maps to the distal region of mouse chromosome 17 and presents with fluid and pus in the middle ear cavity. Jeff mutants are 21% smaller than wild-type littermates, have a mild craniofacial abnormality, and have elevated hearing thresholds. Middle ear epithelia of Jeff mice show evidence of a chronic proliferative otitis media. The Jeff mutant should prove valuable in elucidating the underlying genetic pathways predisposing to otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Hardisty
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and UK Mouse Genome Centre, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Alexandra Erven
- MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Karen Logan
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and UK Mouse Genome Centre, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Susan Morse
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and UK Mouse Genome Centre, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sylvia Guionaud
- Frimorpho Ltd., Chemin du Musee 12, C.P. 191, 1705 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sara Sancho–Oliver
- Frimorpho Ltd., Chemin du Musee 12, C.P. 191, 1705 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - A. Jackie Hunter
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Steve D. M. Brown
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and UK Mouse Genome Centre, Harwell, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Karen P. Steel
- MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alper CM, Andalibi A, Bakaletz LO, Buchman C, Cayé-Thomasen P, Hellstrom SOM, Herman P, Hermansson A, Hussl B, Iino Y, Kawauchi H, Paparella MM, Sando I, Swarts JD, Takasaka T. Recent advances in otitis media. 4. Anatomy, cell biology, pathology, and animal models. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002; 188:36-51. [PMID: 11968860 DOI: 10.1177/00034894021110s307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Jeon EJ, Park YS, Choi YC, Yeo SW, Jung TT. Effect of inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on experimental otitis media with effusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001; 110:917-21. [PMID: 11642423 DOI: 10.1177/000348940111001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is important in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TNF-alpha antagonist on the outcome of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced OME in rats. Otitis media was induced by injecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS transtympanically. Another (combination) group was pretreated with TNF-alpha antagonist, soluble TNF receptor type I (sTNF RI), before transtympanic injection of LPS. Saline and phosphate-buffered saline solutions were used as controls. Twelve hours after the transtympanic injection, otoscopic examination and aspiration of middle ear effusion (MEE) were done. The temporal bones in each group were examined histopathologically, and the vascular permeability of the middle ear mucosa was measured by the Evans blue vital dye technique. In the LPS and combination groups, MEE developed in 90% and 0% of ears, respectively. The combination group showed less inflammation, less mucosal thickening, and significantly decreased vascular permeability as compared to the LPS group. Transtympanic administration of sTNF RI appears to suppress the development of LPS-induced OME. This study suggests that TNF-alpha antagonist, along with antibiotics, may have an adjunctive role in the future treatment of MEE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Jeon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jewett BS, Prazma JP, Hunter SE, Rose AS, Clark JM, Sartor BR, Pillsbury HC. Systemic reactivation of otitis media with effusion in a rat model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 121:7-12. [PMID: 10388868 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-5998(99)70114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study addresses the interaction of bacterial antigens, specifically peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in the induction and reactivation of mucoid middle ear effusions. METHODS Twenty-seven rats underwent eustachian tube obstruction before inoculation of the middle ear bulla with PG-PS. Three weeks later, after resolution of all middle ear effusions, 6 rats were randomly selected and euthanized as the first control group (control I). The remaining 21 animals were randomly assigned to 3 groups that received intravenous injections of Krebs Ringer (control II), PG-PS, and LPS, respectively. These rats were euthanized 2 days after intravenous injection. Middle ear mucin production and histologic changes were measured in all animals. RESULTS The mean concentrations of mucin were 0.94 +/- 0.52 mg/mL, 0.41 +/- 0.87 mg/mL, 16.33 +/- 3.67 mg/mL, and 1.15 +/- 0.41 mg/mL in the control I, control II, PG-PS, and LPS groups, respectively. Thus the mean concentration of mucin in the middle ear lavage samples was significantly greater in rats that were injected intravenously with PG-PS than in rats in other groups (P < 0.05). Histologic analyses demonstrated a greater degree of goblet cell hyperplasia in the PG-PS group than in other groups. CONCLUSIONS This is the first animal model of recurring otitis media with effusion in which a systemic injection of PG-PS was used to reactivate a middle ear effusion in rats previously primed with a transtympanic injection of PG-PS. This study suggests that after otitis media with effusion has resolved, it may be reactivated by the presence of bacterial antigens and/or cytokines in the systemic circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Jewett
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, North Carolina 27599-7070, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|