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Dou X, Chen K, Brown MR, Strand MR. Reciprocal interactions between neuropeptide F and RYamide regulate host attraction in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2408072121. [PMID: 38950363 PMCID: PMC11252962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2408072121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Female mosquitoes produce eggs in gonadotrophic cycles that are divided between a previtellogenic and vitellogenic phase. Previtellogenic females consume water and sugar sources like nectar while also being attracted to hosts for blood feeding. Consumption of a blood meal activates the vitellogenic phase, which produces mature eggs and suppresses host attraction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that neuropeptide Y-like hormones differentially modulate host attraction behavior in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. A series of experiments collectively indicated that enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the posterior midgut produce and release neuropeptide F (NPF) into the hemolymph during the previtellogenic phase which stimulates attraction to humans and biting behavior. Consumption of a blood meal, which primarily consists of protein by dry weight, down-regulated NPF in EECs until mature eggs developed, which was associated with a decline in hemolymph titer. NPF depletion depended on protein digestion but was not associated with EEC loss. Other experiments showed that neurons in the terminal ganglion extend axons to the posterior midgut and produce RYamide, which showed evidence of increased secretion into circulation after a blood meal. Injection of RYamide-1 and -2 into previtellogenic females suppressed host attraction, while coinjection of RYamides with or without short NPF-2 also inhibited the host attraction activity of NPF. Overall, our results identify NPF and RYamide as gut-associated hormones in A. aegypti that link host attraction behavior to shifts in diet during sequential gonadotrophic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Dou
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
| | - Mark R. Brown
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602
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2
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Barbosa RC, Godoy RSM, Ferreira PG, Mendes TAO, Ramalho-Ortigão M, Ribeiro JMC, Martins GF. Exploring the midgut physiology of the non-haematophagous mosquito Toxorhynchites theobaldi. Open Biol 2024; 14:230437. [PMID: 38955221 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxorhynchites mosquitoes have an exclusively phytophagous feeding habit as adults, which leads to significant differences in their morphophysiology compared with haematophagous mosquitoes. However, the molecular mechanisms of digestion in this mosquito are not well understood. In this study, RNA sequencing of the posterior midgut (PMG) of the mosquito Toxorhynchites theobaldi was undertaken, highlighting its significance in mosquito digestion. Subsequently, a comparison was made between the differential gene expression of the PMG and that of the anterior midgut. It was found that the most abundant proteases in the PMG were trypsin and chymotrypsin, and the level of gene expression for enzymes essential for digestion (such as serine protease, α-amylase and pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase) and innate immune response (including catalase, cecropin-A2 and superoxide dismutase) was like that of haematophagous mosquitoes. Peritrophin-1 was detected in the entire midgut, with an elevated expression level in the PMG. Based on our findings, it is hypothesized that a non-haematophagic habit might have been exhibited by the ancestor of Tx. theobaldi, and this trait may have been retained. This study represents a pioneering investigation at the molecular level of midgut contents in a non-haematophagous mosquito. The findings offer valuable insights into the evolutionary aspects of feeding habits in culicids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel S M Godoy
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Priscila G Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 50670-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago A O Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 50670-900, Brazil
| | | | - José M C Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Gustavo F Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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Vetkama W, Tinikul R, Sobhon P, Tinikul Y. Differential expression of neuropeptide F in the digestive organs of female freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, during the ovarian cycle. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 397:13-36. [PMID: 38592496 PMCID: PMC11231001 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptide F is a key hormone that controls feeding in invertebrates, including decapod crustaceans. We investigated the differential expression of Macrobrachium rosenbergii neuropeptide F (MrNPF) in the digestive organs of female prawns, M. rosenbergii, during the ovarian cycle. By using RT-qPCR, the expression of MrNPF mRNA in the esophagus (ESO), cardia (CD), and pylorus (PY) of the foregut (FG) gradually increased from stage II and peaked at stage III. In the midgut (MG), hindgut (HG), and hepatopancreas (HP), MrNPF mRNA increased from stage I, reaching a maximal level at stage II, and declined by about half at stages III and IV (P < 0.05). In the ESO, CD, and PY, strong MrNPF-immunoreactivities were seen in the epithelium, muscle, and lamina propria. Intense MrNPF-ir was found in the MG cells and the muscular layer. In the HG, MrNPF-ir was detected in the epithelium of the villi and gland regions, while MrNPF-ir was also more intense in the F-, R-, and B-cells in the HP. However, we found little colocalization between the MrNPF and PGP9.5/ChAT in digestive tissues, implying that most of the positive cells might not be neurons but could be digestive tract-associated endocrine cells that produce and secrete MrNPF to control digestive organ functions in feeding and utilizing feed. Taken together, our first findings indicated that MrNPF was differentially expressed in digestive organs in correlation with the ovarian cycle, suggesting an important link between MrNPF, the physiology of various digestive organs in feeding, and possibly ovarian maturation in female M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warinthip Vetkama
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi District, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ruchanok Tinikul
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi District, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yotsawan Tinikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi District, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Yuan L, Liang Q, Li Y, Dai Y, Shen J, Hu L, Xiao H, Zhang Z. Nicotine-mediated dopamine regulates short neuropeptide F to inhibit brown planthopper feeding behavior in tobacco-rice rotation cropping. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2959-2968. [PMID: 36966467 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tobacco-rice rotation cropping (TRRC) is an ecologically friendly system that can both alleviate soil nicotine pollution and decrease the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) fitness on rice. However, few studies on this green and effective rotational cropping system have been reported. In particular, the underlying mechanisms of TRRC on the significant reduction of field pest population at the molecular level is still unknown. RESULTS Field investigation showed that BPH population decreased significantly in TRRC than in rice-rice successive cropping (RRSC) field. In addition, the short neuropeptide F (NlsNPF) and its receptor NlA7 of BPH had half-times lower levels in the TRRC field. Behavioral bioassay indicated a 1.93-fold increase in the number of salivary flanges of the dsNlsNPF group, while BPH fitness parameters, such as honeydew, weight gain, and mortality decreased significantly. Dopamine (DA) content in BPH decreased by ~11.1% under the influence of nicotine, and its presence increased the expression levels of NlsNPF and NlA7. Exogenous DA application eliminated the inhibitory effects of nicotine on BPH feeding and restored the fitness levels of its parameters. Independent application of either a mixture of dsNlsNPF with a nanocarrier or nicotine to the normal rice field revealed that the latter could produce better effects in combination with dsRNA. CONCLUSION These findings confirmed that DA regulated NlsNPF to inhibit the BPH feeding behavior in TRRC. The results not only provided novel findings on the mechanism of pest-host interactions, but also presented new method for integrated pest management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qichang Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangsuo Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmei Shen
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liming Hu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanxiang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Yu Z, Shi J, Jiang X, Song Y, Du J, Zhao Z. Neuropeptide F regulates feeding via the juvenile hormone pathway in Ostrinia furnacalis larvae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1193-1203. [PMID: 36396604 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding by pests is one of the most important reasons for reductions in agricultural crop yield. This study aimed to reveal how juvenile hormone (JH) participates in larval feeding regulation of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. RESULTS Larvae of O. furnacalis exhibit a daily circadian feeding rhythm, with a peak at ZT18 and a trough at ZT6 under both photoperiod (LD) and constant dark (DD) conditions, which may be eliminated by application of fenoxycarb, a JH active analogue. JH negatively regulates larval feeding as a downstream factor of neuropeptide F (NPF), in which knocking down JH increases larval feeding amount along with body weight and length. The production of JH in the brain-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata (brain-CC-CA) is regulated by brain NPF rather than gut NPF, which was demonstrated in Drosophila larvae through GAL4/UAS genetic analysis. In addition, feeding regulation of JH is closely related to energy homeostasis in the fat body by inhibiting energy storage and promoting degradation. The JH analogue fenoxycarb is an effective pesticide against O. furnacalis, controlling feeding and metabolism. CONCLUSION The brain NPF system regulates JH, with functions in food consumption, feeding rhythms, energy homeostasis and body size. This study provides an important basis for understanding the feeding mechanism and potential pest control of O. furnacalis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofan Yu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuemin Jiang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Zhao J, Song Y, Jiang X, He L, Wei L, Zhao Z. Synergism of Feeding and Digestion Regulated by the Neuropeptide F System in Ostrinia furnacalis Larvae. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010194. [PMID: 36611986 PMCID: PMC9818795 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding is crucial for the growth and survival of animals, including humans, but relatively little is known about how it is regulated. Here, we show that larval feeding in Ostrinia furnacalis is regulated by neuropeptide F (NPF, the homologous peptide of mammalian NPY) via the insulin signalling pathway in the midgut. Furthermore, the genes pi3k and mtor in the insulin pathway positively regulate α-amylase and lipase of the midgut by recruiting the transcription factors c-Myc and PPARγ for binding to the promotors of these two enzymes. Importantly, we find that the feeding behaviour and the digestive system of midgut in O. furnacalis larvae are closely related and interactive in that knocking down α-amylase or lipase induces a reduction in larval feeding, while food-deprived larvae lead to fewer expressions of α-amylase and lipase. Importantly, it is the gut NPF that regulates the α-amylase and lipase, while variations of α-amylase and lipase may feed back to the brain NPF. This current study reveals a molecular feedback mechanism between feeding behaviour and the digestive system that is regulated by the conserved NPF via insulin signalling systems in the midgut of O. furnacalis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuemin Jiang
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liya Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (Z.Z.)
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Sahrawat TR, Talwar D, Patial R. Identification of novel-vector control target proteins of Aedes sp.: A Systems Network Biology Approach. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes is an important vector for various viruses that cause dengue, chikungunya and zika, which affect human health globally. Due to regular outbreaks of these diseases worldwide, there is a need to identify essential vector proteins that are critical for the survival of the vector, which may be targeted to control the spread of vector-borne disease (VBD). In silico computational methods involving comparative proteomics, analysis of orthologous proteins common amongst members of Aedes genus and protein-protein interaction (PPI) pathway were used to identify essential proteins that could act as novel therapeutic candidates. Twenty-three conserved proteins between A. aegypti and A. albopictus were identified from a BLASTP search with an e-value threshold of 0.005, and their PPI networks were constructed in the STRING database. The merged network was analyzed using various Cytoscape plugins viz. ClusterONE, Cytohubba and MCODE. Thirty-one hub proteins were identified from the system's network biology analysis, and detailed data and literature mining were carried out. Twelve novel vector-control target proteins of A. aegypti, having no human homologs, were determined in the present study that can effectively act as potential therapeutic candidates for drug design and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammanna R. Sahrawat
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, UIEAST, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devika Talwar
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, UIEAST, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritika Patial
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, UIEAST, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Zhu Q, Wang J, Gao M, Lu L, Liu X. Neuropeptide F from endocrine cells in Plutella xylostella midgut modulates feeding and synergizes Cry1Ac action. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21845. [PMID: 34605064 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the wide cultivation of transgenic plants throughout the world and the rising risk of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis crystal (Cry) toxins, it is essential to design an adaptive resistance management strategy for continued use. Neuropeptide F (NPF) of insects has proven to be valuable for the production of novel-type transgenic plants via its important role in the control of feeding behavior. In this study, the gene encoding NPF was cloned from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, an important agricultural pest. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization showed a relatively high expression of P. xylostella-npf (P. x-npf) in endocrine cells of the midgut of fourth instar larvae, and it was found to participate in P. xylostella feeding behavior and Cry1Ac-induced feeding inhibition. Prokaryotic expression and purification provided structure unfolded P. x-npf from inclusion bodies for diet surface overlay bioassays and the results demonstrated a significant synergistic effect of P. x-npf on Cry1Ac toxicity by increasing intake of noxious food which contains Cry toxins, especially quick death at an early stage of feeding. Our findings provided a potential new way to efficiently control pests by increasing intake of lower dose Cry toxins and a novel hint for the complex Cry toxin mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijing Gao
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Lu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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9
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Tinikul Y, Kruangkum T, Tinikul R, Sobhon P. Comparative neuroanatomical distribution and expression levels of neuropeptide F in the central nervous system of the female freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, during the ovarian cycle. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:729-755. [PMID: 34545567 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide F (NPF) plays critical roles in controlling the feeding and reproduction of prawns. In the present study, we investigated changes in the expression levels of Macrobrachium rosenbergii neuropeptide F (MrNPF), and its neuroanatomical distribution in eyestalk (ES), brain (BR), subesophageal ganglion (SEG), thoracic ganglia (TG), and abdominal ganglia (AG), during the ovarian cycle of female prawn. By qRT-PCR, the amount of MrNPF transcripts exhibited a gradual increase in the ES, BR, and combined SEG and TG from stages I and II, to reach a maximum level at stage III, and slightly declined at stage IV, respectively. The highest to lowest expression levels were detected in combined SEG and TG, BR, ES, and AG, respectively. MrNPF immunolabeling was observed in several neuronal clusters, associated fibers, and neuropils of these central nervous system (CNS) tissues. MrNPF-ir was more intense in neurons and neuropils of SEG and TG than those found in other parts of the CNS. The number of MrNPF-ir neurons and intensity of MrNPF-ir were higher in the ES, BR, SEG, and TG at the late stages than those at the early stages of the ovarian cycle, while those in AG exhibited insignificant change. Taken together, there is a correlation between changes in the neuroanatomical distribution of MrNPF and stages of the ovarian cycle, implying that MrNPF may be an important neuropeptide that integrates sensory stimuli, including photo-, chemo-, and gustatory receptions, to control feeding and reproduction, particularly ovarian development, of this female prawn, M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotsawan Tinikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Kruangkum
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ruchanok Tinikul
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Godoy RSM, Barbosa RC, Procópio TF, Costa BA, Jacobs-Lorena M, Martins GF. FMRF-related peptides in Aedes aegypti midgut: neuromuscular connections and enteric nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:585-602. [PMID: 33961128 PMCID: PMC9841599 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) are a class of neuropeptides that participate in a variety of physiological processes in invertebrates. They occur in nerves of stomatogastric ganglia and enteroendocrine cells of the insect digestive tract, where they may control muscle functions. However, their direct involvement in muscle function has never been shown in situ. We studied the relationship between FaRPs and midgut muscle during larval-pupal transition of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. In late L4, FaRP-positive neuronal extensions attach to the bundles of the external circular muscle layer, and muscle stem cells start to undergo mitosis in the internal circular layer. Thereafter, the external muscle layer degenerates, disappearing during early pupal development, and is completely absent in the adult mosquito. Our results indicate that FaRP-based neural signals are involved in the reorganization of the muscle fibers of the mosquito midgut during the larval-pupal transition. In addition to confirming FaRP involvement in muscle function, we show that the mosquito midgut muscles are largely innervated, and that circular and longitudinal muscle have specific neuron bodies associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S. M. Godoy
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Renata C. Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thamara F. Procópio
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Breno A. Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gustavo F. Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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11
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Yoshinari Y, Kosakamoto H, Kamiyama T, Hoshino R, Matsuoka R, Kondo S, Tanimoto H, Nakamura A, Obata F, Niwa R. The sugar-responsive enteroendocrine neuropeptide F regulates lipid metabolism through glucagon-like and insulin-like hormones in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4818. [PMID: 34376687 PMCID: PMC8355161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteroendocrine cell (EEC)-derived incretins play a pivotal role in regulating the secretion of glucagon and insulins in mammals. Although glucagon-like and insulin-like hormones have been found across animal phyla, incretin-like EEC-derived hormones have not yet been characterised in invertebrates. Here, we show that the midgut-derived hormone, neuropeptide F (NPF), acts as the sugar-responsive, incretin-like hormone in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Secreted NPF is received by NPF receptor in the corpora cardiaca and in insulin-producing cells. NPF-NPFR signalling resulted in the suppression of the glucagon-like hormone production and the enhancement of the insulin-like peptide secretion, eventually promoting lipid anabolism. Similar to the loss of incretin function in mammals, loss of midgut NPF led to significant metabolic dysfunction, accompanied by lipodystrophy, hyperphagia, and hypoglycaemia. These results suggest that enteroendocrine hormones regulate sugar-dependent metabolism through glucagon-like and insulin-like hormones not only in mammals but also in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Yoshinari
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hina Kosakamoto
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takumi Kamiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Hoshino
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rena Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shu Kondo
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Germline Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Obata
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Liu B, Fu D, Gao H, Ning H, Sun Y, Chen H, Tang M. Cloning and Expression of the Neuropeptide F and Neuropeptide F Receptor Genes and Their Regulation of Food Intake in the Chinese White Pine Beetle Dendroctonus armandi. Front Physiol 2021; 12:662651. [PMID: 34220532 PMCID: PMC8249871 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.662651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide F (NPF) is an important signaling molecule that acts as a neuromodulator to regulate a diversity of physiological and behavioral processes from vertebrates to invertebrates by interaction with NPF receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). However, nothing is known about NPF in Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi, a destructive pest of natural and coniferous forests in the middle Qinling Mountains of China. We have cloned and characterized cDNAs encoding one NPF precursor and two NPF receptors in D. armandi and made bioinformatics predictions according to the deduced amino acid sequences. They were highly similar to that of Dendroctonus ponderosa. The transcription levels of these genes were different between larvae and adults of sexes, and there were significant differences among the different developmental stages and tissues and between beetles under starvation and following re-feeding states. Additionally, downregulation of NPF and NPFR by injecting dsRNA into beetles reduced their food intake, caused increases of mortality and decreases of body weight, and also resulted in a decrease of glycogen and free fatty acid and an increase of trehalose. These results indicate that the NPF signaling pathway plays a significant positive role in the regulation of food intake and provides a potential target for the sustainable management of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Danyang Fu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Haiming Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hang Ning
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yaya Sun
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Fadda M, De Fruyt N, Borghgraef C, Watteyne J, Peymen K, Vandewyer E, Naranjo Galindo FJ, Kieswetter A, Mirabeau O, Chew YL, Beets I, Schoofs L. NPY/NPF-Related Neuropeptide FLP-34 Signals from Serotonergic Neurons to Modulate Aversive Olfactory Learning in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6018-6034. [PMID: 32576621 PMCID: PMC7392509 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2674-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aversive learning is fundamental for animals to increase chances of survival. In addition to classical neurotransmitters, neuropeptides have emerged to modulate such complex behaviors. Among them, neuropeptide Y (NPY) is well known to promote aversive memory acquisition in mammals. Here we identify an NPY/neuropeptide F (NPF)-related neuropeptide system in Caenorhabditis elegans and show that this FLP-34/NPR-11 system is required for learning negative associations, a process that is reminiscent of NPY signaling in mammals. The Caenorhabditis elegans NPY/NPF ortholog FLP-34 displays conserved structural hallmarks of bilaterian-wide NPY/NPF neuropeptides. We show that it is required for aversive olfactory learning after pairing diacetyl with the absence of food, but not for appetitive olfactory learning in response to butanone. To mediate diacetyl learning and thus integrate the aversive food context with the diacetyl odor, FLP-34 is released from serotonergic neurons and signals through its evolutionarily conserved NPY/NPF GPCR, NPR-11, in downstream AIA interneurons. NPR-11 activation in the AIA integration center results in avoidance of a previously attractive stimulus. This study opens perspectives for a deeper understanding of stress conditions in which aversive learning results in excessive avoidance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aversive learning evolved early in evolution to promote avoidance of dangerous and stressful situations. In addition to classical neurotransmitters, neuropeptides are emerging as modulators of complex behaviors, including learning and memory. Here, we identified the evolutionary ortholog of neuropeptide Y/neuropeptide F in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and we discovered that it is required for olfactory aversive learning. In addition, we elucidated the neural circuit underlying this avoidance behavior, and we discovered a novel coordinated action of Caenorhabditis elegans neuropeptide Y/neuropeptide F and serotonin that could aid in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying stress disorders in which excessive avoidance results in maladaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Fadda
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan Watteyne
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U830, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Yee Lian Chew
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isabel Beets
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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14
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Tian H, Chen Y, Lin S, Mao Q, Zheng N, Zhao J, Gu X, Wei H. Distribution of Pheromone Biosynthesis-Activating Neuropeptide in the Central Nervous System of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2638-2648. [PMID: 31310309 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect neuropeptides in the pyrokinin/pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) family are actively involved in many essential endocrinal functions and serve as potential targets in the search for novel insect control agents. Here, we dissect the nervous system of larval, pupal, and adult Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and describe the ganglion morphology and localization of PBAN during different insect developmental stages. Our results show that the central nervous system (CNS) of this species consists of four types of ganglia: cerebral ganglia (brain), subesophageal ganglion (SEG), thoracic ganglia, and abdominal ganglia. A two-lobed brain is connected to the reniform SEG with a nerve cord in larvae and prepupae, whereas in the late pupae and adults, the brain and SEG are fused, forming a brain-SEG complex. The larvae and prepupae have eight abdominal ganglia each, whereas the late pupae and adults each have four abdominal ganglia. Furthermore, all life stages of P. xylostella had similar patterns of PBAN immunoreactivity in the CNS, and the accumulation of PBAN was similar during all life stages except in adult males. PBAN immunoreactive signals were observed in the brain and SEG, and fluorescence signals originating in the SEG extended the entire length of the ventral nerve cord, ending in the terminal abdominal ganglia. Our results provide morphological data that inform the development and evolution of the CNS. In addition, they indicate that the nervous system contains PBAN, which could be used to control P. xylostella populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houjun Tian
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Tan S, Li A, Wang Y, Shi W. Role of the neuropeptide F 1 in regulating the appetite for food in Locusta migratoria. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1304-1309. [PMID: 30350452 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide F (NPF) is an intercellular signaling molecule that mediates many physiological and behavioral processes. However, the function of neuropeptide F in mediating the feeding behavior of Locusta migratoria has been unclear. RESULTS The neuropeptide F 1 precursor cDNA from L. migratoria was obtained and analyzed, and its amino acid sequence deduced. Mature LmiNPF1 was composed of 36 amino acids and was similar to that of Schistocerca gregaria. The spatial and temporal expression profiles of LmiNPF1 were investigated. LmiNPF1 was primarily expressed in the central nervous system, especially in the brain, and the expression levels were higher during the day than during the night. However, starvation activated LmiNPF1 expression increases, and downregulation of LmiNPF1 inhibited locust feeding behavior. CONCLUSION LmiNPF1 promotes the feeding behavior of the locust and is a potential molecular target to control locust feeding. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqian Tan
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Aomei Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangpeng Shi
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Fadda M, Hasakiogullari I, Temmerman L, Beets I, Zels S, Schoofs L. Regulation of Feeding and Metabolism by Neuropeptide F and Short Neuropeptide F in Invertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:64. [PMID: 30837946 PMCID: PMC6389622 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neuropeptide systems have been implicated to coordinately control energy homeostasis, both centrally and peripherally. However, the vertebrate neuropeptide Y (NPY) system has emerged as the best described one regarding this biological process. The protostomian ortholog of NPY is neuropeptide F, characterized by an RXRF(Y)amide carboxyterminal motif. A second neuropeptide system is short NPF, characterized by an M/T/L/FRF(W)amide carboxyterminal motif. Although both short and long NPF neuropeptide systems display carboxyterminal sequence similarities, they are evolutionary distant and likely already arose as separate signaling systems in the common ancestor of deuterostomes and protostomes, indicating the functional importance of both. Both NPF and short-NPF systems seem to have roles in the coordination of feeding across bilaterian species, but during chordate evolution, the short NPF system appears to have been lost or evolved into the prolactin releasing peptide signaling system, which regulates feeding and has been suggested to be orthologous to sNPF. Here we review the roles of both NPF and sNPF systems in the regulation of feeding and metabolism in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Biology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Li X, Qu MJ, Zhang Y, Li JW, Liu TX. Expression of Neuropeptide F Gene and Its Regulation of Feeding Behavior in the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Front Physiol 2018; 9:87. [PMID: 29487538 PMCID: PMC5816806 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide F (NPF) signaling systems are widespread and highly evolutionarily conserved from vertebrates to invertebrates. In fact, NPF has been identified in many insect species and plays regulatory roles in diverse physiological processes, such as feeding, learning, reproduction and stress responses. NPF operates by interacting with the NPF receptor (NPFR). Here, we characterized and determined the presumed role of NPF signaling in the wingless parthenogenetic pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the expression levels of both NPF and NPFR transcripts varied across developmental stages, which implies that the NPF signaling system might participate in the developmental regulation of aphid physiological processes or behaviors. The NPF transcript was mainly detected in the head but not in the gut, whereas the NPFR transcript was mainly detected in both the gut and head. In addition, the NPF transcript levels were markedly up-regulated in starved aphids compared with satiated aphids, and the transcript levels recovered after re-feeding. In contrast, the NPFR transcript levels remained stable in starved and re-fed aphids. Furthermore, RNAi knockdown by the injection of NPF dsRNA into wingless adult aphids significantly reduced their food intake. Further analysis of the modification of aphid feeding behavior on broad bean plants using electrical penetration graphs (EPGs) revealed that both the probing time and the total duration of phloem activity decreased significantly in the NPF treatment group. These results indicated a lower appetite for food after NPF knockdown, which could explain the reduction in aphid food intake. NPF silencing was also shown to reduce reproduction but not survival in aphids. Overall, the results of these experiments suggest that NPF plays an important role in regulation of feeding in A. pisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ming-Jing Qu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jian-Wen Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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18
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Valzania L, Coon KL, Vogel KJ, Brown MR, Strand MR. Hypoxia-induced transcription factor signaling is essential for larval growth of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:457-465. [PMID: 29298915 PMCID: PMC5777003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719063115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes positively affect the physiology of many animals, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits remain poorly understood. We recently reported that bacteria-induced gut hypoxia functions as a signal for growth and molting of the mosquito Aedes aegypti In this study, we tested the hypothesis that transduction of a gut hypoxia signal requires hypoxia-induced transcription factors (HIFs). Expression studies showed that HIF-α was stabilized in larvae containing bacteria that induce gut hypoxia but was destabilized in larvae that exhibit normoxia. However, we could rescue growth of larvae exhibiting gut normoxia by treating them with a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, FG-4592, that stabilized HIF-α, and inhibit growth of larvae exhibiting gut hypoxia by treating them with an inhibitor, PX-478, that destabilized HIF-α. Using these tools, we determined that HIF signaling activated the insulin/insulin growth factor pathway plus select mitogen-activated kinases and inhibited the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway. HIF signaling was also required for growth of the larval midgut and storage of neutral lipids by the fat body. Altogether, our results indicate that gut hypoxia and HIF signaling activate multiple processes in A. aegypti larvae, with conserved functions in growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valzania
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kerri L Coon
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kevin J Vogel
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Mark R Brown
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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19
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A potential and novel type transgenic corn plant for control of the Corn Borer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44105. [PMID: 28290513 PMCID: PMC5349583 DOI: 10.1038/srep44105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The corn borer is a world-wide agricultural pest. In this study, a full-length neuropeptide F (npf) gene in Ostrinia furnacalis was sequenced and cloned from a cDNA library, in which the npf gene produces two splicing mRNA variants - npf1 and npf2 (with a 120 bp segment inserted into the npf1 sequence to generate npf2). A spatio-temporal expression analysis showed that the highest expression level of npf was in the midgut of 5th instar larvae (the gluttony period), and their npf expression and food consumption were significantly promoted after food deprivation for 6 h. When npf was knocked down by double-stranded RNA for NPF, larval food intake, weight and body size were effectively inhibited through changes of a biosynthesis and metabolism pathway; i.e. gene silencing of NPF causes decreases of total lipid and glycogen and increases of trehalose production. Moreover, we produced transgenic corn plants with stably expressed dsNPF. Results showed that O. furnacalis larvae fed on these transgenic leaves had lower food consumption and smaller body size compared to controls. These results indicate that NPF is important in the feeding control of O. furnacalis and valuable for production of potential transgenic corn.
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20
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Schoofs L, De Loof A, Van Hiel MB. Neuropeptides as Regulators of Behavior in Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 62:35-52. [PMID: 27813667 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are by far the largest and most diverse group of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms. They are ancient molecules important in regulating a multitude of processes. Their small proteinaceous character allowed them to evolve and radiate quickly into numerous different molecules. On average, hundreds of distinct neuropeptides are present in animals, sometimes with unique classes that do not occur in distantly related species. Acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones, or growth factors, they are extremely diverse and are involved in controlling growth, development, ecdysis, digestion, diuresis, and many more physiological processes. Neuropeptides are also crucial in regulating myriad behavioral actions associated with feeding, courtship, sleep, learning and memory, stress, addiction, and social interactions. In general, behavior ensures that an organism can survive in its environment and is defined as any action that can change an organism's relationship to its surroundings. Even though the mode of action of neuropeptides in insects has been vigorously studied, relatively little is known about most neuropeptides and only a few model insects have been investigated. Here, we provide an overview of the roles neuropeptides play in insect behavior. We conclude that multiple neuropeptides need to work in concert to coordinate certain behaviors. Additionally, most neuropeptides studied to date have more than a single function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; , ,
| | - Arnold De Loof
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; , ,
| | - Matthias Boris Van Hiel
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; , ,
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21
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Yue Z, Liu X, Zhou Z, Hou G, Hua J, Zhao Z. Development of a novel-type transgenic cotton plant for control of cotton bollworm. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1747-55. [PMID: 26841044 PMCID: PMC5067616 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transgenic Bt cotton plant has been widely planted throughout the world for the control of cotton budworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). However, a shift towards insect tolerance of Bt cotton is now apparent. In this study, the gene encoding neuropeptide F (NPF) was cloned from cotton budworm H. armigera, an important agricultural pest. The npf gene produces two splicing mRNA variants-npf1 and npf2 (with a 120-bp segment inserted into the npf1 sequence). These are predicted to form the mature NPF1 and NPF2 peptides, and they were found to regulate feeding behaviour. Knock down of larval npf with dsNPF in vitro resulted in decreases of food consumption and body weight, and dsNPF also caused a decrease of glycogen and an increase of trehalose. Moreover, we produced transgenic tobacco plants transiently expressing dsNPF and transgenic cotton plants with stably expressed dsNPF. Results showed that H. armigera larvae fed on these transgenic plants or leaves had lower food consumption, body size and body weight compared to controls. These results indicate that NPF is important in the control of feeding of H. armigera and valuable for production of potential transgenic cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yue
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijing Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangming Hou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Hua
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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22
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Sedra L, Lange AB. Cloning and expression of long neuropeptide F and the role of FMRFamide-like peptides in regulating egg production in the Chagas vector, Rhodnius prolixus. Peptides 2016; 82:1-11. [PMID: 27189503 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Long neuropeptide F (NPF) is a neuropeptide implicated in the control of feeding, digestion and reproduction in various insect species. Here we have isolated the cDNA sequence encoding NPF in Rhodnius prolixus (RhoprNPF). The RhoprNPF gene is composed of 3 exons and 2 introns, one of which is present in the peptide coding region. RhoprNPF is 42 amino acids long and has the characteristic RFamide C-terminus, which is common of FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) shows that RhoprNPF mRNA is present in higher amounts in fifth instars than in adults, implying that it may play a role in growth and development. In situ hybridization shows that the RhoprNPF transcript is present in median neurosecretory cells (MNSCs) in the brain, cells in the fifth instar hindgut and cells along the longitudinal muscle fibers of the adult female lateral oviducts. Injection of the last 8 amino acids of RhoprNPF (truncated RhoprNPF, AVAGRPRFa), which is considered to be the active core sequence for biological activity, into mated, fed, female adult R. prolixus decreased the number of eggs found in the ovaries as well as increased the number of eggs laid. This suggests that RhoprNPF may play a role in accelerating the process of ovulation from the ovary of the female R. prolixus. An increase in oogenesis was observed following the injection of other FLPs such as RhoprShortNPF, GNDNFMRFamide and AKDNFIRFamide, whereas the FLP, RhoprMS, and the allatostatin, RhoprAST-2, inhibited egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sedra
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Angela B Lange
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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Strand MR, Brown MR, Vogel KJ. Mosquito Peptide Hormones: Diversity, Production, and Function. ADVANCES IN INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 51:145-188. [PMID: 30662099 PMCID: PMC6338476 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiip.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes, like other insects, produce a diversity of peptide hormones that are processed from different precursor proteins and have a range of activities. Early studies relied on purification of bioactive peptides for hormone identification, but more recently genomic data have provided the information needed to more comprehensively identify peptide hormone genes and associated receptors. The first part of this chapter summarizes the known or predicted peptide hormones that are produced by mosquitoes. The second part of this chapter discusses the sources of these molecules and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Strand
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - M R Brown
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - K J Vogel
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Mang D, Shu M, Endo H, Yoshizawa Y, Nagata S, Kikuta S, Sato R. Expression of a sugar clade gustatory receptor, BmGr6, in the oral sensory organs, midgut, and central nervous system of larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 70:85-98. [PMID: 26721200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insects taste nonvolatile chemicals through gustatory receptors (Grs) and make choices for feeding, mating, and oviposition. To date, genome projects have identified 69 Gr genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori; however, the expression sites of these Grs remain to be explored. In this study, we used reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to investigate expression of the B. mori Gr-6 (BmGr6) gene, a member of the putative sugar clade gene family in various tissues. BmGr6 is expressed in the midgut, central nervous system (CNS), and oral sensory organs. Moreover, immunohistochemistry using an anti-BmGr6 antiserum demonstrated that BmGr6 is expressed in cells by oral sensory organs, midgut and nervous system. Furthermore, double-immunohistochemistry indicated that BmGr6 is expressed in midgut enteroendocrine cells, also in CNS neurosecretory cells. In particular, a portion of BmGr6-expressing cells, in both midgut and CNS, secretes FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs). These results suggest that BmGr6 functions not only as a taste receptor, but also as a chemical sensor such as for the regulation of gut movement, physiological conditions, and feeding behavior of larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingze Mang
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Min Shu
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Haruka Endo
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shingo Kikuta
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 2-24-16, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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25
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Bil M, Huybrechts R. PHARMACOLOGICAL REGULATION OF DIGESTION IN THE ANAUTOGENOUS FLESH FLY, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, BY SIMPLE INJECTION OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:137-151. [PMID: 26728276 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Female anautogenous Sarcophaga flesh flies need a protein meal to start large-scale yolk polypeptides (YPs) production and oocyte maturation. Protein meal rapidly elicits a brain-dependent increase in midgut proteolytic activity. Trypsin and chymotrypsin together represent over 80% of protease activity in liver-fed flies. Abdominal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) dose-dependently prohibits this increase in proteolytic activity at translational level in a similar way as post liver feeding decapitation. Delayed injection of 6-OHDA later than 6 h post liver meal has no effect. In flesh flies, chemical decapitation by 6-OHDA, by interrupting the brain-gut dopaminergic signaling, can be used as tool for the controlled inhibition of midgut proteolytic activity and subsequent ovarial development. Inhibition of ovarial development is probably indirect due to a deficit in circulating amino acids needed for YPs synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bil
- Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Caers J, Boonen K, Van Den Abbeele J, Van Rompay L, Schoofs L, Van Hiel MB. Peptidomics of Neuropeptidergic Tissues of the Tsetse Fly Glossina morsitans morsitans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:2024-2038. [PMID: 26463237 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are essential signaling molecules that regulate nearly all physiological processes. The recent release of the tsetse fly genome allowed the construction of a detailed in silico neuropeptide database (International Glossina Genome Consortium, Science 344, 380-386 (2014)), as well as an in-depth mass spectrometric analysis of the most important neuropeptidergic tissues of this medically and economically important insect species. Mass spectrometric confirmation of predicted peptides is a vital step in the functional characterization of neuropeptides, as in vivo peptides can be modified, cleaved, or even mispredicted. Using a nanoscale reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to a Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer, we detected 51 putative bioactive neuropeptides encoded by 19 precursors: adipokinetic hormone (AKH) I and II, allatostatin A and B, capability/pyrokinin (capa/PK), corazonin, calcitonin-like diuretic hormone (CT/DH), FMRFamide, hugin, leucokinin, myosuppressin, natalisin, neuropeptide-like precursor (NPLP) 1, orcokinin, pigment dispersing factor (PDF), RYamide, SIFamide, short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and tachykinin. In addition, propeptides, truncated and spacer peptides derived from seven additional precursors were found, and include the precursors of allatostatin C, crustacean cardioactive peptide, corticotropin releasing factor-like diuretic hormone (CRF/DH), ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH), ion transport peptide (ITP), neuropeptide F, and proctolin, respectively. The majority of the identified neuropeptides are present in the central nervous system, with only a limited number of peptides in the corpora cardiaca-corpora allata and midgut. Owing to the large number of identified peptides, this study can be used as a reference for comparative studies in other insects. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Caers
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Van Rompay
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Matthias B Van Hiel
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Ni M, Zhang H, Li FC, Wang BB, Xu KZ, Shen WD, Li B. Nanoparticulate anatase TiO2 (TiO2 NPs) upregulates the expression of silkworm (Bombyx mori) neuropeptide receptor and promotes silkworm feeding, growth, and silking. Peptides 2015; 68:64-71. [PMID: 25636404 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori orphan G protein-coupled receptor, BNGR-A4, is the specific receptor of B. mori neuropeptide F (BmNPFR, neuropeptide F designated NPF). BmNPFR binds specifically and efficiently to B. mori neuropeptides BmNPF1a and BmNPF1b, which activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway to regulate B. mori food intake and growth. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) can promote B. mori growth. However, whether the mechanisms of TiO2 NPs' effects are correlated with BmNPFR remains unknown. In this study, the effects of TiO2 NPs (5mg/L) feeding and BmNPFR-dsRNA injection on B. mori food intake and growth were investigated; after TiO2 NPs treatments, B. mori food intake, body weight, and cocoon shell weight were 5.82%, 4.64%, and 9.30% higher, respectively, than those of controls. The food intake, body weight, and cocoon shell weight of the BmNPFR-dsRNA injection group were reduced by 8.05%, 6.28%, and 6.98%, respectively, compared to the control. After TiO2 NPs treatment for 72h, the transcriptional levels of BmNPFR, BmNPF1a, and BmNPF1b in the midgut were 1.58, 1.43, and 1.34-folds, respectively, of those of the control, but 1.99, 2.26, and 2.19-folds, respectively, of the BmNPFR-dsRNA injection group; the phosphorylation level of MAPK was 24.03% higher than the control, while the phosphorylation level of BmNPFR-dsRNA injection group was 71.00% of control. The results indicated that TiO2 NPs affect B. mori feeding and growth through increasing the expression of BmNPFR. This study helps clarify the roles of BmNPF/BmNPFR system in TiO2 NPs' effects on B. mori feeding, growth, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ni
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Fan Chi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Bin Bin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Kai Zun Xu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Wei De Shen
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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28
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Bil M, Broeckx V, Landuyt B, Huybrechts R. Differential peptidomics highlights adipokinetic hormone as key player in regulating digestion in anautogenous flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 208:49-56. [PMID: 25234055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Females of anautogenous flesh flies, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, need a protein meal in order to produce their first batch of eggs. This protein meal elicits an increase in midgut proteolytic activity that is under neuropeptidergic regulation. Time series of decapitation and rescue experiments of liver fed flies evidenced the need of a peptide factor released by corpora cardiaca (CC) within 4h post protein feeding in order to assure complete protein digestion. Q-Exactive quantitative differential peptidomics analysis on CC of sugar fed flies and flies 5h post protein feeding respectively, showed a unique consistent decrease in the stored amount of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) ranging between 16% up to 63%. Injection of AKH into liver fed decapitated flies as well as sugar fed intact flies resulted in dose dependent enhanced midgut proteolytic activity up to the level of intact protein fed flies. This suggests a key role of AKH in food depended reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bil
- Research Group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Valérie Broeckx
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Bart Landuyt
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Research Group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Belgium.
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29
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Stathopoulos S, Neafsey DE, Lawniczak MKN, Muskavitch MAT, Christophides GK. Genetic dissection of Anopheles gambiae gut epithelial responses to Serratia marcescens. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003897. [PMID: 24603764 PMCID: PMC3946313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae profoundly influences its ability to transmit malaria. Mosquito gut bacteria are shown to influence the outcome of infections with Plasmodium parasites and are also thought to exert a strong drive on genetic variation through natural selection; however, a link between antibacterial effects and genetic variation is yet to emerge. Here, we combined SNP genotyping and expression profiling with phenotypic analyses of candidate genes by RNAi-mediated silencing and 454 pyrosequencing to investigate this intricate biological system. We identified 138 An. gambiae genes to be genetically associated with the outcome of Serratia marcescens infection, including the peptidoglycan recognition receptor PGRPLC that triggers activation of the antibacterial IMD/REL2 pathway and the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR. Silencing of three genes encoding type III fibronectin domain proteins (FN3Ds) increased the Serratia load and altered the gut microbiota composition in favor of Enterobacteriaceae. These data suggest that natural genetic variation in immune-related genes can shape the bacterial population structure of the mosquito gut with high specificity. Importantly, FN3D2 encodes a homolog of the hypervariable pattern recognition receptor Dscam, suggesting that pathogen-specific recognition may involve a broader family of immune factors. Additionally, we showed that silencing the gene encoding the gustatory receptor Gr9 that is also associated with the Serratia infection phenotype drastically increased Serratia levels. The Gr9 antibacterial activity appears to be related to mosquito feeding behavior and to mostly rely on changes of neuropeptide F expression, together suggesting a behavioral immune response following Serratia infection. Our findings reveal that the mosquito response to oral Serratia infection comprises both an epithelial and a behavioral immune component. In malaria vector mosquitoes, the presence of bacteria and malaria parasites is tightly linked. Bacteria that are part of the mosquito gut ecosystem are critical modulators of the immune response elicited during infection with malaria parasites. Furthermore, responses against oral bacterial infections can affect malaria parasites. Here, we combined mosquito gut infections with the enterobacterium Serratia marcescens with genome-wide discovery and phenotypic analysis of genes involved in antibacterial responses to characterize molecular processes that control gut bacterial infections thus possibly affecting the mosquito susceptibility to infection by malaria parasites. Our data reveal complex genetic networks controlling the gut bacterial infection load and ecosystem homeostasis. These networks appear to exhibit much higher specificity toward specific classes of bacteria than previously thought and include behavioral response circuits involved in antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - George K. Christophides
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail:
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30
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Deng X, Yang H, He X, Liao Y, Zheng C, Zhou Q, Zhu C, Zhang G, Gao J, Zhou N. Activation of Bombyx neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptor A4 via a Gαi-dependent signaling pathway by direct interaction with neuropeptide F from silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 45:77-88. [PMID: 24374022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the mammalian neuropeptide Y (NPY) family serve as neurotransmitters and contribute to a diversity of physiological functions. Although neuropeptide F (NPF), the NPY-like orthologs from insects, have been identified, the NPF receptors and their signaling and physiological functions remain largely unknown. In this study, we established the stable and transient functional expression of a Bombyx orphan G protein-coupled receptor, BNGR-A4, in both mammalian HEK293 and insect SF21 cells. We identified Bombyx mori NPFs as specific endogenous ligands for the Bombyx Neuropeptide GPCR A4 (BNGR-A4) and, accordingly, named the receptor BomNPFR. Our results demonstrated that BomNPFR was activated by synthetic BomNPF1a and BomNPF1b at a high efficacy and by BomNPF2 at a low efficacy. This activation led to a decrease of forskolin or adipokinetic hormone peptide-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, an increase of intracellular Ca(2+), the activation of ERK1/2 signaling and receptor internalization. Moreover, a Rhodamine-labeled BomNPF1a peptide was found to bind specifically to BomNPFR. The results derived from quantitative RT-PCR analysis and dsRNA-mediated knockdown experiments demonstrated the possible role of BomNPFR in the regulation of food intake and growth. Our results provide the first in-depth information on BomNPFR-mediated signaling for the further elucidation of the BomNPF/BomNPFR system in the regulation of fundamental physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Deng
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huipeng Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaobai He
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Congxia Zheng
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chenggang Zhu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Guozheng Zhang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 410127, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Naiming Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Hellmich E, Nusawardani T, Bartholomay L, Jurenka R. Pyrokinin/PBAN-like peptides in the central nervous system of mosquitoes. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:39-47. [PMID: 24458703 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pyrokinin/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) family of peptides is characterized by a common C-terminal pentapeptide, FXPRLamide, which is required for diverse physiological functions in various insects. Polyclonal antisera against the C-terminus was utilized to determine the location of cell bodies and axons in the central nervous systems of larval and adult mosquitoes. Immunoreactive material was detected in three groups of neurons in the subesophageal ganglion of larvae and adults. The corpora cardiaca of both larvae and adults contained immunoreactivity indicating potential release into circulation. The adult and larval brains had at least one pair of immunoreactive neurons in the protocerebrum with the adult brain having additional immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal medial part of the protocerebrum. The ventral ganglia of both larvae and adults each contained one pair of neurons that sent their axons to a perisympathetic organ associated with each abdominal ganglion. These results indicate that the mosquito nervous system contains pyrokinin/PBAN-like peptides and that these peptides could be released into the hemolymph. The peptides in insects and mosquitoes are produced by two genes, capa and pk/pban. Utilizing PCR protocols, we demonstrate that products of the capa gene could be produced in the abdominal ventral ganglia and the products of the pk/pban gene could be produced in the subesophageal ganglion. Two receptors for pyrokinin peptides were differentially localized to various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hellmich
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-3222, USA
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32
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Zhao Z, Liu X. Cloning and sequence analysis of neuropeptide F from the oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 84:115-129. [PMID: 24105726 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide F (NPF), the invertebrate homolog of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in vertebrates, shares similarity of structure and function with NPY. However, a few NPYs were also found in some insect species. In this paper, two neuropeptide genes encoding a NPF and a NPY were cloned from a tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta cDNA library. The npf1 gene further produces two splicing variants of rnRNAs, i.e. npf1a (lacks the 120 bp segment) and npf1b (includes a 120 bp segment). These two splicing variants form two mature peptides, NPF1a and NPF1b by modification of transcripts. NPF and NPY co-exist in H. assulta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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33
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Van Wielendaele P, Wynant N, Dillen S, Badisco L, Marchal E, Vanden Broeck J. In vivo effect of Neuropeptide F on ecdysteroidogenesis in adult female desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:624-630. [PMID: 23524065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are important regulatory factors that mediate key life processes, both in vertebrates and invertebrates. Many insect neuropeptides display pleiotropic activities, which means that they can influence multiple aspects of insect physiology. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, Neuropeptide F (NPF) mediates diverse physiological processes, such as learning, stress responses, feeding and male courtship behavior. In locusts, only a truncated form of the predicted "full-length" NPF, the nonapeptide "trNPF", has been isolated. This nonapeptide previously proved to be biologically active, since it was shown to influence food intake and weight increase, as well as oocyte growth in adult female desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria [Forskål]). In the present study, we have further analyzed the effect of trNPF on female reproductive physiology in S. gregaria. We confirmed that daily trNPF injections in adult females elicit an increase of oocyte size. In addition, an RNAi-mediated knockdown of the Schgr-NPF precursor transcript in adult female locusts resulted in the opposite effect, i.e. significantly smaller oocytes. Moreover, we discovered that daily injections of trNPF in adult female S. gregaria, caused higher ecdysteroid titers in the ovaries and accelerated the appearance of ecdysteroid peaks in the hemolymph of these animals. The RNAi-based knockdown of the Schgr-NPF precursor transcript clearly resulted in reduction of both hemolymph and ovarian ecdysteroid concentrations, confirming the stimulatory effects of trNPF injections on adult female ecdysteroid levels. The observed results are discussed in relation to previous reports on NPF activities in locusts and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van Wielendaele
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Van Wielendaele P, Wynant N, Dillen S, Zels S, Badisco L, Vanden Broeck J. Neuropeptide F regulates male reproductive processes in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:252-259. [PMID: 23295785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although Neuropeptide F (NPF) has been identified in different insect species, its function has mainly been studied in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, where it regulates diverse physiological processes, such as learning, stress responses and male courtship behavior. In locusts, only a truncated form of the "full-length" NPF (the biologically active "trNPF") has been isolated. This 9 AA peptide stimulates oocyte maturation, food intake and weight increase in adult desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria [Forskål]). In this study, we investigated whether this peptide is also involved in the regulation of male reproductive physiology in this orthopteran species. Daily injections of trNPF in adult males resulted in proportionally heavier testes and seminal vesicles, while RNAi-mediated knockdown of the Schgr-NPF precursor transcript gave rise to proportionally lighter testes and seminal vesicles. Furthermore, adult males precociously displayed courtship behavior when injected daily with trNPF, while this behavior was inhibited or delayed by RNAi knockdown of the Schgr-NPF precursor transcript. In order to further analyze these effects of trNPF on male reproductive physiology, fertility of males was tested by analyzing progeny numbers following copulation with untreated females. In this way, we showed that daily trNPF injection in adult males resulted in a larger egg pod size and a higher percentage of hatched eggs per egg pod after copulation, while RNAi knockdown caused the opposite effects. Taken together, we provide clear evidence for a role of trNPF in the regulation of reproductive physiology in adult males of the desert locust, S. gregaria. Possible modes of action of trNPF in influencing these reproductive processes in male locusts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van Wielendaele
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, P.O. Box 02465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Vogel KJ, Brown MR, Strand MR. Phylogenetic investigation of Peptide hormone and growth factor receptors in five dipteran genomes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:193. [PMID: 24379806 PMCID: PMC3863949 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones and growth factors bind to membrane receptors and regulate a myriad of processes in insects and other metazoans. The evolutionary relationships among characterized and uncharacterized ("orphan") receptors can provide insights into receptor-ligand biology and narrow target choices in deorphanization studies. However, the large number and low sequence conservation of these receptors make evolutionary analysis difficult. Here, we characterized the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor guanylyl cyclases (RGCs), and protein kinase receptors (PKRs) of mosquitoes and select other flies by interrogating the genomes of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, Culex quinquefasciatus, Drosophila melanogaster, and D. mojavensis. Sequences were grouped by receptor type, clustered using the program CLANS, aligned using HMMR, and phylogenetic trees built using PhyML. Our results indicated that PKRs had relatively few orphan clades whereas GPCRs and RGCs had several. In addition, more than half of the Class B secretin-like GPCRs and RGCs remained uncharacterized. Additional studies revealed that Class B GPCRs exhibited more gain and loss events than other receptor types. Finally, using the neuropeptide F family of insect receptors and the neuropeptide Y family of vertebrate receptors, we also show that functional sites considered critical for ligand binding are conserved among distinct family members and between distantly related taxa. Overall, our results provide the first comprehensive analysis of peptide hormone and growth factor receptors for a major insect group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Vogel
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- *Correspondence: Kevin J. Vogel, Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, 413 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602, USA e-mail:
| | - Mark R. Brown
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael R. Strand
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Van Wielendaele P, Dillen S, Zels S, Badisco L, Vanden Broeck J. Regulation of feeding by Neuropeptide F in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:102-114. [PMID: 23103541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge on the physiological function of the insect Neuropeptide F (NPF) mostly comes from studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, where NPF was shown to regulate diverse processes, such as feeding, learning and responding to stress. In the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, only a truncated form of the "full-length" NPF (the biologically active "trNPF") has been isolated. In this study, we investigated whether this peptide is involved in the regulation of feeding in this orthopteran species. In the S. gregaria EST-database, an NPF-precursor encoding transcript was found. Alignment with other insect NPF-precursors showed relatively highest sequence conservation within the trNPF region (and the flanking dibasic cleavage site), as compared to other regions of the NPF-precursor. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that the Schgr-NPF-precursor encoding transcript occurs throughout the central nervous system with relatively high transcript levels in the brain, optic lobes and suboesophageal ganglion. It was also detected at relatively high levels in the midgut, which suggests that the encoded peptide also functions in the digestive system. Moreover, Schgr-NPF-transcript levels were notably higher in starved animals than in animals fed ad libitum, while transcript levels were also shown to be regulated after the consumption of a meal. Injection of locust trNPF in adults stimulated food intake, while RNAi knockdown reduced food intake. Furthermore, injection of trNPF in adults stimulated weight increase, while RNAi knockdown reduced weight gain. This effect of trNPF on body weight gain may result from its stimulatory effect on food intake. Taken together, we provide clear evidence for an important role of trNPF in the regulation of feeding in the desert locust, S. gregaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van Wielendaele
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Spit J, Badisco L, Verlinden H, Van Wielendaele P, Zels S, Dillen S, Vanden Broeck J. Peptidergic control of food intake and digestion in insects 1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Like all heterotrophic organisms, insects require a strict control of food intake and efficient digestion of food into nutrients to maintain homeostasis and to fulfill physiological tasks. Feeding and digestion are steered by both external and internal signals that are transduced by a multitude of regulatory factors, delivered either by neurons innervating the gut or mouthparts, or by midgut endocrine cells. The present review gives an overview of peptide regulators known to control feeding and digestion in insects. We describe the discovery and functional role in these processes for insect allatoregulatory peptides, diuretic hormones, FMRFamide-related peptides, (short) neuropeptide F, proctolin, saliva production stimulating peptides, kinins, and tachykinins. These peptides control either gut myoactivity, food intake, and (or) release of digestive enzymes. Some peptides exert their action at multiple levels, possibly having a biological function that depends on their site of delivery. Many regulatory peptides have been physically extracted from different insect species. However, multiple peptidomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and genome sequencing projects have led to increased discovery and prediction of peptide (precursor) and receptor sequences. In combination with physiological experiments, these large-scale projects have already led to important steps forward in unraveling the physiology of feeding and digestion in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Spit
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L. Badisco
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H. Verlinden
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P. Van Wielendaele
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Zels
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Dillen
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Caers J, Verlinden H, Zels S, Vandersmissen HP, Vuerinckx K, Schoofs L. More than two decades of research on insect neuropeptide GPCRs: an overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:151. [PMID: 23226142 PMCID: PMC3510462 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the state of the art on neuropeptide receptors in insects. Most of these receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of virtually all physiological processes during an insect's life. More than 20 years ago a milestone in invertebrate endocrinology was achieved with the characterization of the first insect neuropeptide receptor, i.e., the Drosophila tachykinin-like receptor. However, it took until the release of the Drosophila genome in 2000 that research on neuropeptide receptors boosted. In the last decade a plethora of genomic information of other insect species also became available, leading to a better insight in the functions and evolution of the neuropeptide signaling systems and their intracellular pathways. It became clear that some of these systems are conserved among all insect species, indicating that they fulfill crucial roles in their physiological processes. Meanwhile, other signaling systems seem to be lost in several insect orders or species, suggesting that their actions were superfluous in those insects, or that other neuropeptides have taken over their functions. It is striking that the deorphanization of neuropeptide GPCRs gets much attention, but the subsequent unraveling of the intracellular pathways they elicit, or their physiological functions are often hardly examined. Especially in insects besides Drosophila this information is scarce if not absent. And although great progress made in characterizing neuropeptide signaling systems, even in Drosophila several predicted neuropeptide receptors remain orphan, awaiting for their endogenous ligand to be determined. The present review gives a précis of the insect neuropeptide receptor research of the last two decades. But it has to be emphasized that the work done so far is only the tip of the iceberg and our comprehensive understanding of these important signaling systems will still increase substantially in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liliane Schoofs
- *Correspondence: Liliane Schoofs, Department of Biology, Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Naamsestraat 59, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. e-mail:
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Christie AE, Chapline MC, Jackson JM, Dowda JK, Hartline N, Malecha SR, Lenz PH. Identification, tissue distribution and orexigenic activity of neuropeptide F (NPF) in penaeid shrimp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:1386-96. [PMID: 21430216 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.053173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Fs (NPFs) are an invertebrate subgroup of the FMRFamide-like peptides, and are proposed by some to be the homologs of vertebrate neuropeptide Y. Although there is some information about the identity, tissue distribution and function of NPFs in insects, essentially nothing is known about them in crustaceans. We have identified and characterized NPF-encoding transcripts from the penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Melicertus marginatus. Two transcripts were identified from each species. For each shrimp species, the two transcripts differed from one another by the presence or absence of an insert in the portion of the open reading frame that encodes the NPF peptide. The two NPF isoforms are identical in L. vannamei and M. marginatus, with their predicted structures being KPDPSQLANMAEALKYLQELDKYYSQVSRPRFamide and KPDPSQLANMAEALKYLQELDKYYSQVSRPSPRSAPGPASQIQALENTLKFLQLQELGKLYSLRARPRFamide. RT-PCR tissue profiling showed both transcripts are broadly distributed within the nervous system of each species. The transcript encoding the shorter NPF was detected in some, but not all, midgut samples. The transcript encoding the longer NPF was absent in the midgut of both species, and neither transcript was detected in their skeletal muscle. Juvenile L. vannamei fed on a diet supplemented with the shorter NPF exhibited a marked increase in food intake relative to control individuals that did not receive the supplement; the NPF-fed shrimp also showed a significant increase in growth relative to the control group. Our data suggest that NPF is present in both the nervous system and midgut of penaeid shrimp, functioning, at least in part, as a powerful orexigenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Christie
- Neuroscience Program, John W. and Jean C. Boylan Center for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, PO Box 35, Old Bar Harbor Road, Salisbury Cove, Maine 04672, USA.
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Nässel DR, Wegener C. A comparative review of short and long neuropeptide F signaling in invertebrates: Any similarities to vertebrate neuropeptide Y signaling? Peptides 2011; 32:1335-55. [PMID: 21440021 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides referred to as neuropeptide F (NPF) and short neuropeptide F (sNPF) have been identified in numerous invertebrate species. Sequence information has expanded tremendously due to recent genome sequencing and EST projects. Analysis of sequences of the peptides and prepropeptides strongly suggest that NPFs and sNPFs are not closely related. However, the NPFs are likely to be ancestrally related to the vertebrate family of neuropeptide Y (NPY) peptides. Peptide diversification may have been accomplished by different mechanisms in NPFs and sNPFs; in the former by gene duplications followed by diversification and in the sNPFs by internal duplications resulting in paracopies of peptides. We discuss the distribution and functions of NPFs and their receptors in several model invertebrates. Signaling with sNPF, however, has been investigated mainly in insects, especially in Drosophila. Both in invertebrates and in mammals NPF/NPY play roles in feeding, metabolism, reproduction and stress responses. Several other NPF functions have been studied in Drosophila that may be shared with mammals. In Drosophila sNPFs are widely distributed in numerous neurons of the CNS and some gut endocrines and their functions may be truly pleiotropic. Peptide distribution and experiments suggest roles of sNPF in feeding and growth, stress responses, modulation of locomotion and olfactory inputs, hormone release, as well as learning and memory. Available data indicate that NPF and sNPF signaling systems are distinct and not likely to play redundant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Christie AE. Crustacean neuroendocrine systems and their signaling agents. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:41-67. [PMID: 21597913 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Decapod crustaceans have long served as important models for the study of neuroendocrine signaling. For example, the process of neurosecretion was first formally demonstrated by using a member of this order. In this review, the major decapod neuroendocrine organs are described, as are their phylogenetic conservation and neurochemistry. In addition, recent advances in crustacean neurohormone discovery and tissue mapping are discussed, as are several recent advances in our understanding of hormonal control in this group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Christie
- Neuroscience Program, John W. and Jean C. Boylan Center for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Old Bar Harbor Road, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA.
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Mousley A, Novozhilova E, Kimber MJ, Day TA. Neuropeptide physiology in helminths. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 692:78-97. [PMID: 21189675 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6902-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic worms come from two distinct, distant phyla, Nematoda (roundworms) and Platyhelminthes (flatworms). The nervous systems of worms from both phyla are replete with neuropeptides and there is ample physiological evidence that these neuropeptides control vital aspects of worm biology. In each phyla, the physiological evidence for critical roles for helminth neuropeptides is derived from both parasitic and free-living members. In the nematodes, the intestinal parasite Ascaris suum and the free-living Caenorhabditis elegans have yielded most of the data; in the platyhelminths, the most physiological data has come from the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) have many varied effects (excitation, relaxation, or a combination) on somatic musculature, reproductive musculature, the pharynx and motor neurons in nematodes. Insulin-like peptides (INSs) play an essential role in nematode dauer formation and other developmental processes. There is also some evidence for a role in somatic muscle control for the somewhat heterogeneous grouping ofpeptides known as neuropeptide-like proteins (NLPs). In platyhelminths, as in nematodes, FLPs have a central role in somatic muscle function. Reports of FLP physiological action in platyhelminths are limited to a potent excitation of the somatic musculature. Platyhelminths are also abundantly endowed with neuropeptide Fs (NPFs), which appear absent from nematodes. There is not yet any data linking platyhelminth NPF to any particular physiological outcome, but this neuropeptide does potently and specifically inhibit cAMP accumulation in schistosomes. In nematodes and platyhelminths, there is an abundance of physiological evidence demonstrating that neuropeptides play critical roles in the biology of both free-living and parasitic helminths. While it is certainly true that there remains a great deal to learn about the biology of neuropeptides in both phyla, physiological evidence presently available points to neuropeptidergic signaling as a very promising field from which to harvest future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mousley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2008 Veterinary Medicine Building, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1250, USA
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Abstract
In a search for more environmentally benign alternatives to chemical pesticides, insect neuropeptides have been suggested as ideal candidates. Neuropeptides are neuromodulators and/or neurohormones that regulate most major physiological and behavioral processes in insects. The major neuropeptide structures have been identified through peptide purification in insects (peptidomics) and insect genome projects. Neuropeptide receptors have been identified and characterized in Drosophila and similar receptors are being targeted in other insects considered to be economically detrimental pests in agriculture and forestry. Defining neuropeptide action in different insect systems has been more challenging and as a consequence, identifying unique targets for potential pest control is also a challenge. In this chapter, neuropeptide biosynthesis as well as select physiological processes are examined with a view to pest control targets. The application of molecular techniques to transform insects with neuropeptide or neuropeptide receptor genes, or knockout genes to identify potential pest control targets, is a relatively new area that offers promise to insect control. Insect immune systems may also be manipulated through neuropeptides which may aid in compromising the insects ability to defend against foreign invasion.
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Huang Y, Crim JW, Nuss AB, Brown MR. Neuropeptide F and the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea: a midgut peptide revisited. Peptides 2011; 32:483-92. [PMID: 20869419 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y family of peptides is implicated in the regulation of feeding across a broad range of animals, including insects. Among vertebrates, neuropeptide Y exerts its actions mainly centrally, whereas peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide arise from digestive tissues. Among invertebrates, neuropeptide F (NPF) is the sole counterpart of the NPY family. Shared features of NPF sequences derived for Lepidoptera indicate that the midgut peptide (Hez-MP-I) of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, characterized more than a decade ago, is a carboxyl fragment of a full-length NPF. An antibody to Hez-MP-I was used to characterize the peptide's distribution in tissues of larvae, pupae, and adults. Immunostaining demonstrated NPF-related material both in nervous tissues and in abundant endocrine cells of the midgut. Radioimmunoassay of Hez-MP-I in the head, midgut and hemolymph of fifth instar larvae revealed concentration changes corresponding to development and feeding state. As with the vertebrate homologs, NPF may arise both centrally and peripherally to modulate the physiology of feeding and digestion of Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Huang
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, 302B Franklin House, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Predel R, Neupert S, Garczynski SF, Crim JW, Brown MR, Russell WK, Kahnt J, Russell DH, Nachman RJ. Neuropeptidomics of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2006-15. [PMID: 20163154 DOI: 10.1021/pr901187p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptidomic data were collected on the mosquito Ae. aegypti, which is considered the most tractable mosquito species for physiological and endocrine studies. The data were solely obtained by direct mass spectrometric profiling, including tandem fragmentation, of selected tissues from single specimens, which yielded a largely complete accounting of the putative bioactive neuropeptides; truncated neuropeptides with low abundance were not counted as mature peptides. Differential processing within the CNS was detected for the CAPA-precursor, and differential post-translational processing (pyroglutamate formation) was detected for AST-C and CAPA-PVK-2. For the first time in insects, we succeeded in the direct mass spectrometric profiling of midgut tissue which yielded a comprehensive and immediate overview of the peptides involved in the endocrine system of the gut. Head peptides which were earlier identified as the most abundant RFamides of Ae. aegypti, were not detected in any part of the CNS or midgut. This study provides a framework for future investigations on mosquito endocrinology and neurobiology. Given the high sequence similarity of neuropeptide precursors identified in other medically important mosquitoes, conclusions regarding the peptidome of Ae. aegypti likely are applicable to these mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Predel
- Institute of General Zoology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erbertstrasse 1, Jena, Germany.
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Nuss AB, Forschler BT, Crim JW, TeBrugge V, Pohl J, Brown MR. Molecular characterization of neuropeptide F from the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Peptides 2010; 31:419-28. [PMID: 19747517 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide F (NPF)-like immunoreactivity was previously found to be abundant in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes. Purification of the NPF from a whole body extract of worker termites was accomplished in the current study by HPLC and heterologous radioimmunoassay for an NPF-related peptide, Helicoverpa zea Midgut Peptide-I. A partial amino acid sequence allowed determination of the corresponding cDNA that encoded an open reading frame deduced for authentic R. flavipes NPF (Ref NPF): KPSDPEQLADTLKYLEELDRFYSQVARPRFa. Effects of synthetic NPFs on muscle contractions were investigated for isolated foreguts and hindguts of workers, with Drm NPF inhibiting spontaneous contractions of hindguts. Phylogenetic analysis of invertebrate NPF sequences reveals two separate groupings, with Ref NPF occurring within a clade composed exclusively of arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Nuss
- Department of Entomology, 413 Biological Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2603, USA.
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Neuropeptide Receptors as Possible Targets for Development of Insect Pest Control Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 692:211-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6902-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Clynen E, Husson SJ, Schoofs L. Identification of new members of the (short) neuropeptide F family in locusts and Caenorhabditis elegans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:60-74. [PMID: 19456328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Both the long and short neuropeptides F (NPF) represent important families of invertebrate neuropeptides that have been implicated in the regulation of reproduction and feeding behavior. In the present study, two short NPFs (SNRSPS(L/I)R(L/I)RFamide and SPS(L/I)R(L/I)RFamide) were de novo sequenced by mass spectrometry in two major pest insects, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and the African migratory locust Locusta migratoria. They are two of the most widespread peptides in the locust neuroendocrine system. A peptide that was previously reported to accelerate egg development in S. gregaria is shown to represent a truncated form of long NPF. This peptide is most likely derived by a novel processing mechanism involving cleavage at RY. In addition, an NPF peptide from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was isolated and sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Clynen
- Research Group Functional Genomics and Proteomics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Audsley N, Weaver RJ. Neuropeptides associated with the regulation of feeding in insects. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 162:93-104. [PMID: 18775723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The stomatogastric nervous system plays a pivotal role in feeding behaviour. Central to this system is the frontal ganglion, which is responsible for foregut motor activity, and hence the passage of food through the gut. Many insect peptides, which exhibit myoactivity on the visceral muscles of the gut in vitro, have been detected in the stomatogastric nervous system by immunochemical or mass spectrometric techniques. This localisation of myoactive peptides, particularly in the frontal ganglion, implies roles for these peptides in the neural control and modulation of feeding in insects. Insect sulfakinins, tachykinins, allatotropin and proctolin have all been shown to stimulate the foregut muscles, whereas myosuppressins, myoinhibitory peptides and allatostatins all inhibited spontaneous contractions of the foregut in a variety of insects. Some of these peptides, when injected, inhibited feeding in vivo. Both the A-type and B-type allatostatins suppressed feeding activity when injected into the cockroach, Blattella germanica and the Manduca sexta C-type allatostatin and allatotropin inhibited feeding when injected into the larvae of two noctuid moths, Lacanobia oleracea and Spodoptera frugiperda, respectively. Injection of sulfakinins into the fly Phormia regina, the locust Schistocera gregaria and the cockroach B. germanica also suppressed feeding, whereas silencing the sulfakinin gene through the injection of double stranded RNA resulted in an increase in food consumption in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. The regulation of feeding in insects is clearly very complex, and involves the interaction of a number of mechanisms, one of which is the release, either centrally or locally, of neuropeptides. However, the role of neuropeptides, their mechanisms of action, interactions with each other, and their release are still poorly understood. It is also unclear why insects possess such a number of different peptides, some with multiples copies or homologues, which stimulate or inhibit gut motility, and how their release, sometimes from the same neurone, is regulated. These neuropeptides may also act at sites other than visceral muscles, such as centrally through the brain or on gut stretch receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Audsley
- Environmental Biology Group, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
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Gonzalez R, Orchard I. Physiological activity of neuropeptide f on the hindgut of the blood-feeding hemipteran, Rhodnius prolixus. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2009; 9:1-14. [PMID: 20050776 PMCID: PMC3011914 DOI: 10.1673/031.009.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Current hypotheses propose that, in the invertebrates, neuropeptide F (NPF), the vertebrate NPY homologue, may be capable of regulating responses to diverse cues related to nutritional status and feeding. An investigation into the effects of Drosophila melanogaster NPF (DrmNPF) and Anopheles gambiae NPF (AngNPF) on hindgut physiology of Rhodnius prolixus Stal (Heimptera: Reduviidae) suggests a myoinhibitory role for these peptides and the R. prolixus native peptide. Extracts of the central nervous system of R. prolixus were processed and several HPLC-fractions revealed NPF-like activity within the nanomolar equivalent range when tested using the hindgut contraction assay. Although NPF has been shown to decrease epithelial membrane potential in Aedes aegypti larval midgut preparations, NPF does not appear to play a role in epithelial transport of potassium in the hindgut. While the function of NPF has yet to be established, NPF-like effects suggest multiple physiological roles for NPF among invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J IP3
| | - Ian Orchard
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6
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