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Marchiano M, Iervasi E, Pesce G, Rumbullaku M, Foti C, Fumarulo R, Parodi A, Bagnasco M, Tampoia M, Saverino D. Increased concentration of soluble leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor in sera from patients with blistering diseases: possible pathophysiological implications? Minerva Med 2023; 114:454-462. [PMID: 35156785 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.22.07652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD), are a heterogeneous group. Despite their pathogenesis is not completely understood, autoantibodies against directed adhesion molecules of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes could play a key role. The leukocyte-associated-Ig-like-receptor (LAIR) family is a small group of immunoreceptor-tyrosine-based-inhibition-motif-containing inhibitory receptors, recognizing collagens. LAIR-1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on human-peripheral-blood-leukocytes. LAIR-2 is a secreted receptor mainly produced by CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and is able to regulate the inhibitory potential of LAIR-1. Both LAIRs have been associated with several autoimmune diseases and inflammatory responses. METHODS We evaluated circulating LAIRs in patients with different blistering skin diseases by ELISA. RESULTS A significant increase of serum LAIR-2, and to a lesser extent of sLAIR-1 (with the exception of Pemphigus vulgaris), in the whole group of patients with bullous diseases, irrespective of the pathogenesis, compared to healthy controls was evident. CONCLUSIONS Although the pathophysiological meaning of LAIR is not completely elucidated, the presence of increased concentration of LAIR proteins can somehow modulate the cascade of inflammatory phenomenon occurring in bullous skin diseases, in different way depending upon specific skin disease considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Marchiano
- DIMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Erika Iervasi
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
- DiMeS, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giampaola Pesce
- DIMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Margarita Rumbullaku
- DIMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Polyclinic of Bari, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Fumarulo
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marilina Tampoia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Polyclinic of Bari, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Saverino
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy -
- DiMeS, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Melssen MM, Sheybani ND, Leick KM, Slingluff CL. Barriers to immune cell infiltration in tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006401. [PMID: 37072352 PMCID: PMC10124321 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased immune cell infiltration into tumors is associated with improved patient survival and predicts response to immune therapies. Thus, identification of factors that determine the extent of immune infiltration is crucial, so that methods to intervene on these targets can be developed. T cells enter tumor tissues through the vasculature, and under control of interactions between homing receptors on the T cells and homing receptor ligands (HRLs) expressed by tumor vascular endothelium and tumor cell nests. HRLs are often deficient in tumors, and there also may be active barriers to infiltration. These remain understudied but may be crucial for enhancing immune-mediated cancer control. Multiple intratumoral and systemic therapeutic approaches show promise to enhance T cell infiltration, including both approved therapies and experimental therapies. This review highlights the intracellular and extracellular determinants of immune cell infiltration into tumors, barriers to infiltration, and approaches for intervention to enhance infiltration and response to immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Melssen
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natasha D Sheybani
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Urbiola-Salvador V, Lima de Souza S, Grešner P, Qureshi T, Chen Z. Plasma Proteomics Unveil Novel Immune Signatures and Biomarkers upon SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076276. [PMID: 37047248 PMCID: PMC10093853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several elements have an impact on COVID-19, including comorbidities, age and sex. To determine the protein profile changes in peripheral blood caused by a SARS-CoV-2 infection, a proximity extension assay was used to quantify 1387 proteins in plasma samples among 28 Finnish patients with COVID-19 with and without comorbidities and their controls. Key immune signatures, including CD4 and CD28, were changed in patients with comorbidities. Importantly, several unreported elevated proteins in patients with COVID-19, such as RBP2 and BST2, which show anti-microbial activity, along with proteins involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, including MATN2 and COL6A3, were identified. RNF41 was downregulated in patients compared to healthy controls. Our study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes distinct plasma protein changes in the presence of comorbidities despite the interpatient heterogeneity, and several novel potential biomarkers associated with a SARS-CoV-2 infection alone and in the presence of comorbidities were identified. Protein changes linked to the generation of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, long-term effects and potential association with post-COVID-19 condition were revealed. Further study to characterize the identified plasma protein changes from larger cohorts with more diverse ethnicities of patients with COVID-19 combined with functional studies will facilitate the identification of novel diagnostic, prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Urbiola-Salvador
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Pomerania, Poland
| | - Suiane Lima de Souza
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
| | - Peter Grešner
- Department of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Pomerania, Poland
| | - Talha Qureshi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
| | - Zhi Chen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
- Correspondence:
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4
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Van Laethem F, Donaty L, Tchernonog E, Lacheretz-Szablewski V, Russello J, Buthiau D, Almeras M, Moreaux J, Bret C. LAIR1, an ITIM-Containing Receptor Involved in Immune Disorders and in Hematological Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416136. [PMID: 36555775 PMCID: PMC9788452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor 1 (LAIR1, CD305) belongs to the family of immune-inhibitory receptors and is widely expressed on hematopoietic mature cells, particularly on immune cells. Four different types of ligands of LAIR1 have been described, including collagens, suggesting a potential immune-regulatory function on the extracellular matrix. By modulating cytokine secretion and cellular functions, LAIR1 displays distinct patterns of expression among NK cell and T/B lymphocyte subsets during their differentiation and cellular activation and plays a major negative immunoregulatory role. Beyond its implications in physiology, the activity of LAIR1 can be inappropriately involved in various autoimmune or inflammatory disorders and has been implicated in cancer physiopathology, including hematological neoplasms. Its action as an inhibitory receptor can result in the dysregulation of immune cellular responses and in immune escape within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, when expressed by tumor cells, LAIR1 can modulate their proliferation or invasion properties, with contradictory pro- or anti-tumoral effects depending on tumor type. In this review, we will focus on its role in normal physiological conditions, as well as during pathological situations, including hematological malignancies. We will also discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting LAIR1 for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases and cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucie Donaty
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Vanessa Lacheretz-Szablewski
- Department of Biopathology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Russello
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 34396 Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Bret
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 34396 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-0467-337-031
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5
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Gaboriaud C, Lorvellec M, Rossi V, Dumestre-Pérard C, Thielens NM. Complement System and Alarmin HMGB1 Crosstalk: For Better or Worse. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869720. [PMID: 35572583 PMCID: PMC9095977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our immune system responds to infectious (PAMPs) and tissue damage (DAMPs) signals. The complement system and alarmin High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) are two powerful soluble actors of human host defense and immune surveillance. These systems involve molecular cascades and amplification loops for their signaling or activation. Initially activated as alarm raising systems, their function can be finally switched towards inflammation resolution, where they sustain immune maturation and orchestrate repair mechanisms, opening the way back to homeostasis. However, when getting out of control, these defense systems can become deleterious and trigger serious cellular and tissue damage. Therefore, they can be considered as double-edged swords. The close interaction between the complement and HMGB1 pathways is described here, as well as their traditional and non-canonical roles, their functioning at different locations and their independent and collective impact in different systems both in health and disease. Starting from these systems and interplay at the molecular level (when elucidated), we then provide disease examples to better illustrate the signs and consequences of their roles and interaction, highlighting their importance and possible vicious circles in alarm raising and inflammation, both individually or in combination. Although this integrated view may open new therapeutic strategies, future challenges have to be faced because of the remaining unknowns regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the fragile molecular balance which can drift towards disease or return to homeostasis, as briefly discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chantal Dumestre-Pérard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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6
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Melo CM, Prado HP, Attie GA, Ruiz DL, Girão MJBC, Pinhal MADS. In silico investigation of heparanase-correlated genes in breast cancer subtypes. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2020; 18:eAO5447. [PMID: 33053017 PMCID: PMC7531901 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the possible genes that may be related to the mechanisms that modulate heparanase-1. Methods The analysis was conducted at Universidade Federal de São Paulo, on the data provided by: The Cancer Genome Atlas, University of California Santa Cruz Genome Browser, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway Database, Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery Bioinformatics Database and the softwares cBioPortal and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results Using messenger RNA expression pattern of different molecular subtypes of breast cancer, we proposed that heparinase-1 was co-related with its progression. In addition, genes that were analyzed presented co-expression with heparanase-1. The results that showed that heparanase-1 co-expressed with phosphoinositide 3-kinase adapter protein 1, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 7, and leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 are directed related with immune system evasion during breast cancer progression. Furthermore, cathepsin L was co-expressed with heparanase-1 and transformed inactive heparanase-1 form into active heparanase-1, triggering extracellular matrix remodeling, which contributes to enhanced tumor-host interaction of the tumor. Conclusion The signaling pathway analysis using bioinformatics tools gives supporting evidence of possible mechanisms related to breast cancer development. Evasion genes of the immune system co-expressed with heparanase-1, a enzyme related with tumor progression.
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7
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Guo N, Zhang K, Gao X, Lv M, Luan J, Hu Z, Li A, Gou X. Role and mechanism of LAIR-1 in the development of autoimmune diseases, tumors, and malaria: A review. Curr Res Transl Med 2020; 68:119-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Xu L, Wang S, Li J, Li J, Li B. Cancer immunotherapy based on blocking immune suppression mediated by an immune modulator LAIR-1. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1740477. [PMID: 33457088 PMCID: PMC7790510 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1740477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LAIR-1) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on the majority of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and is important for the regulation of immune responses. The binding of LAIR-1 to its ligands results in the loss of immune function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and a reduction in T cell function and immune responses of antigen-presenting cells. Using bioinformatics analysis, we showed that LAIR-1 is broadly upregulated in multiple types of cancer. By designing a LAIR-2-Fc recombinant protein to block the binding of LAIR-1 to its ligand collagen, we observed augmented cytotoxic T cell infiltration and function resulting in antitumor immune responses that eliminated cancer cells. Besides, LAIR-2-Fc fusion protein potentiated the antitumor effect of PD-1/L1 checkpoint blockade therapy. Collectively, our results support the targeting of LAIR-1 for potential immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xu
- College of Medical, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Shanlong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Jufeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Bingyu Li
- College of Medical, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
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9
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Jin J, Wang Y, Ma Q, Wang N, Guo W, Jin B, Fang L, Chen L. LAIR-1 activation inhibits inflammatory macrophage phenotype in vitro. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:78-84. [PMID: 29887420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key cell types of innate immunity and play a central role in inflammation and host defense. Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is highly expressed on macrophages and regulates macrophage functions in several conditions. However, whether LAIR-1 is involved in governing macrophage polarization is still not clear. Here, we investigated the effect of LAIR-1 on macrophage polarization using human macrophage polarization model with THP-1 cells. It was found that LAIR-1 was highly expressed in THP-1 macrophages. IFN-γ reduced LAIR-1 expression in THP-1 macrophages. However, IL-4 did not have an effect on the expression of LAIR-1. Moreover, activation of LAIR-1 significantly inhibited the proinflammatory M1-like macrophage differentiation and promoted alternative activation of macrophages. Therefore, LAIR-1 may play critical roles in macrophage polarization. This study provides a rationale for macrophage polarization and sheds light on homeostatic mechanism in which LAIR-1 activation can terminate inflammation which may be impaired in patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Stomatology, 307 Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wenwei Guo
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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10
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Kim YK, Chu SH, Hsieh JY, Kamoku CM, Tenner AJ, Liu WF, Wang SW. Incorporation of a Ligand Peptide for Immune Inhibitory Receptor LAIR-1 on Biomaterial Surfaces Inhibits Macrophage Inflammatory Responses. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 29083540 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is an inhibitory receptor broadly expressed on immune cells, with its ligands residing within the extracellular matrix protein collagen. In this study, surfaces are modified with a LAIR-1 ligand peptide (LP), and it is observed that macrophages cultured on LAIR-1 LP-conjugated surfaces exhibit significantly reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines in response to proinflammatory stimuli that reflect an injured environment. These downregulated mediators include TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, RANTES, and MIG. Knockdown of LAIR-1 using siRNA abrogates this inhibition of cytokine secretion, supporting the specificity of the inhibitory effect to this receptor. These results are the first to demonstrate that integration of LAIR-1 ligands with biomaterials could suppress inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Jessica Y. Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Cody M. Kamoku
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Wendy F. Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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11
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Slight-Webb S, Lu R, Ritterhouse LL, Munroe ME, Maecker HT, Fathman CG, Utz PJ, Merrill JT, Guthridge JM, James JA. Autoantibody-Positive Healthy Individuals Display Unique Immune Profiles That May Regulate Autoimmunity. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:2492-502. [PMID: 27059145 PMCID: PMC5042816 DOI: 10.1002/art.39706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are detected in ∼18% of females, yet autoimmune disease develops in only 5–8%. Immunologic differences between ANA‐positive healthy individuals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may elucidate the regulatory mechanisms by which ANA‐positive individuals avoid transition to clinical autoimmune disease. Methods Healthy individuals (n = 790) were screened for autoantibodies specific for 11 antigens associated with lupus, systemic sclerosis, and Sjögren's syndrome. From this screening, 31 European American ANA‐positive healthy individuals were selected and demographically matched to ANA‐negative controls and SLE patients. Serum cytokine profiles, leukocyte subset frequency, and reactivity were analyzed by multiplex assays, immunophenotyping, and phosphospecific flow cytometry. Results Of 790 individuals screened, 57 (7%) were ANA‐positive. The majority of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon‐γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐17 (IL‐17), and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, exhibited a stepwise increase in serum levels from ANA‐negative controls to ANA‐positive healthy individuals to SLE patients (P < 0.0001). IFNα, IFNβ, IL‐12p40, and stem cell factor/c‐Kit ligand were increased in SLE patients only (P < 0.05). B lymphocyte stimulator (BlyS) was elevated in SLE patients but decreased in ANA‐positive individuals (P < 0.001). Further, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) was down‐regulated in SLE patients only (P < 0.0001). ANA‐positive individuals had increased frequencies of monocytes, memory B cells, and plasmablasts and increased levels of pSTAT‐1 and pSTAT‐3 following IFNα stimulation compared with ANA‐negative controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion ANA‐positive healthy individuals exhibit dysregulation in multiple immune pathways yet differ from SLE patients by the absence of elevated IFNs, BLyS, IL‐12p40, and stem cell factor/c‐Kit ligand. Further, severely decreased levels of IL‐1Ra in SLE patients compared with ANA‐positive individuals may contribute to disease development. These results highlight the importance of IFN‐related pathways and regulatory elements in SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rufei Lu
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Lauren L Ritterhouse
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | | | | | | | - Paul J Utz
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Joel M Guthridge
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Judith A James
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City.
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12
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Differential gene expression levels might explain association of LAIR2 polymorphisms with pemphigus. Hum Genet 2015; 135:233-44. [PMID: 26721477 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LAIR-1) is a collagen-binding inhibitory receptor important for the regulation of immune responses, expressed on the majority of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). LAIR-2 is a soluble homolog that antagonizes LAIR-1 inhibitory function by binding the same ligands. We sought to investigate whether LAIR1 and LAIR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are associated with differential mRNA expression levels. We analyzed 14 SNPs of LAIR1 (6) and LAIR2 (8) by mass spectrometry-based genotyping and extracted mRNA from PBMC of 177 healthy subjects, followed by quantitative assays. Four SNPs of LAIR1 and two SNPs of LAIR2 mark differential mRNA levels in healthy individuals. To verify the biological relevance of these findings, we analyzed additional 515 individuals (282 patients and 233 controls) to check if LAIR1 and LAIR2 differential mRNA expression could be related to susceptibility to pemphigus foliaceus (PF), an autoimmune blistering skin disease endemic in Brazil. Two LAIR1 variants (rs56802430 G, OR = 1.52, p = 0.0329; rs11084332 C, OR = 0.57, p = 0.0022) and one LAIR2 (rs2287828 T+, OR = 1.9, p = 0.0097) contribute to differential susceptibility to PF. Furthermore, we demonstrate interactions among four LAIR2 SNPs (rs2042287, rs2287828, rs2277974 and rs114834145). A haplotype harboring these SNPs is strongly associated with higher LAIR2 mRNA levels (4.5-fold, p = 0.0069) and with higher susceptibility to PF (OR = 4.02, p = 0.0008). We suggest that LAIR1 and LAIR2 genetic variants are associated with regulation of gene expression and variable PF susceptibility, and show indirect association of LAIR2 differential mRNA expression with PF pathogenesis. Our data demonstrate how this relatively unknown disease can add invaluable knowledge regarding the role of LAIR1 and LAIR2 in immune responses.
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13
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Ramsingh AI, Manley K, Rong Y, Reilly A, Messer A. Transcriptional dysregulation of inflammatory/immune pathways after active vaccination against Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6186-97. [PMID: 26307082 PMCID: PMC4599676 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, both active and passive, is increasingly recognized as a powerful approach to a wide range of diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant disorder triggered by misfolding of huntingtin (HTT) protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract, could also benefit from this approach. Individuals can be identified genetically at the earliest stages of disease, and there may be particular benefits to a therapy that can target peripheral tissues in addition to brain. In this active vaccination study, we first examined safety and immunogenicity for a broad series of peptide, protein and DNA plasmid immunization protocols, using fragment (R6/1), and knock-in (zQ175) models. No safety issues were found. The strongest and most uniform immune response was to a combination of three non-overlapping HTT Exon1 coded peptides, conjugated to KLH, delivered with alum adjuvant. An N586-82Q plasmid, delivered via gene gun, also showed ELISA responses, mainly in the zQ175 strain, but with more variability, and less robust responses in HD compared with wild-type controls. Transcriptome profiling of spleens from the triple peptide-immunized cohort showed substantial HD-specific differences including differential activation of genes associated with innate immune responses, absence of negative feedback control of gene expression by regulators, a temporal dysregulation of innate immune responses and transcriptional repression of genes associated with memory T cell responses. These studies highlight critical issues for immunotherapy and HD disease management in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene I Ramsingh
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA and
| | - Kevin Manley
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA and
| | - Yinghui Rong
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA and
| | - Andrew Reilly
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA and
| | - Anne Messer
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA and Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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14
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Fu Q, Tao Y, Piao H, Du MR, Li DJ. Trophoblasts and decidual stromal cells regulate decidual NK cell functions via interaction between collagen and LAIR-1. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:368-78. [PMID: 24548186 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To determine the effect of collagen from maternal-fetal interface on decidual natural killer cell (dNK) function. METHOD OF STUDY Decidual and villous samples were collected from normal pregnancy and miscarriage. The phenotype and cytokine production were analyzed, respectively, by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Co-culture was established to investigate the effect of trophoblasts and decidual stromal cells (DSCs) on dNKs. RESULTS Maternal-fetal interface of normal pregnancy showed higher collagen and LAIR-1 expression than that of miscarriage. Co-culture of dNKs with HTR-8/DSCs up-regulated LAIR-1 on dNKs that could be attenuated by pre-treatment with LAIR-2, a competitive inhibitor of LAIR-1. Collagen down-regulated expression of cell surface receptor activity and intracellular perforin, while it up-regulated expression of suppressive receptor on dNKs. Co-culture of dNKs with HTR-8/DSCs decreased perforin expression and Th1-type cytokines production by dNKs, which could be abrogated by LAIR-2. In addition, silence of collagen in HTR-8/DSCs by shRNA significantly attenuated regulation on dNKs. CONCLUSION Trophoblasts and DSCs regulate decidual NK cell functions via secreting collagen, which is involved in the maintenance of human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong, China
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15
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Zhang Y, Lv K, Zhang C, Jin B, Zhuang R, Ding Y. The role of LAIR-1 (CD305) in T cells and monocytes/macrophages in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Immunol 2014; 287:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Intragraft transcriptome level of CXCL9 as biomarker of acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation. J Surg Res 2012; 178:1003-14. [PMID: 22889476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation has been a life-saving and well-established treatment for acute liver failure and various end-stage liver diseases. However, acute cellular rejection (ACR) is one of the key factors that determine long-term graft function and survival after liver transplantation, and there are still no specific biomarkers available to monitor the alloimmune response. The aim of the present study was to identify molecular biomarkers for ACR in liver allograft. METHODS We analyzed the gene expression profile using an oligonucleotide microarray covering 44,000 human probes in 35 liver biopsy samples after living donor liver transplant, which consisted of 13 samples with ACR (ACR group; moderate/mild, 6/7), 13 samples with other dysfunctions (non-ACR group; recurrent hepatitis C / ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI)/ nonspecific inflammation / small-for-size syndrome, 5/4/3/1), and 9 samples without liver dysfunction (protocol group). We selected 113 informative genes based on microarray results and adopted the network analysis to visualize key modulators in ACR. We selected 6 modulators (CXCL9, GZMB, CCL19, GBP2, LAIR1, and CDC25A) and confirmed the reproducibility in 23 independent biopsy samples and investigated the response to the rejection treatment in sequential samples. RESULTS Network analysis revealed the top three subnetworks, which had NF-κB, MAPK, and IFNG as central hubs. Among selected modulators, intragraft expression levels of CXCL9 mRNA was most upregulated and sensitive to alloimmune status. CONCLUSION Intragraft CXCL9 mRNA has a functionally important role in T-cell activation in liver allograft and serves as biomarker for ACR.
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17
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Olde Nordkamp MJM, van Roon JAG, Douwes M, de Ruiter T, Urbanus RT, Meyaard L. Enhanced secretion of leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 2 (LAIR-2) and soluble LAIR-1 in rheumatoid arthritis: LAIR-2 is a more efficient antagonist of the LAIR-1-collagen inhibitory interaction than is soluble LAIR-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 63:3749-57. [PMID: 22127695 DOI: 10.1002/art.30612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (hLAIR-1) is an immune inhibitory receptor for collagen that is expressed on most immune cells. We previously showed that the LAIR-1-collagen interaction could be antagonized by the secreted homolog hLAIR-2, which can be detected in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. In addition, the extracellular part of hLAIR-1 is a putative antagonist upon shedding from the cell membrane. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative roles of hLAIR-2 and soluble hLAIR-1 (shLAIR-1) in the regulation of the LAIR-1-collagen interaction. METHODS The ability of recombinant LAIR proteins to abrogate LAIR-1-collagen binding was tested by flow cytometry and adhesion assays. Collagen binding capacity was analyzed by surface plasmon resonance. Plasma, urine, and synovial fluid were screened for the presence of sLAIR-1 and LAIR-2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Recombinant LAIR-2 proteins abrogated the binding of collagen to LAIR-1 more efficiently than did recombinant sLAIR-1. Consistent with these findings, surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that LAIR-2 had a higher affinity for collagen than did LAIR-1. Activated CD4+ T cells were the main producers of LAIR-2, whereas the source of sLAIR-1 remains elusive. Both soluble LAIR-1 and LAIR-2 could be detected in the plasma and urine of healthy control subjects and patients with RA. Urinary levels of both proteins were significantly increased in RA patients, and LAIR-2 levels in urine were significantly correlated with markers of inflammation. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that LAIR-2 is a more potent antagonist of LAIR-1 function in vivo, while both sLAIR-1 and LAIR-2 are potential biomarkers that may be used to monitor urine samples for evidence of systemic inflammation.
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18
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Tumor-expressed collagens can modulate immune cell function through the inhibitory collagen receptor LAIR-1. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:402-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Omiya R, Tsushima F, Narazaki H, Sakoda Y, Kuramasu A, Kim Y, Xu H, Tamura H, Zhu G, Chen L, Tamada K. Leucocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 is an inhibitory regulator of contact hypersensitivity. Immunology 2009; 128:543-55. [PMID: 19930044 PMCID: PMC2792138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is a membrane receptor of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily that is expressed on most types of haematopoietic cells, and delivers inhibitory signals through interacting with collagens. In order to elucidate the immunological functions of LAIR-1 in vivo, we established transgenic mice expressing a chimeric protein composed of the extracellular domain of LAIR-1 fused with an Ig tag (LAIR-1-Ig), which acts as a decoy by competing with endogenous LAIR-1. The transgenic mice showed an increased susceptibility for development of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), an experimental model of allergic contact dermatitis, in association with enhanced hapten-specific T-cell responses. When T cells from the hapten-sensitized donor mice were transferred into non-sensitized recipients, treatment of either donor mice or recipient mice with LAIR-1-Ig protein accelerated CHS, suggesting a potentially negative role of LAIR-1 in both the sensitization and the elicitation of hapten-reactive T cells. In vitro assays revealed that LAIR-1 decreased the production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-12 in dendritic cells, and inhibited the proliferation and cytokine production of naïve and memory T cells along with G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest. Collectively, our findings suggest that LAIR-1 plays a crucial inhibitory role in CHS by regulating antigen-presenting cell and T-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Omiya
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Lebbink RJ, van den Berg MCW, de Ruiter T, Raynal N, van Roon JAG, Lenting PJ, Jin B, Meyaard L. The soluble leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor (LAIR)-2 antagonizes the collagen/LAIR-1 inhibitory immune interaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1662-9. [PMID: 18209062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor (LAIR)-1 is a collagen-receptor that inhibits immune cell function upon collagen binding. Next to LAIR-1, the human genome encodes LAIR-2, a putative soluble homolog. In this study we show, for the first time, that the LAIR-2 gene is broadly transcribed in human PBMC, mirroring the expression profile of LAIR-1. LAIR-2 protein is expressed as a soluble receptor exhibiting high affinity for various collagen molecules to which it binds in a hydroxyproline-dependent manner. In vitro stimulation of PBMC induces secretion of LAIR-2. We detect high amounts of LAIR-2 in urine of pregnant women, indicating that the soluble receptor is indeed produced in vivo and can be cleared from the body via urine. Furthermore, LAIR-2 levels are increased in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared with osteoarthritis patients. We hypothesize that soluble LAIR-2 may function as a natural competitor for LAIR-1, thereby regulating its inhibitory potential. Indeed, LAIR-2 prevents binding of human LAIR-1 to collagens and LAIR-1 cross-linking in vitro, suggesting that the protein has an immunoregulatory function in vivo. Hence, we reveal a novel mechanism of immune regulation by a soluble LAIR receptor regulating the inhibitory potential of the membrane-bound LAIR-1 via competition for ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Wang CY, Zhang Y, Wang DL, Song CJ, Han WN, Yang K, Jin BQ. Generation of Rat Monoclonal Antibodies Against Murine LAIR-1. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2007; 26:316-21. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2007.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Lin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao-Jun Song
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei-Ning Han
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo-Quan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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22
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Lebbink RJ, de Ruiter T, Kaptijn GJA, Bihan DG, Jansen CA, Lenting PJ, Meyaard L. Mouse leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (mLAIR-1) functions as an inhibitory collagen-binding receptor on immune cells. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1011-9. [PMID: 17702987 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is a cell-surface molecule that functions as an inhibitory receptor on various immune cells. We developed mAbs to study the expression of mouse leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (mLAIR-1) on primary immune cells and established that it is expressed on the majority of cells of the immune system, including T cells, NK cells, monocytes and dendritic cells. Furthermore, mLAIR-1 is inducibly expressed on blood granulocytes in vivo and is differentially expressed upon T cell activation in vitro. Unexpectedly, mLAIR-1 was not expressed on splenic and blood B220(+) B cells. Similar to its human homolog, mLAIR-1 interacted with high affinity with a wide range of collagen molecules. Furthermore, mLAIR-1 specifically interacted in a hydroxyproline-dependent manner with synthetic collagen Gly-Pro-Hyp peptides. We show, for the first time, that mLAIR-1 cross-linking with its ligands inhibits CD3-induced T cell stimulation in vitro. Given the similarities between the mouse and human receptors, mLAIR-1 may serve as a good model to assess the role of the LAIR-1 receptors in regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Jansen CA, Cruijsen CWA, de Ruiter T, Nanlohy N, Willems N, Janssens-Korpela PL, Meyaard L. Regulated expression of the inhibitory receptor LAIR-1 on human peripheral T cells during T cell activation and differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:914-24. [PMID: 17330824 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is capable of inhibiting immune cell function through interaction with collagens. LAIR is expressed on the majority of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The abundant expression of both receptor and ligand calls for regulatory mechanisms to relieve the continuous interaction between collagens and LAIR-1. This regulation may occur at the expression level of the receptor. Here, we report that LAIR-1 is indeed differentially expressed during human T cell differentiation. Naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as CD8(+) T cells of the effector phenotype express higher levels of LAIR-1 compared to memory T cells. In vitro stimulation revealed a decrease in LAIR-1 expression upon activation, and the lower LAIR-1 expression on CD127(-) T cells suggests that activation-induced down-modulation of LAIR-1 may also occur in vivo. Furthermore, crosslinking of LAIR-1 on primary T cells results in an inhibition of T cell function. Our data suggest that regulated expression of LAIR-1 and the subsequent change in the threshold for activation may be a mechanism to modulate inhibition of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Jansen
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Merlo A, Tenca C, Fais F, Battini L, Ciccone E, Grossi CE, Saverino D. Inhibitory receptors CD85j, LAIR-1, and CD152 down-regulate immunoglobulin and cytokine production by human B lymphocytes. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 12:705-12. [PMID: 15939744 PMCID: PMC1151979 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.6.705-712.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Class switching consists in the substitution of the heavy-chain constant region of immunoglobulin M (IgM) with that of IgG, IgA, or IgE. This enables antibodies to acquire new effector functions that are crucial to combat invading pathogens. Class switching usually requires engagement of CD40 on B cells by CD40 ligand (CD40L) on antigen-activated CD4(+) T cells and the production of cytokines. The process must be regulated tightly because abnormal IgG and IgA production favors the onset of autoimmunity, whereas increased switching to IgE leads to atopy. These inflammatory disorders can be triggered or exacerbated by costimulatory signals. Although thoroughly investigated on T cells, the roles of the inhibitory receptors CD85j, LAIR-1, and CD152 on B-cell functions have not been fully elucidated. In this study we show that cross-linking of the B-cell inhibitory receptors by specific monoclonal antibodies inhibits IgG and IgE production, reduces the percentage of IgG- and IgE-expressing B cells, and down-regulates interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha production. These effects were demonstrated using different B-cell stimulatory pathways (recall antigens, CD40L-transfected cells plus IL-4, and lipopolysaccharide plus IL-4). It thus appears that CD85j, LAIR-1, and CD152 play a central role for the control of IL-4-driven isotype switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Merlo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Genova, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
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