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Gupta S, Khan J, Ghosh S. Molecular mechanism of cognitive impairment associated with Parkinson's disease: A stroke perspective. Life Sci 2024; 337:122358. [PMID: 38128756 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurological illness that causes several motor and non-motor symptoms, most characteristically limb tremors and bradykinesia. PD is a slowly worsening disease that arises due to progressive neurodegeneration of specific areas of the brain, especially the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Even though PD has continuously been linked to a higher mortality risk in numerous epidemiologic studies, there have been significant discoveries regarding the connection between PD and stroke. The incidence of strokes such as cerebral infarction and hemorrhage is substantially associated with the development of PD. Moreover, cognitive impairments, primarily dementia, have been associated with stroke and PD. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is still obscure. This concise review focuses on the relationship between stroke and PD, emphasizing the molecular mechanism of cognition deficit and memory loss evident in PD and stroke. Furthermore, we are also highlighting some potential drug molecules that can target both PD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Gupta
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Juhee Khan
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT-Jodhpur), Rajasthan 342037, India.
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Liu TW, Chen CM, Chang KH. Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084148. [PMID: 35456966 PMCID: PMC9028544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, which subsequently causes motor symptoms. Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD. This neuroinflammatory neurodegeneration involves the activation of microglia, upregulation of proinflammatory factors, and gut microbiota. In this review, we summarized the recent findings on detection of PD by using inflammatory biomarkers, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP); and radiotracers such as [11C]PK11195 and [18F]-FEPPA, as well as by monitoring disease progression and the treatment response. Many PD-causing mutations in SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1 are also associated with neuroinflammation. Several anti-inflammatory medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), inhibitors of TNF-α and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), agonists of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and steroids, have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in in vivo or in vitro PD models. Clinical trials applying objective biomarkers are required to investigate the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory medications for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Wei Liu
- Linkou Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tauoyan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Linkou Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tauoyan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (C.-M.C.)
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Linkou Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tauoyan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (C.-M.C.)
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8729); Fax: +886-3-3288849
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Chu J, Jiang Y, Zhou W, Zhang J, Li H, Yu Y, Yu Y. Acetaminophen alleviates ferroptosis in mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy via the GPX4 pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221133547. [DOI: 10.1177/09603271221133547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a cognitive impairment caused by sepsis, associated with increased morbidity and death. And acetaminophen (APAP) is a promising therapeutic medicine for SAE treatment. This research was designed to determine whether APAP alleviates SAE by attenuating ferroptosis and mediating the glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) pathway. The cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) approach was used to establish septic mouse models. The survival rates for 7 days were determined. The Morris water maze (MWM) was utilized to assess cognitive function. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining identified histopathologic alterations in hippocampal tissue. Mitochondrial damage was discovered in hippocampal tissue using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reactive oxygen (ROS) levels in hippocampal tissue were measured using commercial assays. Septic cell models were produced using HT22 cells grown with 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ROS were quantified using immunofluorescence. Ferroptosis-related protein expression levels in hippocampal tissue and HT22 cells were measured using western blotting. To evaluate the iron content of hippocampal tissue and HT22 cells, commercial kits were employed. According to the findings, APAP improved survival rates, lowered hippocampal and mitochondrial damage, and improve cognitive impairment. In both animal and cell studies, APAP reduced iron content, ROS, glutamate antiporter (xCT), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) levels but increased GPX4 expression. However, RSL3, a GPX4 inhibitor that acts as a ferroptosis activator, decreased the protective properties of APAP in vitro. Our findings suggest that APAP reduces sepsis-induced cognitive impairment by reducing ferroptosis, which is mediated by the GPX4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Specialized Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Specialized Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Jialei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Specialized Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
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Nogueira AF, Nunes B. Effects of paracetamol on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor: occurrence of oxidative stress, cyclooxygenase inhibition and behavioural alterations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26772-26783. [PMID: 33496946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are significant environmental stressors, since they are utilized around the world; they are usually released in to the aquatic system without adequate treatment and several non-target species can be harmed because of their intrinsic properties. Paracetamol is one of the most widely prescribed analgesics in human medical care. Consequently, this compound is systematically reported to occur in the wild, where it may exert toxic effects on non-target species, which are mostly uncharacterized so far. The objective of the present work was to assess the acute (control, 5, 25, 125, 625 and 3125 μg/L) and chronic (control, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/L) effects of paracetamol on behavioural endpoints, as well as on selected oxidative stress biomarkers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRed)] and the anti-inflammatory activity biomarker cyclooxygenase (COX), in the polychaete Hediste diversicolor (Annelida: Polychaeta). Exposure to paracetamol caused effects on behavioural traits, with increased burrowing time (96 h) and hypoactivity (28 days). In addition, exposure to paracetamol resulted also in significant increases of SOD activity, but only for intermediate levels of exposure, but for both acute and chronic exposures. Both forms of GPx had their activities significantly increased, especially after chronic exposure. Acutely exposed organisms had their GRed significantly decreased, while chronically exposed worms had their GRed activity augmented only for the lowest tested concentrations. Effects were also observed in terms of COX activity, showing that paracetamol absorption occurred and caused an inhibition of COX activity in both exposure regimes. It is possible to conclude that the exposure to concentrations of paracetamol close to the ones in the environment may be deleterious to marine ecosystems, endangering marine life by changing their overall redox balance, and the biochemical control of inflammatory intermediaries. Behaviour was also modified and the burrowing capacity was adversely affected. This set of effects clearly demonstrate that paracetamol exposure, under realistic conditions, it not exempt of adverse effects on marine invertebrates, such as polychaetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Nogueira
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Labib AY, Ammar RM, El-Naga RN, El-Bahy AAZ, Tadros MG, Michel HE. Mechanistic insights into the protective effect of paracetamol against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Possible role of endocannabinoid system modulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107431. [PMID: 33578261 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling progressive neurodegenerative disease. So far, PD's treatment remains symptomatic with no curative effects. Aside from its blatant analgesic and antipyretic efficacy, recent studies highlighted the endowed neuroprotective potentials of paracetamol (PCM). To this end: the present study investigated: (1) Possible protective role of PCM against rotenone-induced PD-like neurotoxicity in rats, and (2) the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective actions including cannabinoid receptors' modulation. A dose-response study was conducted using three doses of PCM (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and their effects on body weight changes, spontaneous locomotor activity, rotarod test, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein expression, and striatal dopamine (DA) content were evaluated. Results revealed that PCM (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) halted PD motor impairment, prevented rotenone-induced weight loss, restored normal histological tissue structure, reversed rotenone-induced reduction in TH expression and striatal DA content, and markedly decreased midbrain and striatal α-synuclein expression in rotenone-treated rats. Accordingly, PCM (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was selected for further mechanistic investigations, where it ameliorated rotenone-induced oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, apoptosis, and disturbed cannabinoid receptors' expression. In conclusion, our findings imply a multi-target neuroprotective effect of PCM in PD which could be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, in addition to cannabinoid receptors' modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yassin Labib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ramy M Ammar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alshaymaa Amin Zaki El-Bahy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative City, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Marashi SM, Hosseini SF, Hosseinzadeh M, Qadir MF, Khodaei F. Ameliorative role of aspirin in paraquat-induced lung toxicity via mitochondrial mechanisms. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22370. [PMID: 31348582 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) has accounted for numerous suicide attempts in developing countries. Aspirin (ASA) as an adjuvant treatment in PQ poisoning has an ameliorative role. And, it's uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation role has been well established. The current study aimed at examining the aspirin mechanism on lung mitochondria of rats exposed to PQ. Male rats were randomly allocated in five groups: Control group, PQ group (50 mg/kg; orally, only on the first day), and PQ + ASA (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg; i.p.) groups for 3 weeks. Mitochondrial indices and respiratory chain-complex activities were determined. PQ induced lung interstitial fibrosis; however, ASA (400 mg/kg) led to decrease in this abnormal alteration. In comparison with PQ group, complex II and IV activity, and adenosine triphosphate content in ASA groups had significantly increased; however, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, and mitochondrial swelling were significantly reduced. In conclusion, aspirin can alleviate lung injury induced by PQ poisoning by improving mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.,Tehran Blood Transfusion Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Fatemeh Hosseini
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Massood Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Farhan Qadir
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Forouzan Khodaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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Poly TN, Islam MMR, Yang HC, Li YCJ. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson's disease in the elderly population: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 75:99-108. [PMID: 30280208 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have explored the impact of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). However, the extent to which NSAIDs may increase or decrease the risk of PD remains unresolved. We, therefore, performed a meta-analysis of relevant studies to quantify the magnitude of the association between NSAID use and PD risk in the elderly population. METHODS The electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were used to search the relevant articles published between January 1990 and December 2017. Large (n ≥ 1000) observational design studies with a follow-up at least 1 year were considered. Two authors independently extracted information from the included studies. Random effect model was used to calculate risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (Cl). RESULTS A total of 17 studies with 2,498,258 participants and nearly 14,713 PD patients were included in the final analysis. The overall pooled RR of PD was 0.95 (95%CI 0.860-1.048) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 63.093, Q = 43.352, p < 0.0001). In the subgroup analysis, the overall pooled RR of PD was 0.90 (95%CI 0.738-1.109), 0.96 (95%CI 0.882-1.055), and 0.99 (95%CI 0.841-0.982) from the studies of North America, Europe, and Asia. Additionally, long-term use, study design, individual NSAID use, and risk of PD were also evaluated. CONCLUSION Despite the neuroprotective potential of NSAIDs demonstrated in some experimental studies, our findings suggest that there is no association between NSAIDs and the risk of Parkinson disease at the population level. Until further evidence is established, clinicians need to be vigilant ensuring that the use of NSAIDs remains restricted to their approved anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmina Nasrin Poly
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Md Mohaimenul Rubel Islam
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Chia Yang
- International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Jack Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Dermatology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gomes BRB, Firmino M, Jorge JS, Ferreira MLO, Rodovalho TM, Weis SN, Souza GEP, Morais PC, Sousa MV, Souza PEN, Veiga-Souza FH. Increase of reactive oxygen species in different tissues during lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and antipyresis: an electron paramagnetic resonance study. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:351-361. [PMID: 29308684 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1425549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fever is a regulated increase in body temperature and a component of the acute-phase response, triggered mainly after the invasion of pathogens in the body. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during the physiological and pathological processes, and can act as both signalling molecules as well as promoters of oxidative stress. Male Wistar rats, pretreated with oral doses of acetaminophen, celecoxib, dipyrone, or ibuprofen 30 min before an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or sterile saline injection, showed a reduced febrile response in all animals tested. The formation of ROS in the fresh blood, liver, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and hypothalamus of febrile and antipyretic-treated animals was assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance using the spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CMH). While the CM• concentrations remained unaltered in the blood samples examined 5 h after the induction of fever, we found increased CM• levels in the liver (in µM, saline: 290 ± 42; LPS: 512 ± 34), BAT (in µM, saline: 509 ± 79, LPS: 855 ± 79), and hypothalamus (in µM, saline: 292 ± 35; LPS: 467 ± 8) at the same time point. Importantly, none of the antipyretics were seen to alter the CM• accumulation profile. Data from this study suggest that there is an increased formation of ROS in the different tissues during fever, which may cause oxidative stress, and that the antipyretics tested do not interfere with ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R B Gomes
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Marina Firmino
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Jardeson S Jorge
- b School of Ceilandia , University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | | | | | - Simone N Weis
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Gloria E P Souza
- c Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Paulo C Morais
- d School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Anhui University , Hefei , China.,e Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance , Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Sousa
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Paulo E N Souza
- e Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance , Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Fabiane H Veiga-Souza
- a Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil.,b School of Ceilandia , University of Brasilia , Brasília , Brazil
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Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Modify the Functional Deficits or Axonopathy Induced by Nigrostriatal α-Synuclein Overexpression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16356. [PMID: 29180681 PMCID: PMC5703955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) protects dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) against 6-OHDA and MPTP. We evaluated STN DBS in a parkinsonian model that displays α-synuclein pathology using unilateral, intranigral injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus pseudotype 2/5 to overexpress wildtype human α-synuclein (rAAV2/5 α-syn). A low titer of rAAV2/5 α-syn results in progressive forelimb asymmetry, loss of striatal dopaminergic terminal density and modest loss of SNpc dopamine neurons after eight weeks, corresponding to robust human-Snca expression and no effect on rat-Snca, Th, Bdnf or Trk2. α-syn overexpression increased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (p-rpS6) in SNpc neurons, a readout of trkB activation. Rats received intranigral injections of rAAV2/5 α-syn and three weeks later received four weeks of STN DBS or electrode implantation that remained inactive. STN DBS did not protect against α-syn-mediated deficits in forelimb akinesia, striatal denervation or loss of SNpc neuron, nor did STN DBS elevate p-rpS6 levels further. ON stimulation, forelimb asymmetry was exacerbated, indicating α-syn overexpression-mediated neurotransmission deficits. These results demonstrate that STN DBS does not protect the nigrostriatal system against α-syn overexpression-mediated toxicity. Whether STN DBS can be protective in other models of synucleinopathy is unknown.
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Mechanistic investigation on the electropolymerization of phenol red by cyclic voltammetry and the catalytic reactions toward acetaminophen and dopamine using poly(phenol red)-modified GCE. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhao WX, Zhang JH, Cao JB, Wang W, Wang DX, Zhang XY, Yu J, Zhang YY, Zhang YZ, Mi WD. Acetaminophen attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment through antioxidant activity. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:17. [PMID: 28109286 PMCID: PMC5251335 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable evidence has shown that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathophysiology of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and other progressive neurodegenerative disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that acetaminophen (APAP) has unappreciated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the impact of APAP on the cognitive sequelae of inflammatory and oxidative stress is unknown. The objective of this study is to explore whether APAP could have neuroprotective effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Methods A mouse model of LPS-induced cognitive impairment was established to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of APAP against LPS-induced cognitive impairment. Adult C57BL/6 mice were treated with APAP half an hour prior to intracerebroventricular microinjection of LPS and every day thereafter, until the end of the study period. The Morris water maze was used to assess cognitive function from postinjection days 1 to 3. Animal behavioural tests as well as pathological and biochemical assays were performed to evaluate LPS-induced hippocampal damage and the neuroprotective effect of APAP. Results Mice treated with LPS exhibited impaired performance in the Morris water maze without changing spontaneous locomotor activity, which was ameliorated by treatment with APAP. APAP suppressed the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation induced by LPS in the hippocampus. In addition, APAP increased SOD activity, reduced MDA levels, modulated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity and elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, APAP significantly decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that APAP may possess a neuroprotective effect against LPS-induced cognitive impairment and inflammatory and oxidative stress via mechanisms involving its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its ability to inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore and the subsequent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xing Zhao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jun-Han Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiang-Bei Cao
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Dong-Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yong-Yi Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - You-Zhi Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Key laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, 27th Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei-Dong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Blecharz-Klin K, Joniec-Maciejak I, Jawna K, Pyrzanowska J, Piechal A, Wawer A, Widy-Tyszkiewicz E. Developmental exposure to paracetamol causes biochemical alterations in medulla oblongata. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:369-374. [PMID: 26233562 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect and safety of prenatal and early life administration of paracetamol - routinely used over-the-counter antipyretic and analgesic medication on monoamines content and balance of amino acids in the medulla oblongata is still unknown. In this study we have determined the level of neurotransmitters in this structure in two-month old Wistar male rats exposed to paracetamol in the dose of 5 (P5, n=10) or 15mg/kg b.w. (P15, n=10) during prenatal period, lactation and till the end of the second month of life. Control group received drinking water (Con, n=10). Monoamines, their metabolites and amino acids concentration in medulla oblongata of rats were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 60 postnatal day (PND60). This experiment shows that prenatal and early life paracetamol exposure modulates neurotransmission associated with serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic system in medulla oblongata. Reduction of alanine and taurine levels has also been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Blecharz-Klin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jawna
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Pyrzanowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piechal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Wawer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Widy-Tyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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13
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A computational study for the antioxidant capacity increases in hydroxy-derivatives of paracetamol and salicylic acid. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Contribution of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors to the anti-nociceptive and hypothermic effects of dipyrone. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2015; 27:48-52. [PMID: 25467825 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipyrone is one of the most commonly used non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic drug. Its anti-nociceptive and hypothermic effects have long been suspected to be centrally mediated. The involvement of the most recently discovered opioid peptide, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), and its receptor (NOP) in pain transmission is controversial. It appears to be pro-nociceptive when administered supra-spinally, but exerts anti-nociceptive effects when injected spinally or systemically. OBJECTIVE Investigation of the role of the N/OFQ system in paracetamol-induced anti-nociception and hypothermia led us to determine its role in the anti-nociceptive and hypothermic effects of dipyrone. Material and Methods Hot-plate and tail-flick tests were used to assess nociception, and a rectal thermometer was used to measure rectal temperature in mice. RESULTS Mice injected with dipyrone (150, 300, 600 mg/kg, i.p.) displayed dose-related anti-nociception and hypothermia. The NOP receptor antagonist JTC-801 (3 mg/kg, i.p.), at a dose that exerted no effect when used alone, alleviated dipyrone-induced anti-nociception but did not reverse dipyrone-induced hypothermia. CONCLUSION We conclude that NOP receptors participate in the anti-nociceptive, but not in the hypothermic, effects of dipyrone.
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Abstract
It is well known that the death of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common and disabling condition in the expanding elderly population. Nevertheless, the intracellular cascade of events leading to dopamine cell death is still unknown and, consequently, treatment is largely symptomatic rather than preventive. Moreover, the mechanisms whereby nigral dopaminergic neurons may degenerate still remain controversial. Hitherto, several data have shown that the earlier cellular disturbances occurring in dopaminergic neurons include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and altered proteolysis. These alterations, rather than killing neurons, trigger subsequent death-related molecular pathways, including elements of apoptosis. In rare incidences, PD may be inherited; this evidence has opened a new and exciting area of research, attempting to shed light on the nature of the more common idiopathic PD form. In this review, the characteristics of the SNc dopaminergic neurons and their lifecycle from birth to death are reviewed. In addition, of the mechanisms by which the aforementioned alterations cause neuronal dopaminergic death, particular emphasis will be given to the role played by inflammation, and the relevance of the possible use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of PD. Finally, new evidence of a possible de novo neurogenesis in the SNc of adult animals and in PD patients will also be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Esposito
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale 8, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy.
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Blecharz-Klin K, Joniec-Maciejak I, Piechal A, Pyrzanowska J, Wawer A, Widy-Tyszkiewicz E. Paracetamol impairs the profile of amino acids in the rat brain. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:95-102. [PMID: 24316461 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In our experiment we investigated the effect of subcutaneous administration of paracetamol on the levels of amino acids in the brain structures. Male Wistar rats received for eight weeks paracetamol at two doses: 10 mg/kg b.w. (group P10, n=9) and 50 mg/kg b.w. per day s.c. (group P50, n=9). The regional brain concentrations of amino acids were determined in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and striatum of control (Con, n=9) and paracetamol-treated groups using HPLC. Evaluation of the biochemical results indicated considerable decrease of the content of amino acids in the striatum (glutamine, glutamic acid, taurine, alanine, aspartic acid) and hypothalamus (glycine) between groups treated with paracetamol compared to the control. In the prefrontal cortex paracetamol increased the level of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The present study demonstrated significant effect of the long term paracetamol treatment on the level of amino acids in the striatum, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Blecharz-Klin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piechal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Pyrzanowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Wawer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Widy-Tyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland.
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Borges RS, Barros TG, Pereira GAN, Batista Jr. J, Beleza Filho RFGP, Veiga AAS, Hamoy M, Mello VJ, Silva ABFD, Barros CAL. A Structure and Antioxidant Activity Study of Paracetamol and Salicylic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2014.513130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Paracetamol—The outcome on neurotransmission and spatial learning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Superoxo radical scavenging action by common analgesic drug paracetamol: A model kinetic study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Borges RS, Pereira GAN, Vale JKL, França LCS, Monteiro MC, Alves CN, da Silva ABF. Design and evaluation of 4-aminophenol and salicylate derivatives as free-radical scavenger. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:414-9. [PMID: 23405943 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical and experimental study describes the design and evaluation of the free-radical scavenging effect for the molecular association of 4-aminophenol and salicylate derivatives. For this purpose, we employed theoretical methods for the selection of antioxidant drugs and the rapid methods of evaluation: the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the lipid peroxidation initiated by Fe(2+) and ascorbic acid in human erythrocytes. The associate derivatives exhibited a more potent inhibition than the salicylic acid, while the benzoyl compound exhibited a more potent inhibition than paracetamol. The molecular parameters related to the electron distribution and structure (ionization potential and energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital) correlated very well with the antioxidant action of the compounds studied here in different tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosivaldo S Borges
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Biomoléculas da Amazônia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brasil.
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21
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Salam S, Ansari A, Amon S, Rezai P, Selvaganapathy PR, Mishra RK, Gupta BP. A microfluidic phenotype analysis system reveals function of sensory and dopaminergic neuron signaling in C. elegans electrotactic swimming behavior. WORM 2013; 2:e24558. [PMID: 24058875 PMCID: PMC3704449 DOI: 10.4161/worm.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nematode (worm) C. elegans is a leading multicellular animal model to study neuronal-basis of behavior. Worms respond to a wide range of stimuli and exhibit characteristic movement patterns. Here we describe the use of a microfluidics setup to probe neuronal activity that relies on the innate response of C. elegans to swim toward the cathode in the presence of a DC electric field (termed "electrotaxis"). Using this setup, we examined mutants affecting sensory and dopaminergic neurons and found that their electrotactic responses were defective. Such animals moved with reduced speed (35-80% slower than controls) with intermittent pauses, abnormal turning and slower body bends. A similar phenotype was observed in worms treated with neurotoxins 6-OHDA (6- hydroxy dopamine), MPTP (1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and rotenone (20-60% slower). We also found that neurotoxin effects could be suppressed by pre-exposing worms to a known neuroprotective compound acetaminophen. Collectively, these results show that microfluidic electrotaxis can identify alterations in dopamine and amphid neuronal signaling based on swimming responses of C. elegans. Further characterization has revealed that the electrotactic swimming response is highly sensitive and reliable in detecting neuronal abnormalities. Thus, our microfluidics setup could be used to dissect neuronal function and toxin-induced neurodegeneration. Among other applications, the setup promises to facilitate genetic and chemical screenings to identify factors that mediate neuronal signaling and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeena Salam
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Ata Ansari
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Siavash Amon
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON Canada
| | | | - Ram K. Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON Canada
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Madathil SK, Karuppagounder SS, Mohanakumar KP. Sodium salicylate protects against rotenone-induced Parkinsonism in rats. Synapse 2013; 67:502-14. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu K. Madathil
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; 700032; West Bengal; India
| | - Saravanan S. Karuppagounder
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; 700032; West Bengal; India
| | - Kochupurackal P. Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; 700032; West Bengal; India
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Cyclooxygenase-independent neuroprotective effects of aspirin against dopamine quinone-induced neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1944-51. [PMID: 22674083 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin H synthase exerts not only cyclooxygenase activity but also peroxidase activity. The latter activity of the enzyme is thought to couple with oxidation of dopamine to dopamine quinone. Therefore, it has been proposed that cyclooxygenase inhibitors could suppress dopamine quinone formation. In the present study, we examined effects of various cyclooxygenase inhibitors against excess methyl L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced quinoprotein (protein-bound quinone) formation and neurotoxicity using dopaminergic CATH.a cells. The treatment with aspirin inhibited excess methyl L-DOPA-induced quinoprotein formation and cell death. However, acetaminophen did not show protective effects, and indomethacin and meloxicam rather aggravated these methyl L-DOPA-induced changes. Aspirin and indomethacin did not affect the level of glutathione that exerts quenching dopamine quinone in dopaminergic cells. In contrast with inhibiting effects of higher dose in the previous reports, relatively lower dose of aspirin that affected methyl L-DOPA-induced quinoprotein formation and cell death failed to prevent cyclooxygenase-induced dopamine chrome generation in cell-free system. Furthermore, aspirin but not acetaminophen or meloxicam showed direct dopamine quinone-scavenging effects in dopamine-semiquinone generating systems. The present results suggest that cyclooxygenase shows little contribution to dopamine oxidation in dopaminergic cells and that protective effects of aspirin against methyl L-DOPA-induced dopamine quinone neurotoxicity are based on its cyclooxygenase-independent property.
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24
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Abstract
Poisoning by paraquat herbicide is a major medical problem in parts of Asia while sporadic cases occur elsewhere. The very high case fatality of paraquat is due to inherent toxicity and lack of effective treatments. We conducted a systematic search for human studies that report toxicokinetics, mechanisms, clinical features, prognosis and treatment. Paraquat is rapidly but incompletely absorbed and then largely eliminated unchanged in urine within 12-24 h. Clinical features are largely due to intracellular effects. Paraquat generates reactive oxygen species which cause cellular damage via lipid peroxidation, activation of NF-κB, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in many organs. Kinetics of distribution into these target tissues can be described by a two-compartment model. Paraquat is actively taken up against a concentration gradient into lung tissue leading to pneumonitis and lung fibrosis. Paraquat also causes renal and liver injury. Plasma paraquat concentrations, urine and plasma dithionite tests and clinical features provide a good guide to prognosis. Activated charcoal and Fuller's earth are routinely given to minimize further absorption. Gastric lavage should not be performed. Elimination methods such as haemodialysis and haemoperfusion are unlikely to change the clinical course. Immunosuppression with dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone is widely practised, but evidence for efficacy is very weak. Antioxidants such as acetylcysteine and salicylate might be beneficial through free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and NF-κB inhibitory actions. However, there are no published human trials. The case fatality is very high in all centres despite large variations in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indika B Gawarammana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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25
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Doherty GH. Nitric oxide in neurodegeneration: potential benefits of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. Neurosci Bull 2011; 27:366-82. [PMID: 22108814 PMCID: PMC5560384 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-011-1530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular messenger nitric oxide (NO) has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders due to the increased expression of the enzymes that catalyze its synthesis in postmortem tissues derived from sufferers of these diseases. Nitrated proteins have also been detected in these samples, revealing that NO is biologically active in regions damaged during neurodegeneration. Modulation of NO levels has been reported not only in the neurons of the central nervous system, but also in the glial cells (microglia and astroglia) activated during the neuroinflammatory response. Neuroinflammation has been found in some neurodegenerative conditions, and inhibition of these neuroinflammatory signals has been shown to delay the progress of such disorders. Thus NO and the pathways triggering its release are emerging as an important research focus in the search for strategies to prevent, halt or cure neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Helane Doherty
- School of Biology, St Andrews University, St Andrews, Fife KY169TS, United Kingdom.
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26
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Blough ER, Wu M. Acetaminophen: beyond pain and Fever-relieving. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:72. [PMID: 22087105 PMCID: PMC3213427 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen, also known as APAP or paracetamol, is one of the most widely used analgesics (pain reliever) and antipyretics (fever reducer). According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, currently there are 235 approved prescription and over-the-counter drug products containing acetaminophen as an active ingredient. When used as directed, acetaminophen is very safe and effective; however when taken in excess or ingested with alcohol hepatotoxicity and irreversible liver damage can arise. In addition to well known use pain relief and fever reduction, recent laboratory and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that acetaminophen may also have beneficial effects on blood glucose levels, skeletal muscle function, and potential use as cardioprotective and neuroprotective agents. Extensive laboratory and pre-clinical studies have revealed that these off-label applications may be derived from the ability of acetaminophen to function as an antioxidant. Herein, we will highlight these novel applications of acetaminophen, and attempt, where possible, to highlight how these findings may lead to new directions of inquiry and clinical relevance of other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Blough
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University Huntington, WV, USA
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27
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Ito T, Suzuki K, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Different susceptibility to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium (MPP(+))-induced nigro-striatal dopaminergic cell loss between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice is not related to the difference of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 65:153-8. [PMID: 21855308 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administrations of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induce selective dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neuronal death in many animal species. After passing through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), MPTP is converted to 1-methy-4-phenylpiridinium (MPP(+)) by astrocytic monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). MPP(+) then induces the dopaminergic neuronal death. In mice, marked strain differences in the susceptibility to MPTP-injection have been reported. To clarify which factor(s) cause the strain differences, MPTP or MPP(+) was intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected into adult C57BL/6 (highly susceptible to MPTP) and BALB/c (resistant to MPTP) mice. The brain tissues including the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) were examined immunohistochemically using an antibody to tyrosine hydrocyrase (TH). MPP(+)-injected C57BL/6 mice showed a significant decrease in TH-immunopositive areas in the striatum at Day 3 post injection (p<0.01), and TH-positive cells in the SNpc at Days 1 and 3 (p<0.01), respectively, compared to saline-injected control mice. In addition, MPP(+)-injected BALB/c mice showed a significant decrease in TH-positive areas in the striatum at Days 1 and 3, and SNpc TH-positive cells in the SNpc at Day 3, respectively (p<0.05). However, the decrease rates in the BALB/c mice were lower than that in C57BL/6 mice. MPTP-injected C57BL/6 mice, however, showed no lesions in the striatum and SNpc at Days 1 and 7 after icv injection. All the present findings indicate that factors other than MAO-B can influence the strain susceptibility between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice after the conversion from MPTP to MPP(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Tunçel N, Korkmaz OT, Tekin N, Şener E, Akyüz F, İnal M. Antioxidant and Anti-Apoptotic Activity of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Against 6-Hydroxy Dopamine Toxicity in the Rat Corpus Striatum. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:51-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Wang F, Zhai H, Huang L, Li H, Xu Y, Qiao X, Sun S, Wu Y. Aspirin Protects Dopaminergic Neurons Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neurotoxicity in Primary Midbrain Cultures. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:153-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Machado A, Herrera AJ, Venero JL, Santiago M, De Pablos RM, Villarán RF, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Argüelles S, Sarmiento M, Delgado-Cortés MJ, Mauriño R, Cano J. Peripheral inflammation increases the damage in animal models of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration: possible implication in Parkinson's disease incidence. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:393769. [PMID: 21603178 PMCID: PMC3096050 DOI: 10.4061/2011/393769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes described in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its animal models appear to be important in the progression of the pathogenesis, or even a triggering factor. Here we review that peripheral inflammation enhances the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system induced by different insults; different peripheral inflammations have been used, such as IL-1β and the ulcerative colitis model, as well as insults to the dopaminergic system such as 6-hydroxydopamine or lipopolysaccharide. In all cases, an increased loss of dopaminergic neurons was described; inflammation in the substantia nigra increased, displaying a great activation of microglia along with an increase in the production of cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α. Increased permeability or disruption of the BBB, with overexpression of the ICAM-1 adhesion molecule and infiltration of circulating monocytes into the substantia nigra, is also involved, since the depletion of circulating monocytes prevents the effects of peripheral inflammation. Data are reviewed in relation to epidemiological studies of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Motozaki W, Nagatani Y, Kimura Y, Endo K, Takemura T, Kurmaev E, Moewes A. Evaluation of antioxidant activity and electronic structure of aspirin and paracetamol. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Antiparkinsonian Effects of Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Hyoscyamus niger Seeds Result From its Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitory and Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Potency. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:177-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The simple nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has been instrumental in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis. Beyond apoptosis, several paradigms of non-apoptotic cell death, either genetically or extrinsically triggered, have also been described in C. elegans. Remarkably, non-apoptotic cell death in worms and pathological cell death in humans share numerous key features and mechanistic aspects. Such commonalities suggest that similarly to apoptosis, non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms are also conserved, and render the worm a useful organism, in which to model and dissect human pathologies. Indeed, the genetic malleability and the sophisticated molecular tools available for C. elegans have contributed decisively to advance our understanding of non-apoptotic cell death. Here, we review the literature on the various types of non-apoptotic cell death in C. elegans and discuss the implications, relevant to pathological conditions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Vlachos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Borah A, Mohanakumar KP. Salicylic acid protects against chronic l-DOPA-induced 6-OHDA generation in experimental model of parkinsonism. Brain Res 2010; 1344:192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stone DK, Reynolds AD, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Innate and adaptive immunity for the pathobiology of Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2151-66. [PMID: 19243239 PMCID: PMC2788126 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity affect the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, activation of microglia influences degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Cell-to-cell interactions and immune regulation critical for neuronal homeostasis also influence immune responses. The links between T cell immunity and nigrostriatal degeneration are supported by laboratory, animal model, and human pathologic investigations. Immune-associated biomarkers in spinal fluids and brain tissue of patients with idiopathic or familial forms of PD provide means to improve diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Relationships between oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune-mediated cell death pathways are examined in this review as they are linked to PD pathogenesis. Harnessing the immune system by drugs or by vaccination remain promising future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Stone
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5880, USA
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Tripathy D, Grammas P. Acetaminophen inhibits neuronal inflammation and protects neurons from oxidative stress. J Neuroinflammation 2009; 6:10. [PMID: 19291322 PMCID: PMC2662814 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-6-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have demonstrated a link between the inflammatory response, increased cytokine formation, and neurodegeneration in the brain. The beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory drugs in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been documented. Increasing evidence suggests that acetaminophen has unappreciated anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of acetaminophen on cultured brain neuronal survival and inflammatory factor expression when exposed to oxidative stress. Methods Cerebral cortical cultured neurons are pretreated with acetaminophen and then exposed to the superoxide-generating compound menadione (5 μM). Cell survival is assessed by MTT assay and inflammatory protein (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, macrophage inflammatory protein alpha, and RANTES) release quantitated by ELISA. Expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins is assessed by western blots. Results Acetaminophen has pro-survival effects on neurons in culture. Menadione, a superoxide releasing oxidant stressor, causes a significant (p < 0.001) increase in neuronal cell death as well as in the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, macrophage inflammatory protein alpha, and RANTES from cultured neurons. Pretreatment of neuronal cultures with acetaminophen (50 μM) increases neuronal cell survival and inhibits the expression of these cytokines and chemokines. In addition, we document, for the first time, that acetaminophen increases expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in brain neurons and decreases the menadione-induced elevation of the proapoptotic protein, cleaved caspase 3. We show that blocking acetaminophen-induced expression of Bcl2 reduces the pro-survival effect of the drug. Conclusion These data show that acetaminophen has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on neurons and suggest a heretofore unappreciated therapeutic potential for this drug in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD that are characterized by oxidant and inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Tripathy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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Tripathy D, Grammas P. Acetaminophen protects brain endothelial cells against oxidative stress. Microvasc Res 2009; 77:289-96. [PMID: 19265712 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that acetaminophen has unappreciated anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Drugs that affect oxidant and inflammatory stress in the brain are of interest because both processes are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. The objective of this study is to determine whether acetaminophen affects the response of brain endothelial cells to oxidative stress. Cultured brain endothelial cells are pre-treated with acetaminophen and then exposed to the superoxide-generating compound menadione (25 microM). Cell survival, inflammatory protein expression, and anti-oxidant enzyme activity are measured. Menadione causes a significant (p<0.001) increase in endothelial cell death as well as an increase in RNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, macrophage inflammatory protein alpha, and RANTES. Menadione also evokes a significant (p<0.001) increase in the activity of the anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Pre-treatment of endothelial cell cultures with acetaminophen (25-100 microM) increases endothelial cell survival and inhibits menadione-induced expression of inflammatory proteins and SOD activity. In addition, we document, for the first time, that acetaminophen increases expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. Suppressing Bcl2 with siRNA blocks the pro-survival effect of acetaminophen. These data show that acetaminophen has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the cerebrovasculature and suggest a heretofore unappreciated therapeutic potential for this drug in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease that are characterized by oxidant and inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Tripathy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street Stop 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Opioid, cannabinoid CB1 and NOP receptors do not mediate APAP-induced hypothermia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92:503-7. [PMID: 19463266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) produces antinociception and hypothermia. Because the antinociceptive effect in rats is partially dependent on opioid and cannabinoid CB1 receptor activation, we determined if activation of these receptors also contributes to the hypothermic effect of APAP. Rats injected with APAP (100, 250, 375 or 500 mg/kg, i.p.) displayed dose-related hypothermia. For combined administration, the hypothermic effect of APAP (400 mg/kg, i.p.) was not altered by pretreatment with: naltrexone (10 mg/kg, s.c.), a non-selective opioid antagonist; naltrindole (1 mg/kg, s.c.), a delta opioid antagonist; nor-binaltorphimine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a kappa opioid antagonist; SR 141716A (3 mg/kg, i.m.), a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist; or JTC-801(1 mg/kg, i.p.), a nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor antagonist. The demonstration that APAP produces hypothermia independent of opioid, cannabinoid CB1 or NOP receptor activation is contrary to its antinociceptive effect, which requires opioid and cannabinoid CB1 receptor activation.
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Triptolide protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in rats: implication for immunosuppressive therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Bull 2008; 24:133-42. [PMID: 18500385 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-008-1225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation with microglial activation has been implicated to have a strong association with the progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the activation profile of microglia in 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP+)-induced hemiparkinsonian rats. Triptolide, a potent immunosuppressant and microglia inhibitor, was then examined for its efficacy in protecting dopaminergic neurons from injury and ameliorating behavioral disabilities induced by MPP+. METHODS The rat model of PD was established by intranigral microinjection of MPP+. At baseline and on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 following MPP+ injection, the degree of microglial activation was examined by detecting the immunodensity of OX-42 (microglia marker) in the substantia nigra (SN). The number of viable dopaminergic neurons was determined by measuring tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in the SN. Behavioral performances were evaluated by counting the number of rotations induced by apomorphine, calculating scores of forelimb akinesia and vibrissae-elicited forelimb placing asymmetry. RESULTS Intranigral injection of MPP+ resulted in robust activation of microglia, progressive depletion of dopaminergic neurons, and ongoing aggravation of behavioral disabilities in rats. Triptolide significantly inhibited microglial activation, partially prevented dopaminergic cells from death and improved behavioral performances. CONCLUSION These data demonstrated for the first time a neuroprotective effect of triptolide on dopaminergic neurons in MPP+-induced hemiparkinsonian rats. The protective effect of triptolide may, at least partially, be related to the inhibition of MPP+-induced microglial activation. Our results lend strong support to the use of immunosuppressive agents in the management of PD.
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Locke CJ, Fox SA, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA. Acetaminophen attenuates dopamine neuron degeneration in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2008; 439:129-33. [PMID: 18514411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with approximately 2% of people over age 65 suffering from this disease. Risk factors for PD involve interplay between still poorly defined genetic and non-genetic contributors, but appear to converge upon cellular pathways that mediate protein misfolding and oxidative stress that lead to dopaminergic neuron loss. The identification of either new or repurposed drugs that exhibit benefit in slowing the age-dependent neuronal damage that occurs in PD is a significant goal of much ongoing research. We have exploited the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system by which the neuroprotective capacity of acetaminophen could be rapidly evaluated for efficacy in attenuating dopamine (DA) neurodegeneration. Using three independent and established neurodegenerative models in C. elegans, we assayed for acetaminophen-dependent rescue in response to: (1) over-expression of the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein; (2) acute exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA); (3) excess intracellular DA production due to over-expression of the DA biosynthetic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). These data suggest that acetaminophen significantly protected C. elegans DA neurons from stressors related to oxidative damage, but not protein misfolding. Taken together, these studies imply an activity for acetaminophen in the attenuation of DA neuron loss that, following essential corroborative analyses in mammalian systems, may represent a potential benefit for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Locke
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Li S, Dou W, Tang Y, Goorha S, Ballou LR, Blatteis CM. Acetaminophen: antipyretic or hypothermic in mice? In either case, PGHS-1b (COX-3) is irrelevant. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 85:89-99. [PMID: 18083054 PMCID: PMC2329595 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (AC) reduces the core temperatures (T(c)) of febrile and non-febrile mice alike. Evidence has been adduced that the selectively AC-sensitive PGHS isoform, PGHS-1b (COX-3), mediates these effects. PGHS-1b, however, has no catalytic potency in mice. To resolve this contradiction, AC was injected intravenously (i.v.) into conscious PGHS-1 gene-sufficient (wild-type (WT)) and -deficient (PGHS-1(-/-)) mice 60 min before or after pyrogen-free saline (PFS) or E. coli LPS (10 microg/kg) i.v. T(c) was monitored continuously; brain and plasma PGE(2) levels were determined hourly. AC at <160 mg/kg did not affect T(c) when given before PFS or LPS; at 160 mg/kg, it caused a approximately 2.5 degrees C T(c) fall in 60 min. LPS given after AC (all doses) induced a approximately 1 degrees C fever, not different from that in AC-untreated mice. But this rise was insufficient to overcome the hypothermia of the 160 mg/kg-treated mice; their T(c) culminated 1 degrees C below baseline. LPS given before AC similarly elevated T(c) approximately 1 degrees C. This rise was reduced to baseline in 30 min by 80 mg AC/kg; T(c) rebounded to its febrile level over the next 30 min. At 160 mg/kg, AC reduced T(c) to 4 degrees C below baseline in 60 min, where it remained until the end of the experiment. WT and PGHS-1(-/-) mice responded similarly to all the treatments. The basal brain and plasma PGE(2) levels of PFS mice and the elevated plasma levels of LPS mice were unchanged by AC at 160 mg/kg; but the latter's brain levels were reduced at 1h, then recovered. Thus, AC could exert an anti-PGHS-2 effect when this enzyme is upregulated in the brain of febrile mice. The hypothermia it induces in non-febrile mice, therefore, is due to another mechanism. PGHS-1b is not involved in either case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Shertzer HG, Schneider SN, Kendig EL, Clegg DJ, D'Alessio DA, Genter MB. Acetaminophen normalizes glucose homeostasis in mouse models for diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:1402-10. [PMID: 18237716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic beta cell insulin secretion is the most important element in the progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Since oxidative stress is involved in the progressive loss of beta cell function, we evaluated the potential for the over-the-counter analgesic drug and antioxidant, acetaminophen (APAP), to intervene in the diabetogenic process. We used mouse models for type 1 diabetes (streptozotocin) and type 2 diabetes (high-fat diet) to examine the ability of APAP to intervene in the progression of diabetes. In C57BL/6J mice, streptozotocin caused a dosage dependent increase in fasting blood glucose (FBG), from 100 to >600mg/dl. Daily APAP (20mg/kg BW, gastric gavage), significantly prevented and partially reversed the increase in FBG levels produced by streptozotocin. After 10 weeks on a high-fat diet, mice developed fasting hyperinsulemia and impaired glucose tolerance compared to animals fed a control diet. APAP largely prevented these changes in insulin and glucose tolerance. Furthermore, APAP prevented most of the increase in body fat in mice fed the high-fat diet. One protective mechanism for APAP is suggested by studies using isolated liver mitochondria, where low micromolar concentrations abolished the production of reactive oxygen that might otherwise contribute to the destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. These findings suggest that administration of APAP to mice, in a dosage used safely by humans, reduces the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen and concomitantly prevents the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in established animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard G Shertzer
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Banerjee R, Saravanan KS, Thomas B, Sindhu KM, Mohanakumar KP. Evidence for Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Action of Nitric Oxide Donors in the Protection Against 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced Neurotoxicity in Rats. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:985-95. [PMID: 17763941 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we provide evidence for hydroxyl radical (*OH) scavenging action of nitric oxide (NO*), and subsequent dopaminergic neuroprotection in a hemiparkinsonian rat model. Reactive oxygen species are strongly implicated in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity caused by the parkinsonian neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Since the role of this free radical as a neurotoxicant or neuroprotectant is debatable, we investigated the effects of some of the NO* donors such as S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and nitroglycerin (NG) on in vitro *OH generation in a Fenton-like reaction involving ferrous citrate, as well as in MPP+-induced *OH production in the mitochondria. We also tested whether co-administration of NO* donor and MPP+ could protect against MPP+-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in rats. While NG, SNAP and SIN-1 attenuated MPP+-induced *OH generation in the mitochondria, and in a Fenton-like reaction, SNP caused up to 18-fold increase in *OH production in the latter reaction. Striatal dopaminergic depletion following intranigral infusion of MPP+ in rats was significantly attenuated by NG, SNAP and SIN-1, but not by SNP. Solutions of NG, SNAP and SIN-1, exposed to air for 48 h to remove NO*, when administered similarly failed to attenuate MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. Conversely, long-time air-exposed SNP solution when administered in rats intranigrally, caused a dose-dependent depletion of the striatal dopamine. These results confirm the involvement of *OH in the nigrostriatal degeneration caused by MPP+, indicate the *OH scavenging ability of NO*, and demonstrate protection by NO* donors against MPP+-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Banerjee
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Asanuma M, Miyazaki I. Common anti-inflammatory drugs are potentially therapeutic for Parkinson's disease? Exp Neurol 2007; 206:172-8. [PMID: 17599833 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asanuma
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Reksidler AB, Lima MMS, Zanata SM, Machado HB, da Cunha C, Andreatini R, Tufik S, Vital MABF. The COX-2 inhibitor parecoxib produces neuroprotective effects in MPTP-lesioned rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 560:163-75. [PMID: 17320073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor parecoxib (Bextratrade mark) in the prevention of motor and cognitive impairments observed in rats after an intranigral infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a model of the early phase of Parkinson's disease. The treatment with parecoxib (10 mg/kg) administered prior to the surgery and daily (2 mg/kg) for the subsequent 21 days, prevented the MPTP-treated rats from presenting decreased locomotor and exploratory behavior, increased immobility, and impairment while performing the cued version of the Morris water maze. Furthermore, parecoxib treatment also significantly prevented the reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression in the substantia nigra (7, 14 and 21 days after surgery), and in the striatum (14 and 21 days after surgery) as immunodetected by western blotting. These results strongly suggest that parecoxib exerts a neuroprotective effect on motor, tyrosine hydroxylase expression, and cognitive functions as it prevents their impairments within the confines of this animal model of the early phase of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B Reksidler
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Banerjee R, Sreetama S, Saravanan KS, Dey SN, Mohanakumar KP. Apoptotic Mode of Cell Death in Substantia Nigra Following Intranigral Infusion of the Parkinsonian Neurotoxin, MPP+ in Sprague-Dawley Rats: Cellular, Molecular and Ultrastructural Evidences. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1238-47. [PMID: 17401660 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The potent parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is known to cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration in nigrostriatal system. In the present study we investigated the nuclear morphology of cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of rats following unilateral intranigral infusion of the active metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium ion (MPP(+)), which resulted in a dose-dependent and prolonged dopamine depletion in the ipsilateral striatum. There appeared a substantial loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the SNpc that received the neurotoxin. Specific nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342 or acridine orange revealed bright pyknotic, shrunken, distorted nuclei and condensed chromatin with perinuclear nucleolus respectively following visualization with the former and latter dyes in the ipsilateral SNpc, as compared to the round, intact nuclei and centrally positioned nucleolus in the contralateral side. Ultrastructural details of the nucleus under transmission electron microscope confirmed distorted nuclear organization with shrunken or condensed nuclei and disrupted nuclear membrane. These features are typical of nucleus undergoing apoptosis, and suggest that MPP(+) causes dopaminergic neuronal death through an apoptotic mode. Typical laddering pattern of genomic DNA isolated from the ipsilateral SN in agarose gel electrophoresis conclusively established apoptosis following intranigral administration of MPP(+) in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Banerjee
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
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Di Matteo V, Benigno A, Pierucci M, Giuliano DA, Crescimanno G, Esposito E, Di Giovanni G. 7-nitroindazole protects striatal dopaminergic neurons against MPP+-induced degeneration: an in vivo microdialysis study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1089:462-71. [PMID: 17261789 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1386.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). In this study, using a microdialysis technique, we investigated whether an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), 7-nitrindazole (7-NI), could protect against DAergic neuronal damage induced by in vivo infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenylpiridinium iodide (MPP(+)) in freely moving rats. Experiments were performed over 2 days in three groups of rats: (a) nonlesioned, (b) MPP(+)-lesioned, and (c) 7-NI pretreated MPP(+)-lesioned rats. On day 1, control rats were perfused with an artificial CSF, while 1 mM MPP(+) was infused into the striatum for 10 min in the other two groups. The infusion of the MPP(+) produced a neurotoxic damage of the SNc DA neurons and increased striatal DA levels. On day 2, 1 mM MPP(+) was reperfused for 10 min into the striata of each rat group and DA levels were measured as an index of neuronal cell integrity. The limited rise of DA following MPP(+) reperfusion in the MPP(+)-lesioned rats was due to toxin-induced neuronal loss and was reversed by pretreatment with 7-NI (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on day 1, indicating a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting NO formation. These results indicate that neuronally derived NO partially mediates MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity. The similarity between the MPP(+) model and PD suggests that NO may play a significant role in its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Matteo
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy
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Esposito E, Di Matteo V, Benigno A, Pierucci M, Crescimanno G, Di Giovanni G. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2007; 205:295-312. [PMID: 17433296 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to be a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by a selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). A large body of experimental evidence indicates that the factors involved in the pathogenesis of this disease are several, occurring inside and outside the DAergic neuron. Recently, the role of the neuron-glia interaction and the inflammatory process, in particular, has been the object of intense study by the research community. It seems to represent a new therapeutic approach opportunity for this neurological disorder. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) is up-regulated in SNc DAergic neurons in both PD patients and animal models of PD and, furthermore, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) pre-treatment protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 6 hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced nigro-striatal dopamine degeneration. Moreover, recent epidemiological studies have revealed that the risk of developing PD is reduced in humans who make therapeutical use of NSAIDs. Consequently, it is hypothesized that they might delay or prevent the onset of PD. However, whether or not these common drugs may also be of benefit to those individuals who already have Parkinson's disease has not as yet been shown. In this paper, evidence relating to the protective effects of aspirin or other NSAIDs on DAergic neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease will be discussed. In addition, the pharmacological mechanisms by which these molecules can exert their neuroprotective effects will be reviewed. Finally, epidemiological data exploring the effectiveness of NSAIDs in the prevention of PD and their possible use as adjuvants in the therapy of this neurodegenerative disease will also be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Esposito
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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Pattarini R, Smeyne RJ, Morgan JI. Temporal mRNA profiles of inflammatory mediators in the murine 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2007; 145:654-68. [PMID: 17258864 PMCID: PMC1894756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). With the exception of a few rare familial forms of the disease, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying PD are unknown. Inflammation is a common finding in the PD brain, but due to the limitation of postmortem analysis its relationship to disease progression cannot be established. However, studies using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD have also identified inflammatory responses in the nigrostriatal pathway that precede neuronal degeneration in the SNpc. To assess the pathological relevance of these inflammatory responses and to identify candidate genes that might contribute to neuronal vulnerability, we used quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to measure mRNA levels of 11 cytokine and chemokine encoding genes in the striatum of MPTP-sensitive (C57BL/6J) and MPTP-insensitive (Swiss Webster, SWR) mice following administration of MPTP. The mRNA levels of all 11 genes changed following MPTP treatment, indicating the presence of inflammatory responses in both strains. Furthermore, of the 11 genes examined only 3, interleukin 6 (Il-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha/CC chemokine ligand 3 (Mip-1alpha/Ccl3) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta/CC chemokine ligand 4 (Mip-1beta/Ccl4), were differentially regulated between C57BL/6J and SWR mice. In both mouse strains, the level of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/CC chemokine ligand 2 (Mcp-1/Ccl2) mRNA was the first to increase following MPTP administration, and might represent a key initiating component of the inflammatory response. Using Mcp-1/Ccl2 knockout mice backcrossed onto a C57BL/6J background we found that MPTP-stimulated Mip-1alpha/Ccl3 and Mip-1beta/Ccl4 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the knockout mice; suggesting that Mcp-1/Ccl2 contributes to MPTP-enhanced expression of Mip-1alpha/Ccl3 and Mip-1beta/Ccl4. However, stereological analysis of SNpc neuronal loss in Mcp-1/Ccl2 knockout and wild-type mice showed no differences. These findings suggest that it is the ability of dopaminergic SNpc neurons to survive an inflammatory insult, rather than genetically determined differences in the inflammatory response itself, that underlie the molecular basis of MPTP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pattarini
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Danny Thomas Research Tower, Room D2025E, Mail Stop 323, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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