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Angelou V, Fiska A, Tsingotjidou A, Patsikas M, Papazoglou LG. Surgical Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2670. [PMID: 37627461 PMCID: PMC10451872 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In cats, the gastrointestinal tract is one of the regions in which surgical procedures are most frequently performed by veterinary surgeons; therefore, knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the feline gastrointestinal tract is of high importance. The main surgical procedures performed include gastrotomy, gastrectomy, enterotomy, and enterectomy, as well as procedures in the liver and pancreas. There are also anatomical differences between dogs and cats, increasing the need for deep knowledge of the anatomy treated in the different surgical approaches. The aim of the present review is to describe in detail the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract in cats highlighting the anatomical regions of significant importance in different surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Angelou
- Unit of Surgery and Obstetrics, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.A.); (L.G.P.)
| | - Aliki Fiska
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Michael Patsikas
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lysimachos G. Papazoglou
- Unit of Surgery and Obstetrics, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.A.); (L.G.P.)
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Gollnick HR, Schmiedt CW, Wallace ML, Sutherland BJ, Grimes JA. Retrospective evaluation of surgical treatment of linear and discrete gastrointestinal foreign bodies in cats: 2009-2021. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231178140. [PMID: 37350262 PMCID: PMC10811983 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231178140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal foreign bodies (FBs) are an important cause of emergency surgical intervention in cats, but little information exists in the literature evaluating the risks and outcomes in this species. The study purpose was to describe cases of feline FBs and compare perioperative factors and outcomes between linear foreign body (LFB) and discrete foreign body (DFB) surgery in cats. METHODS The medical records from the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital were searched for cats that had undergone surgery for FB removal between August 2009 and August 2021. Perioperative data were collected and described. Data were compared between cats with an LFB and cats with a DFB. A binomial probability series was used to estimate the likelihood of postoperative septic peritonitis or mortality in an additional cat in the series. RESULTS A total of 56 cats were included in this study; 38 cats had a DFB and 18 had an LFB. No cats developed postoperative septic peritonitis, and all cats survived. The likelihood of postoperative septic peritonitis or mortality in an additional cat was estimated to be <5.2%. Cats with an LFB were found to have a significantly higher body condition score (P = 0.047), albumin (P = 0.025), American Society of Anesthesiologists status (P = 0.027), surgery length (P <0.001) and total cost of visit (P = 0.006) when compared with cats with a DFB. Cats with LFBs were more likely to develop a surgical site infection (SSI; P = 0.007) and be administered postoperative antibiotics (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cats undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal FBs had a low incidence of postoperative complications. Cats with LFBs had longer surgeries and were more likely to develop postoperative SSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey R Gollnick
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Wallace
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian J Sutherland
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Janet A Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Grandis A, Canova M, Tagliavia C, Spiteri J, Fagnoli H, De Silva M, Mazzoni M, Diana A, Bombardi C. The distribution of the jejunal arteries in the cat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:372-383. [PMID: 32396681 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The arterial supply of the cat jejunum was studied by gross dissection and polyurethane corrosion cast. The results showed that the jejunal arteries, which originate from the cranial mesenteric artery, varied from 5 to 15 in number. Their number was independent of the length of the cranial mesenteric artery as well as of the length of the jejunum. These arteries divided into branches giving rise to a series of orders of division from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 7. The last orders of division terminated in a series of anastomosing arcades which resulted in a marginal artery coursing only a few millimeters from the mesenteric margin of the jejunum. This artery gave rise to straight arteries (vasa recta), whose mean number was 450 ± 60. According to their length, the vasa recta can be differentiated into short (vasa brevia) and long (vasa longa) branches. The vasa brevia ended branching into the mesenteric side of the jejunum whereas the vasa longa coursed beneath the serosa on the lateral jejunal surfaces, and reached the antimesenteric border. During their course, the vasa recta ramified and anastomosed with each other. Numerous antimesenteric anastomoses between opposing vasa longa were also observed. Based on the literature consulted, due to the large number of vasa recta (approximately one vessel per 2.9 mm of jejunal length) and the rich anastomotic network, the cat jejunum might have a better intramural distribution of blood flow and would seem less predisposed to ischemic phenomena than that of other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Canova
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Julie Spiteri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Helen Fagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Brezina T, Fehr M, Neumüller M, Thöle M. Acid-base-balance status and blood gas analysis in rabbits with gastric stasis and gastric dilation. J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Donadelli RA, Aldrich CG. The effects of diets varying in fibre sources on nutrient utilization, stool quality and hairball management in cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:715-724. [PMID: 31880029 PMCID: PMC7079073 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pet food companies use fibrous ingredients in cat foods to aid weight and hairball management. Miscanthus grass could be an alternative novel fibre source for cat foods. The objectives of this work were to determine the effects of Miscanthus grass as a fibre source on nutrient utilization, stool quality and hairball management in cats. Dry extruded cat foods (average chemical composition; digestibility trial: 94.54% dry matter-DM, 34.47% crude protein-CP, 11.67% crude fat, 7.06% ash and 13.04% total dietary fibre-TDF; and hairball trial: 94.88% DM, 34.60% CP, 11.30% crude fat, 7.02% ash and 9.77% TDF) were fed to 12 cats for a 9-day (digestibility trial) or 16-day (hairball trial) adaptation period followed by a 5-day total faecal collection period. Digestibility trial was performed as a replicated Latin square design, and the hairball trial was performed as a switchback design. In general, the cats fed the beet pulp diet (BPD) had higher DM, organic matter, gross energy and TDF digestibility than cats fed Miscanthus grass (MGD) or cellulose (CED) diet (p < .05). However, CP digestibility was lower for cats fed BPD (82.1 vs. 84.7 and 85.1%, respectively, for BPD, MGD and CED). These differences could be due to the differences in dietary fibre content and(or) composition. Faecal scores were lower for cats fed BPD (2.84) compared with MGD (3.32) and CED (3.21; p < .05). No effects due to fibre were reported on the faecal hairball variables, with the exception of less total hair weight and hair clumps per gram of dry faeces for cats fed Miscanthus grass (MGH) compared with control diet (COH; p < .05). In conclusion, Miscanthus grass could be used as an alternative ingredient to cellulose in cat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Donadelli
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Charles G Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Dollo V, Chambers G, Carothers M. Endoscopic retrieval of gastric and oesophageal foreign bodies in 52 cats. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 61:51-56. [PMID: 31709553 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the outcomes and major complications in cats that require oesophageal and gastric endoscopic foreign body removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 52 cats with oesophageal and gastric foreign bodies that underwent endoscopic foreign body retrieval during a 13-year period (2006 to 2018) were retrospectively reviewed to characterise the clinical and radiographic signs, endoscopic findings, outcomes and major complications. RESULTS Endoscopic foreign body retrieval was successful in 49 of the 52 cats (94.2%). Radiographs confirmed the foreign material in 24 of the 50 cats (48%). Major complications occurred in eight of the 52 cats (15.4%) and included pleural effusion (n=2), aspiration pneumonia (n=2), unsuccessful removal of foreign material with endoscopy (n=3), oesophageal stricture formation (n=3) and cardiopulmonary arrest (n=1). Cats with oesophageal foreign bodies were more likely to experience major complications than those with gastric foreign bodies. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Endoscopic foreign body removal in cats was associated with good overall outcomes and a low complication rate in this study sample. These results will help veterinarians better understand the outcomes of endoscopic foreign body removal in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dollo
- Akron Veterinary Internal Medicine and Oncology, Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital, Akron, Ohio, 44321, USA
| | - G Chambers
- Akron Veterinary Internal Medicine and Oncology, Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital, Akron, Ohio, 44321, USA
| | - M Carothers
- Akron Veterinary Internal Medicine and Oncology, Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital, Akron, Ohio, 44321, USA
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Griffin S. Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What's normal? What's abnormal? The diseased gastrointestinal tract. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:1047-1060. [PMID: 31648606 PMCID: PMC10814209 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19880434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. B-mode ultrasonography is likely the most widely used modality for imaging the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in cats and it can help in the diagnosis of GI masses, foreign bodies and disorders of the ileocaecocolic junction. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variations and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced. For example, while for inflammatory conditions of the feline GI tract changes are frequently identified on ultrasound, there may occasionally be no changes to the appearance of the intestine; hence a 'normal' ultrasound does not exclude the possibility of inflammatory disease. AIM This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, describes the appearance of a range of conditions that affect the feline GI tract; the normal GI tract is addressed in an accompanying article in this issue of JFMS. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
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Binvel M, Poujol L, Peyron C, Dunie-Merigot A, Bernardin F. Endoscopic and surgical removal of oesophageal and gastric fishhook foreign bodies in 33 animals. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 59:45-49. [PMID: 29194670 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the location, retrieval, frequency of surgery and complications associated with fishhook foreign bodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective evaluation of the medical records of cats and dogs admitted between 2010 and 2016 after fishhook ingestion. RESULTS A total of 33 cases (2 cats and 31 dogs) were included. The most common locations were the proximal oesophagus [12/33 (36%)] and stomach [11/33 (33%)]. Endoscopic retrieval was successful in 27 of 33 cases (82%); oesophageal perforation was the only recorded complication, occurring in six of 33 (18%) cases. Surgery was performed in six cases (18%), and no early complications were recorded. The survival rate was 100%. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The endoscopic removal of ingested fishhooks is highly successful. In the present study, survival to discharge was 100%, even in cases of oesophageal perforation or in cases requiring surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Binvel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - L Poujol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinique Languedocia, 34080, Montpellier, France
| | - C Peyron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinique Languedocia, 34080, Montpellier, France
| | - A Dunie-Merigot
- Department of Surgery, Clinique Languedocia, 34080, Montpellier, France
| | - F Bernardin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinique Languedocia, 34080, Montpellier, France
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Augusto M, Kraijer M, Pratschke KM. Chronic oesophageal foreign body in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 7:237-40. [PMID: 16055010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old cat was presented with an approximately 2-month history of dysphagia, intermittent regurgitation and weight loss. An oesophageal foreign body was identified on plain radiographs, and an oesophagotomy was performed to remove a large V-shaped bone from the caudal cervical oesophagus. A gastrostomy feeding tube was placed to allow nutritional support postoperatively. Medical treatment for oesophagitis was initiated after surgery. No complications were encountered and the cat was discharged 4 days after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Augusto
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Rettenmund CL, Chen S. Tracheal Obstruction due to Glossal Entrapment by a String Foreign Body in a Peahen (Pavo cristatus). J Exot Pet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Garcia DAA, Froes TR, Vilani RGDOC, Guérios SD, Obladen A. Ultrasonography of small intestinal obstructions: a contemporary approach. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 52:484-90. [PMID: 21896023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the accuracy of intestinal ultrasound for diagnosis of intestinal obstruction in dogs and cats. METHODS A prospective clinical study was performed. Inclusion criteria were dogs and cats with clinical signs suggestive of gastrointestinal obstruction. Animals with no obstruction detected on ultrasound were excluded if they could not be monitored for 48 hours to confirm absence of obstruction. Sonographic diagnosis of small intestinal obstruction was based on identification of at least two findings suggestive of intestinal obstruction. RESULTS Ninety-two patients suspected of having intestinal obstruction were included. Correct diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was made in 21 cases (23%), and in 68 (74%) this diagnosis was excluded. Interpretation of the images on prospective analysis had sensitivity, positive predictive, specificity and negative predictive values of 100%, 87.5%, 95.8% and 100%, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Ultrasonography is an excellent method for investigation of animals with gastrointestinal disorders, and is particularly useful for excluding obstructive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A A Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158306 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cariou MPL, Lipscomb VJ. Successful surgical management of a perforating oesophageal foreign body in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:50-5. [PMID: 21215949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CASE PRESENTATION AND SURGICAL INTERVENTION: a 3-year-old cat was presented with a recent history of dysphagia and intermittent regurgitation. Radiography revealed a bony oesophageal foreign body at the level of the thoracic inlet. Endoscopic retrieval was attempted but resulted in severe dyspnoea due to the development of pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema secondary to perforation of the oesophageal wall. Immediate surgical exploration was carried out. Extensive necrosis of the oesophagus resulting from the presence of the foreign body led to a decision to perform an oesophageal resection and anastomosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE this is the first clinical report of a cat treated successfully by oesophagectomy following oesophageal perforation due to an obstructive foreign body. The authors suggest that prompt surgical intervention, the ability to convert to a surgical procedure under the same anaesthetic as a non-surgical retrieval, placement of a gastrostomy tube and the availability of advanced anaesthetic and critical care support are important factors to consider when managing feline patients with a perforating oesophageal foreign body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu P L Cariou
- Royal Veterinary College, Veterinary Clinical Services, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL8 7QU, UK.
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Johnson PJ, Hayward NJ. What is your diagnosis? String foreign body. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:169-70. [PMID: 20074005 DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Johnson
- Great Western Referrals, Unit 10 County Park, Shrivenham Rd, Swindon, Wiltshire SN1 2NR, England.
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Hayes G. Gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 208 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:576-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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