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Pinnell EF, Her J, Gordon D, Kinsella HM, Langston CE, Toribio RE. Successful hemodialysis treatment of a Quarter Horse mare with silver maple leaf toxicity and acute kidney injury. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2399-2403. [PMID: 38682859 PMCID: PMC11256141 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
An adult American Quarter Horse mare presented for pigmenturia and lethargy of 12 hours' duration and was diagnosed with silver maple leaf toxicity. The mare had intravascular hemolysis and azotemia. The mare was treated with a transfusion of whole blood, fluids administered IV, antibiotics, oxygen insufflation, and supportive care. The azotemia persisted despite conventional medical management and hemodialysis was elected. After 2 intermittent hemodialysis treatments over 3 days, the azotemia almost resolved, clinical signs improved, and the mare was discharged. The blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and electrolyte concentrations remained normal 6 months later after examination by the referring veterinarian. Hemodialysis treatment can be feasible in horses if equipment and expertise are available and should be considered as a treatment option if indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F. Pinnell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State University College of Veterinary MedicinePullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Jiwoong Her
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Daniel Gordon
- Department of Nephrology and Extracorporeal TherapiesColorado Animal Specialty and EmergencyBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Hannah M. Kinsella
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Catherine E. Langston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
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Segev G, Foster JD, Francey T, Langston C, Schweighauser A, Cowgill LD. International renal interest society best practice consensus guidelines for intermittent hemodialysis in dogs and cats. Vet J 2024; 305:106092. [PMID: 38442779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) is an advanced adjunctive standard of care for severe acute kidney injury (AKI) and other indications. Most animals with AKI are managed medically, however, when the disease is severe, medical management may not control the consequences of the disease, and animals with a potential for renal recovery may die from the consequences of uremia before recovery has occurred. Extracorporeal therapies aid the management of AKI by expanding the window of opportunity for recovery of sufficient kidney function to become dialysis independent. Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) was introduced into veterinary medicine over 50 years ago, however, updated guidelines for the delivery of IHD have not been published for several decades. To that end, the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) constituted a Working Group to establish best practice guidelines for the safe and effective delivery of IHD to animals with indications for dialytic intervention. The IRIS Working Group generated 60 consensus statements and supporting rational for a spectrum of prescription and management categories required for delivery of IHD on designated intermittent dialysis platforms (i.e., AKI, chronic hemodialysis and intoxications). A formal consensus method was used to validate the recommendations by a blinded jury of 12 veterinarians considered experts in extracorporeal therapies and actively performing IHD. Each vote provided a level of agreement for each recommendation proposed by the Working Group. To achieve a consensus, a minimum of 75% of the voting participants had to "strongly agree" or "agree" with the recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Jonathan D Foster
- Department of Nephrology and Urology, Friendship Hospital for Animals, Washington DC, USA
| | - Thierry Francey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Langston
- Veterinary Clinical Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ariane Schweighauser
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Larry D Cowgill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Ioannou ADF, Tai C, Labato MA, Butty EM. Retrospective evaluation of 22 dogs with leptospirosis treated with extracorporeal renal replacement therapies (2018-2021). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1051-1059. [PMID: 38334229 PMCID: PMC10937474 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes of dogs with acute kidney injury secondary to leptospirosis (AKI-L) treated using renal replacement therapies (RRT) are poorly characterized. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Describe survival to discharge, short (≤30 days) and long-term (≥6 months) outcomes of AKI-L dogs receiving RRT and determine if there is a significant difference in maximum blood urea nitrogen (maxBUN), maximum creatinine (maxCr), maximum bilirubin (maxBili) and the number of body systems affected between survivors and non-survivors. ANIMALS Twenty-two client-owned dogs with AKI-L receiving RRT. METHODS Retrospective medical record review of dogs with AKI-L that received RRT between 2018 and 2021. RESULTS Sixteen of 22 (73%) dogs survived to discharge. Of the survivors, 13 (81%) were alive >30 days from discharge and 12 (75%) were alive at 6 months from discharge. Factors significantly higher in non-survivors included number of body systems affected (survivors: 1 (19%), 2 (50%), 3 (25%) and 4 (6%) vs non-survivors: 3 (33.3%), and 4 (66.7%); P = .01) and median maxBili (survivors: 1.9 mg/dL; range, 0.1-41.6 vs non-survivors: 21.0 mg/dL; range, 12.3-38.9; P = .02). There was no significant difference in median maxBUN (survivors: 153.0 mg/dL; range, 67-257 vs non-survivors: 185.5 mg/dL; range, 102-218; P = .44) and median maxCr (survivors: 9.8 mg/dL; range, 6.2-15.9 vs non-survivors: 9.8 mg/dL; range, 8.4-13.5; P = .69) between survivors and non-survivors. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Regardless of azotemia severity, dogs with AKI-L receiving RRT have a good survival rate to discharge. The number of body systems affected and hyperbilirubinemia might be associated with worse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Da Fonseca Ioannou
- Department of Clinical SciencesTufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Foster Hospital for Small AnimalsNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Carolyn Tai
- Department of Clinical SciencesTufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Foster Hospital for Small AnimalsNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mary Anna Labato
- Department of Clinical SciencesTufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Foster Hospital for Small AnimalsNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Emmanuelle M. Butty
- Department of Clinical SciencesTufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Foster Hospital for Small AnimalsNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
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Foster JD. Nephrology in Veterinary Medicine. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:1641-1649. [PMID: 37840194 PMCID: PMC10695652 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary nephrology is a specialized field of veterinary medicine providing a high level of care for animals with all types of kidney disease. Veterinarians complete extensive training to become board-certified in veterinary nephrology-urology. Companion animal nephrology is the most advanced field; however, all species are afflicted by a variety of renal disorders. Most naturally occurring animal kidney diseases have similar disorders found in people; where veterinary research is lacking, clinical management is often modified from standard of care in people. Veterinarians have become adept at scaling down procedures to safely perform them on dogs and cats weighing only a few kilograms. Advanced diagnostics (renal biopsy, cystoscopy, fluoroscopic studies, etc. ) and therapeutics (renal replacement therapy, interventional endourology, etc. ) are commonly performed within the practice of veterinary nephrology-urology. Collaboration between veterinary and human nephrologists may advance both disciplines and improve care for people and animals alike.
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Extracorporeal Therapies in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 50:1215-1236. [PMID: 32981594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal treatments create opportunity for removing disease causing solutes within blood. Intoxications, renal failure, and immune-mediated diseases may be managed with these treatments, often providing new hope for patients with severe or refractory disease. Understanding solute pharmacokinetics and the limitations of each type of extracorporeal technique can allow for the selection of the optimal treatment modality.
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Baneth G, Segev G, Mazaki-Tovi M, Chen H, Kuzi S. Renal dialysis and long-term treatment of a dog with kidney disease associated with canine leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:151. [PMID: 29554974 PMCID: PMC5859824 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal disease is considered the main cause of natural mortality in dogs with canine leishmaniosis. The pathological mechanisms associated with kidney injury in canine leishmaniosis include immune complex glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis and occasionally renal amyloidosis. Proteinuria is a frequent finding in canine leishmaniosis and its quantification by the urine protein-creatinine ratio (UPC) is an important parameter in the staging of canine lesihmaniosis as presented by the LeishVet group. Results A 4.5 year-old spayed female Belgian Malinois dog was presented to the Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching hospital with epistaxis and rhinitis and diagnosed also with proteinuria and acute kidney injury (AKI IRIS grade V) associated with canine leishmaniosis that developed to LeishVet stage III with chronic kidney disease (CKD) after stabilization. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included azotemia with a peak creatinine concentration of 7.76 mg/dl (reference interval, 0.3–1.2 ng/dl), hypoalbuminemia (1.76 g/dl, reference interval 3-4.4 g/dl), hyperglobulinemia (4.54 g/dl, reference interval 1.8–3.9 g/dl) and proteinuria (urine protein/creatinine ratio 15.6, normal < 0.2). Serology by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Leishmania infantum was positive with high antibody levels. The dog was hospitalized and treated with intermittent hemodialysis, feeding through an esophageal feeding tube, medical treatment for protein losing nephropathy and antileishmanial treatment with allopurinol. Kidney function gradually improved and the dog’s creatinine levels and proteinuria decreased until complete normalization two years after the acute insult. However, rhinitis and sneezing persisted and although the anti-leishmanial antibodies decreased over time, the dog remains constantly seropositive. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of hemodialysis management of AKI associated with canine leishmaniosis. Hemodialysis was imperative in stabilizing the dog’s renal disease and controlling its azotemia. It demostrates that hemodialysis can be beneficial in the management of acute deterioration of kidney disease in canine leishmaniosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2719-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Gilad Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Mazaki-Tovi
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hila Chen
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon Kuzi
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Melchert A, Barretti P, Tatiana Ch P, Luis Balbi A, Cuadrado M L, Canevese R S, Marcelo Co A, Salgueiro S, Sant`Anna PB. Intradialytic Complications in Dogs with Acute Renal Failure Submitted to Intermittent Hemodialysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2017.288.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Eatroff AE, Langston CE, Chalhoub S, Poeppel K, Mitelberg E. Long-term outcome of cats and dogs with acute kidney injury treated with intermittent hemodialysis: 135 cases (1997-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 241:1471-8. [PMID: 23176239 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.11.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the long-term outcome for small animal patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) treated with intermittent hemodialysis (IHD). DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 42 cats and 93 dogs treated with IHD for AKI. PROCEDURES Medical records of cats and dogs treated with IHD for AKI from January 1997 to October 2010 were reviewed. Standard methods of survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier product limit curves were used. The log-rank, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to determine whether outcome, number of IHD treatments, or duration of hospitalization was different when dogs and cats were classified according to specific variables. RESULTS The overall survival rate at the time of hospital discharge was 50% (21/42) for cats and 53% (49/93) for dogs. The overall survival rate 30 days after hospital discharge was 48% (20/42) for cats and 42% (39/93) for dogs. The overall survival rate 365 days after hospital discharge was 38% (16/42) for cats and 33% (31/93) for dogs. For all-cause mortality, the median survival time was 7 days (95% confidence interval, 0 to 835 days) for cats and 9 days (95% confidence interval, 0 to 55 days) for dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cats and dogs with AKI treated with IHD have survival rates similar to those of human patients. Although there was a high mortality rate prior to hospital discharge, those patients that survived to discharge had a high probability of long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Eatroff
- Bobst Hospital, The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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9
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Urea kinetics and intermittent dialysis prescription in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:193-225. [PMID: 21251518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hemodialysis improves survival for animals with acute kidney injury beyond what would be expected with conventional management of the same animals. Clinical evidence and experience in human patients suggest a role for earlier intervention with renal replacement to avoid the morbidity of uremia and to promote better metabolic stability and recovery. For a large population of animal patients, it is the advanced standard for the management of acute and chronic uremia, life-threatening poisoning, and fluid overload for which there is no alternative therapy.
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Abstract
Renal replacement therapies (RRT) are increasingly used for the treatment of acute and chronic kidney diseases as well as intoxications and accidental drug overdoses. These therapies offer a mechanism for the removal of toxic substances from the patient's blood and supplement the standard detoxification protocols. If instituted early, RRT can have a significant effect on the course of the toxicity; however, this process is not selective for the removal of only harmful products and can also result in the clearance of medications intended for therapeutic use.
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Roudebush P, Polzin DJ, Ross SJ, Towell TL, Adams LG, Dru Forrester S. Therapies for feline chronic kidney disease. What is the evidence? J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:195-210. [PMID: 19237135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance Successful treatment and prevention of kidney disease in pet animals requires a multidimensional approach to identify and eliminate causes or exacerbating factors, provide professional examination and care on a regular basis, and plan and implement a comprehensive treatment program when necessary. Evidence base Over the years, many therapeutic and preventive interventions have been developed or advocated for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but evidence of efficacy or effectiveness is often lacking or highly variable. Accordingly, the main objective of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise the evidence supporting various approaches to managing feline CKD; namely, fluid therapy, calcitrioi therapy, antihypertensive therapy, ACE inhibitor therapy, erythropoietic hormone replacement therapy, potassium supplementation, antioxidant supplementation, alkalinization therapy, dietary phosphorus restriction and intestinal phosphate binders, therapeutic renal foods, assisted feeding, dialysis and renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Roudebush
- Scientific Affairs, Hill's Pet Nutrition, PO Box 148, Topeka, KS 66601, USA.
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12
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Oliveira J, Palhares M, Frössler T, Veado J, Meniccuci L, Leme FP, Silva Filho J. Adequação de um sistema de hemodiálise em eqüinos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352008000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Realizou-se a adequação da técnica de hemodiálise com eqüinos, distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais de seis animais cada. Os animais do grupo I foram submetidos a cateterismo central unilateral (grupo-controle); os do grupo II foram submetidos a cateterismo central unilateral com cateter duplo-lúmen e a uma sessão de hemodiálise de seis horas; os do grupo III a cateterismo central unilateral com cateter duplo-lúmen e duas sessões de hemodiálise de seis horas e os do grupo IV a cateterismo central bilateral com cateter monolúmen e a uma sessão de hemodiálise de seis horas. Empregaram-se xilazina 10% (0,4mg/kg) e acepromazina 2% (0,008mg/kg) via intravenosa para sedação. Foram utilizados dois hemodialisadores conectados em série, do tipo fibras ocas, baixo fluxo, membrana de polissulfona e área de 1,8m². O fluxo sangüíneo médio foi de 319,18±97,41ml/minuto, associado a um fluxo de dialisato de 500ml/min. A anticoagulação foi feita com heparina sódica em 100UI/kg para primming, repetida na dose de 53,86±18,61UI/kg/hora. Foram avaliados: tempo de coagulação, tempo de protrombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada e contagem plaquetária, e verificado trombocitopenia nos grupos dialisados. O melhor acesso vascular foi proporcionado pelo cateterismo unilateral com cateter lúmen-duplo (Grupos II e III), podendo a técnica de hemodiálise ser empregada na espécie eqüina, com dialisadores de alta eficiência, em sessão de seis horas de diálise.
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Berg RI, Francey T, Segev G. Resolution of Acute Kidney Injury in a Cat After Lily (Lilium lancifolium) Intoxication. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
A review of common emergencies of the urinary system is presented, with a focus on initial stabilization and treatment. Urethral obstruction, uroperitoneum, and acute renal failure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Rieser
- VCA Newark Animal Hospital, 1360 Marrows Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Landerville AJ, Seshadri R. Utilization of continuous renal replacement therapy in a case of feline acute renal failure. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fischer JR, Pantaleo V, Francey T, Cowgill LD. Veterinary hemodialysis: advances in management and technology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34:935-67, vi-vii. [PMID: 15223210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) is a renal replacement therapy that can enable recovery of patients in acute kidney failure and prolong survival for patients with end-stage kidney failure. HD is also uniquely suited for management of refractory volume overload and removal of certain toxins from the bloodstream. Over the last decade, veterinary experience with HD has deepened and refined and its geographic availability has increased. As awareness of the usefulness and availability of dialytic therapy increases among veterinarians and pet owners and the number of veterinary dialysis facilities increases, dialytic management will become the standard of advanced care for animals with severe intractable uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Fischer
- University of California Veterinary Medical Center at San Diego, PO Box 9415, 6525 Calle del Nido, Rancho Santa Fe, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Veterinary species experience similar perturbations of their health to those of human patients. When the long-term prognosis is good and providing suffering can be minimized, animals stand to benefit greatly from recent advances in the field of emergency and critical care. Outcomes in many conditions in small and large animals have improved markedly in the last 15 years, as management has improved, making the financial and emotional investment in critical care worthwhile for many owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T T Corley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
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18
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Adin CA, Gregory CR, Adin DB, Cowgill LD, Kyles AE. Evaluation of three peripheral arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis access in dogs. Vet Surg 2002; 31:405-11. [PMID: 12209410 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2002.34663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design and create 3 types of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in normal dogs, to monitor the dogs for secondary cardiovascular complications, and to verify adequacy of these fistulas for hemodialysis vascular access. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Four normal adult dogs. METHODS Cadaveric dissections were performed, and surgical protocols were generated for carotid-jugular (CJ), brachial-cephalic (BC), and distal caudal femoral-lateral saphenous anastomosis (DCFLS) AVF. Each surgical procedure was then performed in 2 live dogs. Echocardiography was performed at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 to evaluate the dogs for evidence of volume overload secondary to AVF formation. Estimation of luminal diameter and confirmation of fistula patency were performed using percutaneous color Doppler ultrasound. At day 56, hemodialysis was performed using each fistula as a vascular access. RESULTS No significant changes occurred in the echocardiographic variables over time. All fistulas were patent at day 56 with mean luminal diameters of 4.5 mm (CJ), 4 mm (BC), and 1.5 mm (DCFLS). The BC fistula was superior for ease of needle placement and stabilization and provided adequate blood flow for clinical hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS Based on this short-term study, arteriovenous fistulas appear to be a safe and effective means for hemodialysis access in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The arteriovenous fistulas described provide an alternative to the central venous catheters currently used for chronic hemodialysis access in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Adin
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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19
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Abstract
Acute renal failure was diagnosed in 6 cats that had ingested Easter lily or tiger lily plants. All 6 were treated medically; 2 underwent hemodialysis. Three cats survived the acute episode, and although they had chronic renal failure, they survived for more than 1.5 years. Two cats died despite aggressive medical management, including hemodialysis. One cat was euthanatized shortly after the diagnosis was made. Three of the cats were oliguric or anuric at the time of initial examination, and all 3 died. None of the 3 cats that survived had oliguria or anuria. Various members of the lily family (Liliaceae) can cause nephrotoxicosis in cats, but the toxic principle is not known. Although the prognosis for full recovery of cats with lily toxicosis is poor, long-term survival is possible with supportive care. The prognosis appears to be better for cats with nonoliguric renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy E Langston
- Bobst Hospital, the Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10021, USA
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20
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Adin CA, Gregory CR, Kyles AE, Cowgill L. Diagnostic predictors of complications and survival after renal transplantation in cats. Vet Surg 2001; 30:515-21. [PMID: 11704946 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2001.28418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify preoperative diagnostic results that predict postoperative complications and survival in feline renal-transplant recipients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS Sixty-one feline renal allograft recipients. METHODS Medical records for 61 consecutive cats that underwent renal allograft transplantation between January 1, 1996, and December 1, 1999, were reviewed. Age, diagnosis, body weight, body condition score, preoperative medical treatment, systolic blood pressure, packed cell volume, biochemical parameters at admission and at the time of surgery, postoperative complications, and postoperative survival were recorded. Associations of preoperative data with the occurrence of postoperative complications were determined using logistic regression. Postoperative survival was graphed using a Kaplan-Meier cumulative-survival plot. Associations of covariates with postoperative survival were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS Two parameters were significantly associated with occurrence of postoperative central nervous system (CNS) disorders: blood urea nitrogen concentration (odds ratio = 1.083; 95% CI = 1.018 to 1.148) and serum creatinine concentration (odds ratio = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.413 to 2.187) at the time of surgery. Postoperative survival 6 months after transplantation was 59%, though 3-year survival remained at 42%. Of all covariates investigated, only recipient age (relative hazard = 1.183; 95% CI = 1.039 to 1.334) was significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Standard measures of preoperative renal dysfunction do not predict postoperative survival in cats after renal transplantation, although an increase in the degree of preoperative azotemia is associated with an increased risk of CNS disorders after surgery. Increased recipient age is associated with decreased survival after renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Adin
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize serologic and clinical features and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis that were treated conservatively (i.e., medical management alone) or with hemodialysis. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 36 dogs with leptospirosis. PROCEDURE History; results of physical examinations, ultrasonography, and serologic, hematologic, and serum biochemical analyses; time to resolution of azotemia; and outcome were obtained from medical records. Dogs were treated conservatively (n = 22) or with hemodialysis (14). RESULTS Between 1990 and 1998, amount of rainfall was positively correlated with number of cases of leptospirosis identified per year. Serum antibodies against 6 Leptospira serovars were measured, and titers were highest to Leptospira pomona in 16 (44%) dogs, L bratislava in 9 (25%) dogs, and L hardjo in 1 (3%) dog. Eight (22%) dogs had equally high titers to L pomona and L bratislava, 1 (3%) had equally high titers to L grippotyphosa and L canicola, and 1 (3%) had high titers to L grippotyphosa, L pomona, L canicola, and L bratislava. During initial evaluation, all dogs were azotemic. Thirty (83%) dogs survived, including 12 of 14 (86%) dogs treated with hemodialysis and 18 of 22 (82%) treated conservatively. Serum creatinine concentration was similar in both groups after resolution of clinical signs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infection with L pomona and L bratislava was recognized as a cause of leptospirosis in dogs, and resulted in development of acute renal failure with various degrees of azotemia. Prognosis for dogs with mild to moderate azotemia was good with conservative treatment, whereas treatment with hemodialysis appeared to improve prognosis for dogs with severe azotemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Adin
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Langston CE, Cowgill LD, Spano JA. Applications and outcome of hemodialysis in cats: a review of 29 cases. J Vet Intern Med 1997; 11:348-55. [PMID: 9470160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) has been used in the management of renal failure in dogs, but its feasibility has not been reported for uremic cats. Therefore, we investigated the technical possibility, efficacy, and complications of intermittent HD in cats with severe uremia. A total of 160 HD treatments were performed on 29 cats with acute renal failure (ARF) (n = 15), chronic renal failure (CRF) (n = 6), or acute on CRF (n = 8) between November 1993 and June 1996. Hemodialysis treatments were performed with transcutaneous dialysis catheters using a bicarbonate-based delivery system, sodium modeling, and volumetric-controlled ultrafiltration. Presenting serum chemistries (mean +/- SD) for all cats were creatinine, 16.4 +/- 7.5 mg/dL; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 229 +/- 87 mg/dL; phosphate, 15.4 +/- 5.4 mg/dL; potassium, 6.0 +/- 1.6 mEq/L; and HCO3-, 16.0 +/- 4.4 mEq/L. For intensive HD treatments, pre-HD versus post-HD creatinine changed from 10.3 +/- 4.4 to 1.6 +/- 0.9 mg/dL and BUN from 105 +/- 33 to 8 +/- 10 mg/dL. One or more adverse events occurred during 111 (69%) treatments. Dialysis-related events included hypotension, dialysis dysequilibrium, clotting, and bleeding. Nine of 15 (60%) cats with ARF and 1 cat with CRF recovered sufficiently to survive without ongoing need for HD. For the remaining cats, the proximate causes of death were dialysis related in 9 cats, uremia related in 6 cats, and iatrogenic or unknown in 4 cats. Hemodialysis is technically feasible and effectively controls the biochemical disturbances of uremic cats. It is especially valuable for the management of severe ARF, permitting recovery in a large number of cats refractory to conventional therapy. Technical complications and chronic debility, however, may limit its usefulness for cats with advanced CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Langston
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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