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Zulpo DL, Headley SA, Biazzono L, da Cunha IAL, Igarashi M, de Barros LD, Taroda A, Cardim ST, Bogado ALG, Navarro IT, Garcia JL. Oocyst shedding in cats vaccinated by the nasal and rectal routes with crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:223-30. [PMID: 22542988 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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2
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Lecollinet S, Richardson J. Vaccination against the feline immunodeficiency virus: the road not taken. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 31:167-90. [PMID: 17706778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural infection of domestic cats by the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). FIV is genetically related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the clinical and biological features of infections caused by feline and human viruses in their respective hosts are highly analogous. Although the obstacles to vaccinating against FIV and HIV would seem to be of comparable difficulty, a licensed vaccine against feline AIDS is already in widespread use in several countries. While this seemingly major advance in prevention of AIDS would appear to be highly instructive for HIV vaccine development, its message has not been heeded by investigators in the HIV field. This review endeavours to relate what has been learned about vaccination against feline AIDS, and to suggest what this may mean for HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virologie INRA-AFSSA-ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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3
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Abstract
Many experimental strategies have been adopted in experiments to protect cats from FIV infection by vaccination, and some have been successful. The interest in developing a vaccine arose both because FIV is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in pet cats and because the feline virus provides a model for its counterpart in man, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), for which an effective vaccine is urgently required to halt the current tragic pandemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Shortly after the discovery of FIV and its characterization as a lentivirus, attempts were made to produce a vaccine and success was soon achieved with relatively simple inactivated virus or inactivated virus-infected cell vaccines.82 Further development of this approach led to the introduction in 2002 of the first commercial vaccine against FIV.59 With an estimated prevalence of the infection of up to 25% in populations of pet cats, an effective FIV vaccine could have a significant influence on animal welfare. In addition, this success poses the question of whether a similar strategy might produce an effective vaccine against HIV.
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4
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FIV as a Model for HIV: An Overview. IN VIVO MODELS OF HIV DISEASE AND CONTROL 2007. [PMCID: PMC7121254 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25741-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Animal models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection play a key role in understanding the pathogenesis of AIDS and the development of therapeutic agents and vaccines. As the only lentivirus that causes an immunodeficiency resembling that of HIV infection, in its natural host, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been a unique and powerful model for AIDS research. FIV was first described in 1987 by Niels Pedersen and co-workers as the causative agent for a fatal immunodeficiency syndrome observed in cats housed in a cattery in Petaluma, California. Since this landmark observation, multiple studies have shown that natural and experimental infection of cats with biological isolates of FIV produces an AIDS syndrome very similar in pathogenesis to that observed for human AIDS. FIV infection induces an acute viremia associated with Tcell alterations including depressed CD4 :CD8 T-cell ratios and CD4 T-cell depletion, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and neutropenia. In later stages of FIV infection, the host suffers from chronic persistent infections that are typically self-limiting in an immunocompetent host, as well as opportunistic infections, chronic diarrhea and wasting, blood dyscracias, significant CD4 T-cell depletion, neurologic disorders, and B-cell lymphomas. Importantly, chronic FIV infection induces a progressive lymphoid and CD4 T-cell depletion in the infected cat. The primary mode of natural FIV transmission appears to be blood-borne facilitated by fighting and biting. However, experimental infection through transmucosal routes (rectal and vaginal mucosa and perinatal) have been well documented for specific FIV isolates. Accordingly, FIV disease pathogenesis exhibits striking similarities to that described for HIV-1 infection.
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5
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Cox E, Verdonck F, Vanrompay D, Goddeeris B. Adjuvants modulating mucosal immune responses or directing systemic responses towards the mucosa. Vet Res 2006; 37:511-39. [PMID: 16611561 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing veterinary mucosal vaccines and vaccination strategies, mucosal adjuvants are one of the key players for inducing protective immune responses. Most of the mucosal adjuvants seem to exert their effect via binding to a receptor/or target cells and these properties were used to classify the mucosal adjuvants reviewed in the present paper: (1) ganglioside receptor-binding toxins (cholera toxin, LT enterotoxin, their B subunits and mutants); (2) surface immunoglobulin binding complex CTA1-DD; (3) TLR4 binding lipopolysaccharide; (4) TLR2-binding muramyl dipeptide; (5) Mannose receptor-binding mannan; (6) Dectin-1-binding ss 1,3/1,6 glucans; (7) TLR9-binding CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides; (8) Cytokines and chemokines; (9) Antigen-presenting cell targeting ISCOMATRIX and ISCOM. In addition, attention is given to two adjuvants able to prime the mucosal immune system following a systemic immunization, namely 1alpha, 25(OH)2D3 and cholera toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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6
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Stokes C, Waly N. Mucosal defence along the gastrointestinal tract of cats and dogs. Vet Res 2006; 37:281-93. [PMID: 16611548 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases that are associated with infections or allergic reactions in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are major causes of morbidity in both cats and dogs. Future strategies for the control of these conditions require a greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the induction and regulation of responses at the mucosal surfaces. Historically, the majority of the fundamental studies have been carried out in rodents or with tissues obtained from man, but the expanding range of reagents available for the study of farm and companion animals provides opportunities for study in a wider range of animals including cats and dogs. To date, these studies have tended to be focussed on characterising the cellular distributions in healthy animals and in groups of cats and dogs identified as having an increased risk of mucosal disturbance. Where species comparisons of mucosal immune systems have been made, the results have tended to be divided between monogastric and ruminant animals. It is then not surprising that the mucosal immune systems of both cats and dogs bear greatest similarity to that documented for man and pigs. For example, IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions of cats and dogs and oral tolerance can be induced following the introduction of novel antigens into the diet. Also like several other species, cats become transiently hypersensitive to the newly introduced dietary antigen prior to the establishment of tolerance. In contrast, there are a number of potentially important differences. In particular, there are significant differences between cats and dogs in the expression MHC class II molecules on gut epithelial cells. Similarly, it has been reported that cats have elevated numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and that a proportion of these express surface IgM. It remains to be determined if these differences reflect the way in which the animals are maintained and if they may have greater biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Stokes
- Division of Veterinary Pathology Infection and Immunity, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
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7
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Leavell S, Wright B, Scappino L, Sirriyah J, Chen C, Clements JD, Burkhard MJ. Induction of serum and mucosal FIV-specific immune responses by intranasal immunization with p24Gag. Vaccine 2005; 23:1471-8. [PMID: 15670883 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the ability of FIV p24Gag to induce systemic and mucosal FIV-specific immune responses when delivered as a nasal immunogen alone, or with a mucosal adjuvant, Escherichia coli heat labile toxin LT(R192G). Nasal immunization with p24Gag alone induced FIV-specific immune responses but overall responses were weak, transient, and/or present only in a few animals. Co-administration of LT(R192G) resulted in strong FIV-specific serum IgG and enhanced salivary IgA responses. Moreover, FIV-specific IgA was detected in vaginal wash fluid from 6/6 cats co-immunized with LT(R192G) and p24Gag versus 1/6 immunized with p24Gag alone. This is the first report detailing induction of systemic or mucosal FIV-specific immune responses by nasal immunization alone. As such, this study demonstrates that nasal immunization of cats can be a relevant and effective route for the delivery of candidate vaccines. However, while nasal immunization of cats with p24Gag induces antigen-specific systemic immune responses, development of strong systemic and mucosal immune responses requires co-administration of a mucosal adjuvant, such as LT(R192G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leavell
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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8
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Huisman W, Schrauwen EJA, Pas SD, Karlas JA, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Antibodies specific for hypervariable regions 3 to 5 of the feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein are not solely responsible for vaccine-induced acceleration of challenge infection in cats. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1833-1841. [PMID: 15218167 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous vaccination study in cats, the authors reported on accelerated feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication upon challenge in animals vaccinated with a candidate envelope subunit vaccine. Plasma transfer studies as well as antibody profiles in vaccinated cats indicated a causative role for antibodies directed against the hypervariable regions HV3, HV4 and HV5 (HV3-5) of the envelope glycoprotein. The present study was designed to investigate further the contribution of antibodies in envelope vaccine-induced acceleration of FIV infection. To this end, regions HV3-5 of the envelope glycoprotein were deleted from the original vaccine, thus addressing the contributing role of antibodies directed against these hypervariable regions. Interestingly, this approach did not prevent acceleration of challenge infection. Analysis of the antibody responses in the respective groups suggested that removal of HV3-5 redirected the humoral immune response towards other regions of the envelope glycoprotein, indicating that these regions can also induce antibodies that accelerate virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Huisman
- Erasmus MC, Institute of Virology, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eefje J A Schrauwen
- Erasmus MC, Institute of Virology, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan D Pas
- Erasmus MC, Institute of Virology, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A Karlas
- Erasmus MC, Institute of Virology, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Erasmus MC, Institute of Virology, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Shimojima M, Nishimura Y, Miyazawa T, Tohya Y, Akashi H. T cell subpopulations mediating inhibition of feline immunodeficiency virus replication in mucosally infected cats. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:265-71. [PMID: 15026013 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection induces an increase in two subpopulations (CD8alpha(+)beta(low) and CD8alpha(+)beta(-)) within CD8(+) peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of cats. It is known that depletion of CD8(+) cells often results in augmentation of FIV proliferation in PBL culture, similarly to the case of human immunodeficiency virus. In this study, we attempted to define PBL subpopulations mediating antiviral activity in five cats intravaginally infected with a molecularly cloned FIV isolate. Several subpopulations (CD8alpha(+)beta(+), CD8alpha(+)beta(-), and CD4(+) cells) were shown to participate in inhibition of the FIV replication, at least in part, in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. Moreover, the subpopulations showing anti-FIV activity were different among the individual cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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10
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Pistello M, Matteucci D, Bonci F, Isola P, Mazzetti P, Zaccaro L, Merico A, Del Mauro D, Flynn N, Bendinelli M. AIDS vaccination studies using an ex vivo feline immunodeficiency virus model: protection from an intraclade challenge administered systemically or mucosally by an attenuated vaccine. J Virol 2003; 77:10740-50. [PMID: 14512524 PMCID: PMC224962 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.10740-10750.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of domestic cats represents a valuable system through which to investigate criteria for antilentiviral vaccines in a natural host species. Here, we examined whether vaccination with a strain of FIV attenuated as a result of prolonged growth in vitro could protect against a fully virulent, highly heterologous intraclade challenge. The results indicated that the vaccine virus produced a low-grade infection with no detectable pathological effects and afforded a long-lasting sterilizing immunity if the challenge was delivered intraperitoneally as cell-free virus but not against a cell-associated intravaginal challenge. In the latter case, however, the replication and pathological consequences of the challenge virus were markedly suppressed. Together with similar results obtained in rhesus monkey models, these findings should give impulse to the development of attenuated FIV vaccines to be tested in controlled studies in field cats. Field studies may provide answers to some of the existing safety concerns surrounding attenuated AIDS vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Nicholas BL, Brennan FR, Hamilton WDO, Wakelin D. Effect of priming/booster immunisation protocols on immune response to canine parvovirus peptide induced by vaccination with a chimaeric plant virus construct. Vaccine 2003; 21:2441-7. [PMID: 12744877 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a 17-mer peptide sequence from canine parvovirus expressed on cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) to form chimaeric virus particles (CVPs) creates vaccine antigens that elicit strong anti-peptide immune responses in mice. Systemic (subcutaneous, s.c.) immunisation and boosting with such CVP constructs produces IgG(2a) serum antibody responses, while mucosal (intranasal, i.n.) immunisation and boosting elicits intestinal IgA responses. Combinations of systemic and mucosal routes for priming and boosting immunisations were used to examine their influence on the level, type and location of immune response generated to one of these constructs (CVP-1). In all cases, s.c. administration, whether for immunisation or boosting, generated a Th1-biased response, reflected in a predominantly IgG(2a) serum antibody isotype and secretion of IFN-gamma from in vitro-stimulated lymphocytes. Serum antibody responses were greatest in animals primed and boosted subcutaneously, and least in mucosally vaccinated mice. The i.n. exposure also led to IFN-gamma release from in vitro-stimulated cells, but serum IgG(2a) was significantly elevated only in mice primed intranasally and boosted subcutaneously. Peptide- and wild-type CPMV-specific IgA responses in gut lavage fluid were greatest in animals exposed mucosally and least in those primed and boosted subcutaneously or primed subcutaneously and boosted orally. Lymphocytes from immunised mice proliferated in response to in vitro stimulation with CPMV but not with peptide. The predominant secretion of IFN-gamma from all immunising/boosting combinations indicates that the route of vaccination and challenge does not alter the Th1 bias of the response to CVP constructs. However, optimal serum and intestinal antibody responses were achieved by combining s.c. and i.n. administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Nicholas
- Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK.
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12
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Kohmoto M, Ikeda Y, Sato E, Nishimura Y, Inoshima Y, Shimojima M, Tohya Y, Mikami T, Miyazawa T. Experimental mucosal infection with molecularly cloned feline immunodeficiency viruses. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:185-8. [PMID: 12522061 PMCID: PMC145290 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.1.185-188.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four of six specific pathogen-free cats were infected after intravaginal exposure to molecularly cloned lymphotropic but non-Crandell feline kidney (CRFK)-tropic feline immunodeficiency virus strain TM2 and its AP-1 deletion mutant. The sequences of the env V3-to-V5 region which defines the CRFK tropism were unchanged in the infected cats through the infection. These data suggest that the strain was transmitted across the mucosal epithelium without a broadening of cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kohmoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Uhl E, Heaton-Jones T, Pu R, Yamamoto J. FIV vaccine development and its importance to veterinary and human medicine: a review FIV vaccine 2002 update and review. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 90:113-32. [PMID: 12459160 PMCID: PMC7119750 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2002] [Revised: 08/05/2002] [Accepted: 08/14/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a natural infection of domestic cats that results in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome resembling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans. The worldwide prevalence of FIV infection in domestic cats has been reported to range from 1 to 28%. Hence, an effective FIV vaccine will have an important impact on veterinary medicine in addition to being used as a small animal AIDS model for humans. Since the discovery of FIV reported in 1987, FIV vaccine research has pursued both molecular and conventional vaccine approaches toward the development of a commercial product. Published FIV vaccine trial results from 1998 to the present have been compiled to update the veterinary clinical and research communities on the immunologic and experimental efficacy status of these vaccines. A brief report is included on the outcome of the 10 years of collaborative work between industry and academia which led to recent USDA approval of the first animal lentivirus vaccine, the dual-subtype FIV vaccine. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the experimental prototype, dual-subtype FIV vaccine and the efficacy of the currently approved commercial, dual-subtype FIV vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV) are discussed. Potential cross-reactivity complications between commercial FIV diagnostic tests, Idexx Snap Combo Test and Western blot assays, and sera from previously vaccinated cats are also discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for unbiased critical testing of new FIV vaccines, the currently USDA approved vaccine, and future vaccines in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.W Uhl
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - T.G Heaton-Jones
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - R Pu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - J.K Yamamoto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
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14
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Pistello M, Moscardini M, Mazzetti P, Bonci F, Zaccaro L, Isola P, Freer G, Specter S, Matteucci D, Bendinelli M. Development of feline immunodeficiency virus ORF-A (tat) mutants: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Virology 2002; 298:84-95. [PMID: 12093176 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A functional ORF-A is essential for efficient feline immunodeficiency virus replication in lymphocytes. We have characterized a series of mutants of the Petaluma strain, derived from p34TF10 and having different combinations of stop codons and increasingly long deletions in ORF-A. Six clones proved fully replicative in fibroblastoid Crandell feline kidney cells and monocyte-derived macrophage cultures but failed to replicate in T cell lines and primary lymphoblasts. Cats inoculated with three selected mutants had considerably milder infections than controls given intact ORF-A virus. In vivo, the mutants maintained growth properties similar to those in vitro for at least 7 months, except that replication in lymphoid cells was strongly reduced but not ablated. One mutant underwent extensive ORF-A changes without, however, reverting to wild-type. Antiviral immune responses were feeble in all cats, suggesting that viral loads were too low to represent a sufficiently powerful antigenic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pistello
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, University of Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Finerty S, Stokes CR, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Hillman TJ, Barr FJ, Harbour DA. Targeted lymph node immunization can protect cats from a mucosal challenge with feline immunodeficiency virus. Vaccine 2001; 20:49-58. [PMID: 11567745 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worldwide it is clear that effective strategies for mucosal vaccination against lentiviruses are urgently required. The aim of the present study is to determine whether protective immune responses against a mucosal challenge by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can be elicited by targeting the immunization to the medial iliac lymph nodes--the principal site of migration of cells from the genital and rectal mucosa. Cats were challenged with homologous FIV via the rectal route. Targeted lymph node immunization was found to be an effective route of immunization eliciting both humoral and proliferative responses to peptide-based and fixed cell vaccines. Vaccination with fixed virus infected cells elicited protection against a cell-free mucosal FIV challenge. In addition, some cats vaccinated with fixed uninfected cells also remained uninfected following a cell-associated FIV challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Rectal
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cats
- Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured/virology
- Drug Evaluation
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/physiology
- Injections, Intralymphatic
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Pilot Projects
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Finerty
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, Bristol, UK.
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