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Dias C, Fernandes E, Barbosa RM, Laranjinha J, Ledo A. Astrocytic aerobic glycolysis provides lactate to support neuronal oxidative metabolism in the hippocampus. Biofactors 2023; 49:875-886. [PMID: 37070143 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the energetic demand of the brain is met by glucose oxidation. However, ample evidence suggests that lactate produced by astrocytes through aerobic glycolysis may also be an oxidative fuel, highlighting the metabolic compartmentalization between neural cells. Herein, we investigate the roles of glucose and lactate in oxidative metabolism in hippocampal slices, a model that preserves neuron-glia interactions. To this purpose, we used high-resolution respirometry to measure oxygen consumption (O2 flux) at the whole tissue level and amperometric lactate microbiosensors to evaluate the concentration dynamics of extracellular lactate. We found that lactate is produced from glucose and transported to the extracellular space by neural cells in hippocampal tissue. Under resting conditions, endogenous lactate was used by neurons to support oxidative metabolism, which was boosted by exogenously added lactate even in the presence of excess glucose. Depolarization of hippocampal tissue with high K+ significantly increased the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, which was accompanied by a transient decrease in extracellular lactate concentration. Both effects were reverted by inhibition of the neuronal lactate transporter, monocarboxylate transporters 2 (MCT2), supporting the concept of an inward flux of lactate to neurons to fuel oxidative metabolism. We conclude that astrocytes are the main source of extracellular lactate which is used by neurons to fuel oxidative metabolism, both under resting and stimulated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Dias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eliana Fernandes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Dias C, Fernandes E, Barbosa RM, Ledo A. A Platinized Carbon Fiber Microelectrode-Based Oxidase Biosensor for Amperometric Monitoring of Lactate in Brain Slices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7011. [PMID: 36146360 PMCID: PMC9501957 DOI: 10.3390/s22187011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct and real-time monitoring of lactate in the extracellular space can help elucidate the metabolic and modulatory role of lactate in the brain. Compared to in vivo studies, brain slices allow the investigation of the neural contribution separately from the effects of cerebrovascular response and permit easy control of recording conditions. METHODS We have used a platinized carbon fiber microelectrode platform to design an oxidase-based microbiosensor for monitoring lactate in brain slices with high spatial and temporal resolution operating at 32 °C. Lactate oxidase (Aerococcus viridans) was immobilized by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and a layer of polyurethane was added to extend the linear range. Selectivity was improved by electropolymerization of m-phenylenediamine and concurrent use of a null sensor. RESULTS The lactate microbiosensor exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity, and optimal analytical performance at a pH and temperature compatible with recording in hippocampal slices. Evaluation of operational stability under conditions of repeated use supports the suitability of this design for up to three repeated assays. CONCLUSIONS The microbiosensor displayed good analytical performance to monitor rapid changes in lactate concentration in the hippocampal tissue in response to potassium-evoked depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Dias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eliana Fernandes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Li R, Guo D, Ye J, Zhang M. Stabilization of Prussian blue with polyaniline and carbon nanotubes in neutral media for in vivo determination of glucose in rat brains. Analyst 2015; 140:3746-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02352h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a new electrochemical microbiosensor for selectivein vivomonitoring of glucose in rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Deyin Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Wushan
- China
| | - Jianshan Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Wushan
- China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
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Online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of glucose and l-lactate in vivo with graphene hybrids as the electrocatalyst. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wei W, Song Y, Shi W, Lin N, Jiang T, Cai X. A high sensitivity MEA probe for measuring real time rat brain glucose flux. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 55:66-71. [PMID: 24362080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) relies on a constant supply of external glucose for its undisturbed operation. This article presents an implantable Multi-Electrode Array (MEA) probe for brain glucose measurement. The MEA was implemented on Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafer using Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) methods. There were 16 platinum recording sites on the probe and enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on them. The glucose sensitivity of the MEA probe was as high as 489 µA mM(-1) cm(-2). 1,3-Phenylenediamine (mPD) was electropolymerized onto the Pt recording surfaces to prevent larger molecules such as ascorbic acid (AA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA) from reaching the recording sites surface. The MEA probe was implanted in the anesthetized rat striatum and responded to glucose levels which were altered by intraperitoneal injection of glucose and insulin. After the in vivo experiment, the MEA probe still kept sensitivity to glucose, these suggested that the MEA probe was reliable for glucose monitoring in brain extracellular fluid (ECF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wentao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Nansen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tingjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Size-tunable Pt nanoparticles assembled on functionalized ordered mesoporous carbon for the simultaneous and on-line detection of glucose and L-lactate in brain microdialysate. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:511-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jiang Y, Zhao H, Lin Y, Zhu N, Ma Y, Mao L. Colorimetric detection of glucose in rat brain using gold nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4800-4. [PMID: 20533481 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Lin Y, Zhu N, Yu P, Su L, Mao L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal Chem 2010; 81:2067-74. [PMID: 19281258 DOI: 10.1021/ac801946s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a new electroanalytical method with a high physiological relevance for simultaneous online monitoring of glucose and lactate in the striatum of the rat brain following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. The online analytical method is based on the efficient integration of in vivo microdialysis sampling with an online selective electrochemical detection with the electrochemical biosensors with dehydrogenases, i.e., glucose and lactate dehydrogenases, as recognition elements. The dehydrogenase-based electrochemical biosensors are developed onto the dual split-disk plastic carbon film (SPCF) electrodes with methylene green (MG) adsorbed onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as the electrocatalyst for the oxidation of dihydronicotiamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) at a low potential of 0.0 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing NAD(+) is externally perfused from a second pump and online mixed with the brain microdialysates to minimize the variation of pH that occurred following the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and to supply NAD(+) cofactor and O(2) for the enzymatic reactions of dehydrogenases and ascorbate oxidase, respectively. As a result, the developed online electroanalytical method exhibits a high selectivity against the electrochemically active species endogenously existing in the cerebral systems and a high tolerance against the variation of pH and O(2) following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. This property, along with the good linearity and a high stability toward glucose and lactate as well as little cross-talk between two biosensors, substantially makes this method possible for the continuous, simultaneous, and online monitoring of glucose and lactate in the rat brain following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. This study establishes a new and effective platform for the investigation of the energy metabolism in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Jiang Y, Zhao H, Lin Y, Zhu N, Ma Y, Mao L. Colorimetric Detection of Glucose in Rat Brain Using Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Lin Y, Liu K, Yu P, Xiang L, Li X, Mao L. A Facile Electrochemical Method for Simultaneous and On-Line Measurements of Glucose and Lactate in Brain Microdialysate with Prussian Blue as the Electrocatalyst for Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9577-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac070966u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ling Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xianchan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
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Baker KD, Edwards TM. d-Lactate inhibition of memory in a single trial discrimination avoidance task in the young chick. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88:269-76. [PMID: 17692538 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Lactate is a metabolite possibly able to meet some neuronal energy demands. However, a clear role for L-lactate in behaviour remains elusive. Administration of the inactive isomer D-lactate (1.75 mM; ic), immediately post-training, resulted in a persistent retention loss from 40 min post-training when used in conjuction with a single trial discrimination avoidance task designed for the young chick. Furthermore, 1mM noradrenaline (ic) administered 20 min post-training overcame the retention loss induced by D-lactate. Although not directly demonstrated in the current study, it is plausible that D-lactate inhibited memory processing by competing with L-lactate for uptake into neurons. The time of onset of the retention loss induced by D-lactate is in accord with findings where the action of noradrenaline is inhibited. The successful challenge of D-lactate inhibition by a high concentration of noradrenaline may suggest a relationship by some unidentified mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Baker
- School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, 3800 Vic., Australia
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Dong Y, Mao J, Shangguan D, Zhao R, Liu G. Acetylcholine release in the hippocampus during the operant conditioned reflex and the footshock stimulus in rats. Neurosci Lett 2004; 369:121-5. [PMID: 15450680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway was investigated by measuring changes in the extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the hippocampus, by means of microdialysis, during the operant conditioned reflex and the repeated footshock stimulus. Microdialysis samplings were conducted in a Skinner box where lights were delivered as conditioned stimuli (CS) paired with footshocks as unconditioned stimuli (US). Two groups of rats were used. Extracellular ACh and choline (Ch) in samples collected at 6min intervals were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The elevation of hippocampus ACh was observed in the two experimental groups. The increase in ACh during aversive stimulus (footshock) was significantly larger and was probably related to the number of footshocks. There might be moderate increase in the hippocampal ACh release during the retrieval of information. The concentration of choline showed no significant fluctuation in the two groups during the whole process. This experiment explored in more detail hippocampal cholinergic activity in relation to the two different procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, PR China
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