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Zhou Y, Xu B. New insights into anti-diabetes effects and molecular mechanisms of dietary saponins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12372-12397. [PMID: 35866515 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic disorder that manifests as chronic hyperglycemia and impaired insulin, bringing a heavy load on the global health care system. Considering the inevitable side effects of conventional anti-diabetic drugs, saponins-rich natural products exert promising therapeutic properties to serve as safer and more cost-effective alternatives for DM management. Herein, this review systematically summarized the research progress on the anti-diabetic properties of dietary saponins and their underlying molecular mechanisms in the past 20 years. Dietary saponins possessed the multidirectional anti-diabetic capabilities by concurrent regulation of various signaling pathways, such as IRS-1/PI3K/Akt, AMPK, Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB-NLRP3, SREBP-1c, and PPARγ, in liver, pancreas, gut, and skeletal muscle. However, the industrialization and commercialization of dietary saponin-based drugs are confronted with a significant challenge due to the low bioavailability and lack of the standardization. Hence, in-depth evaluations in pharmacological profile, function-structure interaction, drug-signal pathway interrelation are essential for developing dietary saponins-based anti-diabetic treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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Camlica M, Yaldiz G. Gum yield, optimization of gum isolation, diosgenin and crude protein contents of fenugreek genotypes and cultivars grown under irrigated and dryland conditions. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mohammadi M, Mashayekh T, Rashidi-Monfared S, Ebrahimi A, Abedini D. New insights into diosgenin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation in Trigonella foenum-graecum L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:229-241. [PMID: 31469464 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Throughout history, thousands of medicinal and aromatic plants have been widely utilised by people worldwide. Owing to them possessing of valuable compounds with little side effects in comparison with chemical drugs, herbs have been of interest to humans for a number of purposes. Diosgenin, driven from fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., has extensively drawn scientist's attention owing to having curable properties and being a precursor of steroid hormones synthesis. Nonetheless, complete knowledge about the biosynthesis pathway of this metabolite is still elusive. OBJECTIVE In the present research, we isolated the full-length CDS of 14 genes involving in diosgenin formation and measured their expression rate in various genotypes, which had illustrated different amount of diosgenin. METHODOLOGY The genes were successfully isolated, and functional motifs were also assessed using in silico approaches. RESULTS Moreover, combining transcript and metabolite analysis revealed that there are many genes playing the role in diosgenin formation, some of which are highly influential. Among them, ∆24 -reductase, which converts cycloartenol to cycloartanol, is the first-committed and rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. Additionally, no transcripts indicating to the presence or expression of lanosterol synthase were detected, contradicting the previous hypothesis about the biosynthetic pathway of diosgenin in fenugreek. CONCLUSION Considering all these, therefore, we propose the most possible pathway of diosgenin. This knowledge will then pave the way toward cloning the genes as well as engineering the diosgenin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tooba Mashayekh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Rashidi-Monfared
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Ebrahimi
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran
| | - Davar Abedini
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Mohammed A, Islam MS. Spice-Derived Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Agents or Food Adjuvant in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:893. [PMID: 30186162 PMCID: PMC6113848 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spices possess tremendous therapeutic potential including hypoglycemic action, attributed to their bioactive ingredients. However, there is no study that critically reviewed the hypoglycemic potency, safety and the bioavailability of the spice-derived bioactive ingredients (SDBI). Therefore, the aim of the study was to comprehensively review all published studies regarding the hypoglycemic action of SDBI with the purpose to assess whether the ingredients are potential hypoglycemic agents or adjuvant. Factors considered were concentration/dosages used, the extent of blood glucose reduction, the IC50 values, and the safety concern of the SDBI. From the results, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, diosgenin, thymoquinone (TQ), and trigonelline were showed the most promising effects and hold future potential as hypoglycemic agents. Conclusively, future studies should focus on improving the tissue and cellular bioavailability of the promising SDBI to achieve greater potency. Additionally, clinical trials and toxicity studies are with these SDBI are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Jasim B, Thomas R, Mathew J, Radhakrishnan EK. Plant growth and diosgenin enhancement effect of silver nanoparticles in Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Saudi Pharm J 2016; 25:443-447. [PMID: 28344500 PMCID: PMC5357095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various methods have been used to enhance production of chemically diverse phytochemicals especially medicinal natural products. With the advancement in nanotechnology, nanoparticles have been reported to have varying impact in plant growth and inducibility of phytochemical composition. Major objective of the study was to study the secondary metabolite modulatory effect of silver nanoparticles. In the current study, treatment of fenugreek seedlings with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was found to have significant impact on its growth parameters such as leaf number, root length, shoot length and wet weight. On HPLC based analysis, Ag-NPs treated seedlings showed an enhancement in the production of major phytochemical diosgenin to a level of 214.06 ± 17.07 μg/mL. An untreated control gave an yield of only 164.44 ± 7.67 μg/mL of diosgenin, and the observed phytochemical enhancement effect induced by Ag-NP was very significant. Most remarkably, the Ag-NP used in the study was found to play dual role of enhancement of both plant growth and diosgenin synthesis. Hence the study is of immense application as it opens up development of new methods based on nanoelicitors to enhance the biosynthesis of medicinal natural products in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jasim
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
| | - Roshmi Thomas
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
| | - Jyothis Mathew
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
| | - E K Radhakrishnan
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
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In Vivo Protective Effects of Diosgenin against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Nutrients 2015; 7:4938-54. [PMID: 26091236 PMCID: PMC4488824 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) induces oxidative stress leading to cardiotoxicity. Diosgenin, a steroidal saponin of Dioscorea opposita, has been reported to have antioxidant activity. Our study was aimed to find out the protective effect of diosgenin against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. DOX treatment led to a significant decrease in the ratio of heart weight to body weight, and increases in the blood pressure and the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatine kinase myocardial bound (CK-MB), markers of cardiotoxicity. In the heart tissue of the DOX-treated mice, DOX reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were recovered by diosgenin. Diosgenin also decreased the serum levels of cardiotoxicity markers, cardiac levels of thiobarbituric acid relative substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase-3 activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), an inflammatory factor. Moreover, diosgenin had the effects of increasing the cardiac levels of cGMP via modulation of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) activity, and in improving myocardial fibrosis in the DOX-treated mice. Molecular data showed that the protective effects of diosgenin might be mediated via regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) and p38. Our data imply that diosgenin possesses antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities, and cGMP modulation effect, which in turn protect the heart from the DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
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McKoy ML, Thomas PG, Asemota H, Omoruyi F, Simon O. Effects of Jamaican Bitter Yam (Dioscorea polygonoides) and Diosgenin on Blood and Fecal Cholesterol in Rats. J Med Food 2014; 17:1183-8. [PMID: 25058383 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marsha-Lyn McKoy
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Peta-Gaye Thomas
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Helen Asemota
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Biotechnology Centre, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Felix Omoruyi
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - Oswald Simon
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
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Analytical Methods for Enzyme and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Natural Pigments from Some Plants. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Huang ZL, Liang ZY, Li GJ, Hong H. Response surface methodology to extraction of dioscoreae polysaccharides and the effects on rat's bone quality. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jayachandran KS, Vasanthi HR, Rajamanickam GV. Antilipoperoxidative and membrane stabilizing effect of diosgenin, in experimentally induced myocardial infarction. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 327:203-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Omoruyi FO. Jamaican bitter yam sapogenin: potential mechanisms of action in diabetes. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 63:135-140. [PMID: 18594988 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-008-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sapogenin has been proposed to be the active component responsible for the beneficial effects of Jamaican bitter yam (Dioscorea polygonoides) in the management of diabetes. Most of the research activities on bitter yam have focused on the role sapogenin play in the management of diabetes. Changes in weight, activities of carbohydrate digestive and transport enzymes, alterations in the intestinal morphology, changes in blood lipids, reduction in lipid peroxidation and the prevention of liver damage associated with diabetes have all been attributed to bitter yam sapogenin supplementation. Also, the possible exploitation of bitter yam for nutraceutical/pharmaceutical purposes is based on the high saponin content. There are however, concerns about the beneficial claims of the findings especially with regard to the possible adverse effects that may accrue in the clinical applications. This review therefore provides an overview of the findings in this research area with a view to proposing the potential mechanisms whereby the supplement of bitter yam sapogenin extract exert its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties and the probable adverse effects in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix O Omoruyi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
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Chen YT, Kao WT, Lin KW. Effects of pH on the total phenolic compound, antioxidative ability and the stability of dioscorin of various yam cultivars. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effects of heating temperature on the total phenolic compound, antioxidative ability and the stability of dioscorin of various yam cultivars. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McAnuff-Harding MA, Omoruyi FO, Asemota HN. Intestinal disaccharidases and some renal enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed sapogenin extract from bitter yam (Dioscorea polygonoides). Life Sci 2006; 78:2595-600. [PMID: 16497337 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin on intestinal disaccharidases and some renal enzymes in diabetic rats were investigated. Diabetic male Wistar rats were fed diets supplemented with 1% sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin for 3 weeks. Plasma glucose, intestinal disaccharidases and the activities of transaminases, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, ATP citrate lyase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase were assessed for the level of metabolic changes in the kidney of diabetic rats. Sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in lactase and maltase activities in all three regions of the intestine compared to the diabetic control group. However, the test diets significantly reduced intestinal sucrase activity in the proximal and mid regions. Test diets supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of the transaminases compared to the normal and diabetic control groups. The activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was significantly increased while the activities of ATP citrate lyase, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly reduced in the kidney of the diabetic control rats compared to the normal group. Test diets supplementation did not significantly alter glucose-6-phosphatase, ATP citrate lyase and pyruvate kinase activities compared to the diabetic control. However, there was a significant increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity toward the normal group. In conclusion, the consumption of bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin demonstrated hypoglycemic properties, which are beneficial in diabetes by reducing intestinal disaccharidases activities; however, bitter yam sapogenin extract may adversely affect the integrity of kidney membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A McAnuff-Harding
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Ruzaidi A, Amin I, Nawalyah AG, Hamid M, Faizul HA. The effect of Malaysian cocoa extract on glucose levels and lipid profiles in diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 98:55-60. [PMID: 15763363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the effect of cocoa extract on serum glucose levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Cocoa extract (contained 285.6 mg total polyphenol per gram extract) was prepared from fermented and roasted (140 degrees C, 20 min) beans by extracting using 80% ethanol in the ratio of 1-10. The extract of three dosages (1, 2, and 3%) was fed to normal and diabetic rats for a period of 4 weeks. In hyperglycaemic group, cocoa extract (1 and 3%) diets were found to significantly lower (p<0.05) the serum glucose levels compared to the control. Furthermore, supplementation of 1 and 3% cocoa extract had significantly reduced (p<0.05) the level of total cholesterol in diabetic rats. In addition, 1, 2, and 3% cocoa extract diets had significantly lowered (p<0.05) the total triglycerides. Interestingly, this study found that serum HDL-cholesterol had increased significantly (p<0.05) in diabetic rats fed with 2% cocoa extract, while the LDL-cholesterol had decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the 1% treated group. These results indicate that cocoa extract may possess potential hypoglycaemic and hypocholestrolemic effects on serum glucose levels and lipid profiles, respectively. The results also found that the effect of cocoa extract was dose-dependent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Cacao/chemistry
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/drug effects
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Eating/drug effects
- Malaysia/ethnology
- Male
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Streptozocin/administration & dosage
- Streptozocin/adverse effects
- Triglycerides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Triglycerides/blood
- Weight Loss/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruzaidi
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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