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Hu C, Liu W, Xu N, Huang A, Zhang Z, Fan M, Ruan G, Wang Y, Xi T, Xing Y. Silk fibroin hydrogel as mucosal vaccine carrier: induction of gastric CD4+TRM cells mediated by inflammatory response induces optimal immune protection against Helicobacter felis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2289-2302. [PMID: 33000989 PMCID: PMC7594714 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1830719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, located in the epithelium of most peripheral tissues, constitute the first-line defense against pathogen infections. Our previous study reported that gastric subserous layer (GSL) vaccination induced a “pool” of protective tissue-resident memory CD4+T (CD4+TRM) cells in the gastric epithelium. However, the mechanistic details how CD4+TRM cells form in the gastric epithelium are unknown. Here, our results suggested that the vaccine containing CCF in combination with Silk fibroin hydrogel (SF) broadened the distribution of gastric intraepithelial CD4+TRM cells. It was revealed that the gastric intraepithelial TRM cells were even more important than circulating memory T cells against infection by Helicobacter felis. It was also shown that gastric-infiltrating neutrophils were involved as indispensable mediators which secreted CXCL10 to chemoattract CXCR3+CD4+T cells into the gastric epithelium. Blocking of CXCR3 or neutrophils significantly decreased the number of gastric intraepithelial CD4+TRM cells due to reduced recruitment of CD4+T cells. This study demonstrated the protective efficacy of gastric CD4+TRM cells against H. felis infection, and highlighted the influence of neutrophils on gastric intraepithelial CD4+TRM cells formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chupeng Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningyin Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - An Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghui Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojing Ruan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Espinosa-Ramos D, Caballero-Hernández D, Gomez-Flores R, Trejo-Chávez A, Pérez-Limón LJ, de la Garza-Ramos MA, Tamez-Guerra R, Tamez-Guerra P, Rodriguez-Padilla C. Immunization with a Synthetic Helicobacter pylori Peptide Induces Secretory IgA Antibodies and Protects Mice against Infection. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2019; 2019:8595487. [PMID: 31065302 PMCID: PMC6466936 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8595487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a spiral Gram-negative bacterium associated with inflammation of the gastric mucosa, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma, whose treatment has failed due to antibiotic resistance and side effects. Furthermore, because there are no vaccines effective against H. pylori, an appropriate vaccine design targeting conserved/essential genes must be identified. In the present study, a H. pylori 50-52 kDa immunogen-derived peptide antigen with the sequence Met-Val-Thr-Leu-Ile-Asn-Asn-Glu (MVTLINNE) was used to immunize against H. pylori infection. For this, mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 100 μg of H. pylori peptide on the first week, followed by two weekly subcutaneous reinforcements and further 109 bacteria administration in the drinking water for 3 weeks. Thymic cells proliferative responses to concanavalin A, serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokines, and IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 IgM, and IgA immunoglobulins were evaluated. Significant (p < 0.05) increases on lymphoproliferation and spleen weights after immunization were observed. In contrast, infection significantly (p < 0.05) decreased lymphoproliferation, which was recovered in immunized mice. In addition, levels of serum TH1 and TH2 cytokines were not altered after immunization, except for the significant increase in IL-6 production in immunized and/or infected animals. Moreover, immunization correlated with plasma secretory IgA and IgG, whereas infection alone only elicited IgM antibodies. Peptide immunization protected 100% of mice against virulent H. pylori. MVTLINNE peptide deserves further research as an approach to the prophylaxis of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Espinosa-Ramos
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. C.P. 66450, Mexico
| | - Diana Caballero-Hernández
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. C.P. 66450, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Flores
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. C.P. 66450, Mexico
| | - Armando Trejo-Chávez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Patobiología, Campus de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Escobedo, NL. C.P. 66050, Mexico
| | - Luis Jerónimo Pérez-Limón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. C.P. 66450, Mexico
| | - Myriam Angélica de la Garza-Ramos
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Odontología y Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad de Odontología Integral y Especialidades, Av. Dr. Aguirre Pequeño y Silao S/N, Monterrey, NL. C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Reyes Tamez-Guerra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. C.P. 66450, Mexico
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. C.P. 66450, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Padilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. C.P. 66450, Mexico
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Barrozo RM, Hansen LM, Lam AM, Skoog EC, Martin ME, Cai LP, Lin Y, Latoscha A, Suerbaum S, Canfield DR, Solnick JV. CagY Is an Immune-Sensitive Regulator of the Helicobacter pylori Type IV Secretion System. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:1164-1175.e3. [PMID: 27569724 PMCID: PMC5124400 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer are caused most often by Helicobacter pylori strains that harbor the cag pathogenicity island, which encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) that injects the CagA oncoprotein into host cells. cagY is an essential gene in the T4SS and has an unusual DNA repeat structure that predicts in-frame insertions and deletions. These cagY recombination events typically lead to a reduction in T4SS function in mouse and primate models. We examined the role of the immune response in cagY-dependent modulation of T4SS function. METHODS H pylori T4SS function was assessed by measuring CagA translocation and the capacity to induce interleukin (IL)8 in gastric epithelial cells. cagY recombination was determined by changes in polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphisms. T4SS function and cagY in H pylori from C57BL/6 mice were compared with strains recovered from Rag1-/- mice, T- and B-cell-deficient mice, mice with deletion of the interferon gamma receptor (IFNGR) or IL10, and Rag1-/- mice that received adoptive transfer of control or Ifng-/- CD4+ T cells. To assess relevance to human beings, T4SS function and cagY recombination were assessed in strains obtained sequentially from a patient after 7.4 years of infection. RESULTS H pylori infection of T-cell-deficient and Ifngr1-/- mice, and transfer of CD4+ T cells to Rag1-/- mice, showed that cagY-mediated loss of T4SS function requires a T-helper 1-mediated immune response. Loss of T4SS function and cagY recombination were more pronounced in Il10-/- mice, and in control mice infected with H pylori that expressed a more inflammatory form of cagY. Complementation analysis of H pylori strains isolated from a patient over time showed changes in T4SS function that were dependent on recombination in cagY. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of H pylori strains from mice and from a chronically infected patient showed that CagY functions as an immune-sensitive regulator of T4SS function. We propose that this is a bacterial adaptation to maximize persistent infection and transmission to a new host under conditions of a robust inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto M Barrozo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Lori M Hansen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Anna M Lam
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Emma C Skoog
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Miriam E Martin
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Lucy P Cai
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Yong Lin
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Andreas Latoscha
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Partner Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Don R Canfield
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Jay V Solnick
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California; Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California.
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Taylor JM, Ziman ME, Fong J, Solnick JV, Vajdy M. Possible correlates of long-term protection against Helicobacter pylori following systemic or combinations of mucosal and systemic immunizations. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3462-9. [PMID: 17502399 PMCID: PMC1932914 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01470-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce long-term immunity to Helicobacter pylori is necessary for an effective vaccine. This study was designed to establish the most efficient route(s) (systemic, mucosal, or a combination) of immunization for induction of long-term immunity and to define correlates of protection. Mice were immunized orally alone (oral group), intramuscularly (i.m.) alone (i.m. group), orally followed by i.m. (oral/i.m. group), or i.m. followed by orally (i.m./oral group). Long-term protective immunity to oral H. pylori challenge was observed 3 months after immunization through the i.m. or oral/i.m. route. Protection correlated with an increase in H. pylori-specific interleukin-12 and both immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a serum titers following challenge. Mice that were not protected (oral or i.m./oral) had increased levels of IgA in both sera and Peyer's patches. This study demonstrates the ability to induce long-term immunity against H. pylori, provides correlates of protection, and illustrates the crucial role of the immunization route(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Taylor
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Mohmmed A, Kishore S, Patra KP, Dasaradhi PVN, Malhotra P, Chauhan VS. Identification of karyopherin beta as an immunogenic antigen of the malaria parasite using immune mice and human sera. Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:197-203. [PMID: 15987343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A differential immunoscreening of the lambdagt11 Plasmodium falciparum genomic expression library was carried out using anti-P. yoelii sera (convalescent-phase mouse sera) and immune sera collected from healthy adults, to identify novel cross-reactive and possibly protective antigens of the parasite. One clone, with an insert size of 1132 bp that reacted strongly with both the sera was selected. The insert was found to be a part of the P. falciparum karyopherin beta (PfKbeta) homologue. RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis confirmed the expression of PfKbeta in the blood stages of the parasite. The approximately 110 kDa protein was localized in the cytoplasm at the ring and trophozoite, and in the parasitophorous vacuole at the schizont stage. Two large fragments of PfKbeta representing the N- and C-terminal halves were expressed in E. coli. The recombinant proteins were highly immunogenic in mice, and also found to be the target for immune response in natural infections of Plasmodium spp. Anti-sera against the protein showed a low level of anti-parasitic activity. Immunization with recombinant PfKbeta fragments was only partially protective against a heterologous challenge infection in mice. Our results show that the parasite releases a highly immunogenic, cytoplasmic protein into the host which may not contribute to the development of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Liu XF, Hu JL, Quan QZ, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Qi F. Systemic immune responses to oral administration of recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing Helicobacter pylori urease in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2154-6. [PMID: 15810083 PMCID: PMC4305786 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i14.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether attenuated Salmonella typhimurium producing Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) urease subunit B (UreB) could induce systemic immune responses against H pylori infection. METHODS Attenuated S. typhimurium SL3261 was used as a live carrier of plasmid pTC01-UreB, which encodes recombinant H pylori UreB protein. Balb/c mice were given oral immunization with two doses of SL3261/pTC01-UreB at a 3-wk interval. Twelve weeks after oral immunization of mice, serum IgG antibodies were evaluated by ELISA assay. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the supernatant of spleen cell culture were also assessed by ELISA. RESULTS After oral immunization of mice, serum specific IgG antibodies against UreB in vaccine group were much higher than that in PBS and native Salmonella SL3261 control groups (A450, 0.373+/-0.100 vs 0.053+/-0.022, 0.142+/-0.039, respectively, P<0.01). Moreover, IFN-gamma in vaccine group was on average 167.53+/-29.93 pg/mL, which showed a significant increase vs that of PBS control group (35.68+/-3.55 pg/mL, P<0.01). There was also a tremendous increase of IL-10 in vaccine group compared to PBS and SL3261 control groups (275.13+/-27.65 pg/mL vs 56.00+/-7.15 pg/mL, 68.02+/-15.03 pg/mL, respectively, P<0.01). In addition, no obvious side effects in mice and no change in gastric inflammation were observed. CONCLUSION The multiple oral immunizations with the attenuated S. typhimurium expressing H pylori UreB could induce significant systemic immune responses, suggesting it may be used as oral vaccine against H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command Area, Jinan 250031, Shandong Province, China.
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Jiang Z, Pu D, Huang AL, Tao XH, Wang PL. Cloning, expression and antigenic analysis of heat shock protein A gene of human Helicobacter pylori. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1480-1484. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i10.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To construct a recombinant vector containing gene encoding heat shock protein A with a Mr of 13 000 from human Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) and express it in E. coli BL21, and to explore the antigenicity.
METHODS The target gene was amplified from H pylori chromosome by PCR, and then inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a (+) digested by restrictive endonuclease enzymes of kpn I, BamH I simultaneously. The recombinant vector was transformed and expressed in E.coli BL21.The antigenicity of recombinant fusion protein was analysed by Western blot.
RESULTS Enzyme digestion and sequencing analysis showed that the target gene has been inserted into the recombinant vector, but as compared with the gene reported by GenBank, 1.6% of gene mutation and 1.6% of amino acid residues change in H pylori occurred, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the recombinant vector could be expressed in E.coli BL21, the relative molecular mass (Mr) of expressed product was 33×103, while Mr of protein expressed by pET32a (+) was about 20×103, and soluble fusion expression product accounted for 18.96% of total bacterial protein. After purification with Ni+-NTA agarose resin, the purity of recombinant fusion protein was about 95%. Western blot result showed that recombinant fusion protein could be recognized by anti-H pylori positive serum, suggesting that the protein had good antigenicity.
CONCLUSION The gene encoding H pylori heat shock protein A has been cloned and expressed successfully. The results lay the foundation for development of H pylori protein vaccine and a quick diagnostic kit for detection of H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Institute of Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Pi-Long Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Vajdy M, Singh M, Ugozzoli M, Briones M, Soenawan E, Cuadra L, Kazzaz J, Ruggiero P, Peppoloni S, Norelli F, Del Giudice G, O'Hagan D. Enhanced mucosal and systemic immune responses to Helicobacter pylori antigens through mucosal priming followed by systemic boosting immunizations. Immunology 2003; 110:86-94. [PMID: 12941145 PMCID: PMC1783019 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that Helicobacter pylori infects the stomachs of over 50% of the world's population and if not treated may cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma. The aim of this study was to enhance the mucosal and systemic immune responses against the H. pylori antigens cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and neutrophil-activating protein (NAP), through combinations of mucosal and systemic immunizations in female BALB/c mice. We found that oral or intranasal (i.n.) followed by i.m. immunizations induced significantly higher serum titres against NAP and CagA compared to i.n. alone, oral alone, i.m. alone, i.m. followed by i.n. or i.m. followed by oral immunizations. However, only oral followed by i.m. immunizations induced anti-NAP antibody-secreting cells in the stomach. Moreover, mucosal immunizations alone or in combination with i.m., but not i.m. immunizations alone, induced mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses in faeces. Any single route or combination of immunization routes with NAP and CagA preferentially induced antigen-specific splenic interleukin-4-secreting cells and far fewer interferon-gamma-secreting cells in the spleen. Moreover, i.n. immunizations alone or in combination with i.m. immunizations induced predominantly serum IgG1 and far less serum IgG2a. Importantly, we found that while both i.n. and i.m. recall immunizations induced similar levels of serum antibody responses, mucosal IgA responses in faeces were only achieved through i.n. recall immunization. Collectively, our data show that mucosal followed by systemic immunization significantly enhanced local and systemic immune responses and that i.n. recall immunization is required to induce both mucosal and systemic memory type responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vajdy
- Immunology and Infectious DiseasesEmeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lina Cuadra
- Immunology and Infectious DiseasesEmeryville, CA, USA
| | - Jina Kazzaz
- Immunology and Infectious DiseasesEmeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek O'Hagan
- Immunology and Infectious DiseasesEmeryville, CA, USA
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Londoño-Arcila P, Freeman D, Kleanthous H, O'Dowd AM, Lewis S, Turner AK, Rees EL, Tibbitts TJ, Greenwood J, Monath TP, Darsley MJ. Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi expressing urease effectively immunizes mice against Helicobacter pylori challenge as part of a heterologous mucosal priming-parenteral boosting vaccination regimen. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5096-106. [PMID: 12183559 PMCID: PMC128259 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.9.5096-5106.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vaccine strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi capable of expressing Helicobacter pylori urease were generated by transforming strains CVD908 and CVD908-htrA with a plasmid harboring the ureAB genes under the control of an in vivo-inducible promoter. The plasmid did not interfere with the ability of either strain to replicate and persist in human monocytic cells or with their transient colonization of mouse lungs. When administered to mice intranasally, both recombinant strains elicited antiurease immune responses skewed towards a Th1 phenotype. Vaccinated mice exhibited strong immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a)-biased antiurease antibody responses as well as splenocyte populations capable of proliferation and gamma interferon (IFNgamma) secretion in response to urease stimulation. Boosting of mice with subcutaneous injection of urease plus alum enhanced immune responses and led them to a more balanced Th1/Th2 phenotype. Following parenteral boost, IgG1 and IgG2a antiurease antibody titers were raised significantly, and strong urease-specific splenocyte proliferative responses, accompanied by IFNgamma as well as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-10 secretion, were detected. Neither immunization with urease-expressing S. enterica serovar Typhi alone nor immunization with urease plus alum alone conferred protection against challenge with a mouse-adapted strain of H. pylori; however, a vaccination protocol combining both immunization regimens was protective. This is the first report of effective vaccination against H. pylori with a combined mucosal prime-parenteral boost regimen in which serovar Typhi vaccine strains are used as antigen carriers. The significance of these findings with regard to development of a human vaccine against H. pylori and modulation of immune responses by heterologous prime-boost immunization regimens is discussed.
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Kusters JG. Recent developments in Helicobacter pylori vaccination. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 2002:15-21. [PMID: 11768556 DOI: 10.1080/003655201753265406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This reviews discusses the recent progress in the development of a vaccine against Helicobacter pylori. To date, this gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium is one of the most common infections of mankind. Infection usually occurs during childhood, and when left untreated results in lifelong colonization of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori infection is a chronic gastritis that can lead to peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma. Antimicrobial therapy is currently the method of choice for curing H. pylori infection, but complex dosing, inconsistent efficiency, development of antibiotic resistance, costs and various side effects compromise widespread use. As a consequence, new strategies for the prevention and eradication of H. pylori infections are being explored. Vaccines are an attractive option, because they are both effective and economic in use. Natural infection with H. pylori usually results in a strong inflammatory Th1-type CD4(+)T-cell response that does not seem to have any protective effects. Successful vaccination studies indicate that a Th2-type response is required for protection, but the exact mechanisms involved in protective immunization are still poorly understood. Although commercial development of products for clinical trial is underway, many important issues, such as lack of a suitable mucosal adjuvant, and prevention of potential side effects, such as postimmunization gastritis, need to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Kusters
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dijkzigt Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Del Giudice G, Covacci A, Telford JL, Montecucco C, Rappuoli R. The design of vaccines against Helicobacter pylori and their development. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:523-63. [PMID: 11244046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative, spiral, microaerophylic bacterium that infects the stomach of more than 50% of the human population worldwide. It is mostly acquired during childhood and, if not treated, persists chronically, causing chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and in some individuals, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric B cell lymphoma. The current therapy, based on the use of a proton-pump inhibitor and antibiotics, is efficacious but faces problems such as patient compliance, antibiotic resistance, and possible recurrence of infection. The development of an efficacious vaccine against H. pylori would thus offer several advantages. Various approaches have been followed in the development of vaccines against H. pylori, most of which have been based on the use of selected antigens known to be involved in the pathogenesis of the infection, such as urease, the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), the cytotoxin-associated antigen (CagA), the neutrophil-activating protein (NAP), and others, and intended to confer protection prophylactically and/or therapeutically in animal models of infection. However, very little is known of the natural history of H. pylori infection and of the kinetics of the induced immune responses. Several lines of evidence suggest that H. pylori infection is accompanied by a pronounced Th1-type CD4(+) T cell response. It appears, however, that after immunization, the antigen-specific response is predominantly polarized toward a Th2-type response, with production of cytokines that can inhibit the activation of Th1 cells and of macrophages, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The exact effector mechanisms of protection induced after immunization are still poorly understood. The next couple of years will be crucial for the development of vaccines against H. pylori. Several trials are foreseen in humans, and expectations are that most of the questions being asked now on the host-microbe interactions will be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Del Giudice
- IRIS Research Center, Chiron SpA, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, 53100 Italy.
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Wu C, Zou QM, Guo H, Yuan XP, Zhang WJ, Lu DS, Mao XH. Expression, purification and immuno-characteristics of recombination UreB protein of H. pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:389-93. [PMID: 11819796 PMCID: PMC4688728 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i3.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Wu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Solnick JV, Schauer DB. Emergence of diverse Helicobacter species in the pathogenesis of gastric and enterohepatic diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:59-97. [PMID: 11148003 PMCID: PMC88962 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.1.59-97.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Helicobacter pylori was first cultivated from human gastric biopsy specimens in 1982, it has become apparent that many related species can often be found colonizing the mucosal surfaces of humans and other animals. These other Helicobacter species can be broadly grouped according to whether they colonize the gastric or enterohepatic niche. Gastric Helicobacter species are widely distributed in mammalian hosts and are often nearly universally prevalent. In many cases they cause an inflammatory response resembling that seen with H. pylori in humans. Although usually not pathogenic in their natural host, these organisms serve as models of human disease. Enterohepatic Helicobacter species are an equally diverse group of organisms that have been identified in the intestinal tract and the liver of humans, other mammals, and birds. In many cases they have been linked with inflammation or malignant transformation in immunocompetent hosts and with more severe clinical disease in immunocompromised humans and animals. The purpose of this review is to describe these other Helicobacter species, characterize their role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and enterohepatic disease, and discuss their implications for our understanding of H. pylori infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Solnick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Abstract
Proper stimulation of the mucosal immune system is critical for the effective protection of mucosal surfaces against colonization and invasion of infectious agents. This requires administration of vaccine antigens directly to various mucosal sites. Due to the low absorption efficiency of mucosally delivered vaccines, however, almost all of the currently marketed vaccines are administered parentally. In addition, sub-optimal immune responses are frequently induced by mucosal immunization and the use of mucosal adjuvants is commonly required. As a result, development of successful mucosal vaccines depends largely on the improvement of mucosal antigen delivery and on the discovery of new and effective mucosal adjuvants. In this review, recent advances in both areas are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 128 Sidney Street, 02139, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Abstract
Ureases are multi-subunit, nickel-containing enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia. This brief review discusses the biochemistry and genetics of bacterial ureases and outlines the roles of urea metabolism in microbial ecology and pathogenesis of some of the principle ureolytic species affecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Burne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
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