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Blachowicz A, Romsdahl J, Chiang AJ, Masonjones S, Kalkum M, Stajich JE, Torok T, Wang CCC, Venkateswaran K. The International Space Station Environment Triggers Molecular Responses in Aspergillus niger. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:893071. [PMID: 35847112 PMCID: PMC9280654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to immense phenotypic plasticity and adaptability, Aspergillus niger is a cosmopolitan fungus that thrives in versatile environments, including the International Space Station (ISS). This is the first report of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic alterations observed in A. niger strain JSC-093350089 grown in a controlled experiment aboard the ISS. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that ISS conditions, including microgravity and enhanced irradiation, triggered non-synonymous point mutations in specific regions, chromosomes VIII and XII of the JSC-093350089 genome when compared to the ground-grown control. Proteome analysis showed altered abundance of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, stress response, and cellular amino acid and protein catabolic processes following growth aboard the ISS. Metabolome analysis further confirmed that space conditions altered molecular suite of ISS-grown A. niger JSC-093350089. After regrowing both strains on Earth, production of antioxidant—Pyranonigrin A was significantly induced in the ISS-flown, but not the ground control strain. In summary, the microgravity and enhanced irradiation triggered unique molecular responses in the A. niger JSC-093350089 suggesting adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Blachowicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jillian Romsdahl
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Abby J. Chiang
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Sawyer Masonjones
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Tamas Torok
- Ecology Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kasthuri Venkateswaran,
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Blachowicz A, Chiang AJ, Romsdahl J, Kalkum M, Wang CCC, Venkateswaran K. Proteomic characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from air and surfaces of the International Space Station. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 124:39-46. [PMID: 30611835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The on-going Microbial Observatory Experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) revealed the presence of various microorganisms that may be affected by the distinct environment of the ISS. The low-nutrient environment combined with enhanced irradiation and microgravity may trigger changes in the molecular suite of microorganisms leading to increased virulence and resistance of microbes. Proteomic characterization of two Aspergillus fumigatus strains, ISSFT-021 and IF1SW-F4, isolated from HEPA filter debris and cupola surface of the ISS, respectively, is presented, along with a comparison to well-studied clinical isolates Af293 and CEA10. In-depth analysis highlights variations in the proteome of both ISS-isolated strains when compared to the clinical strains. Proteins that showed increased abundance in ISS isolates were overall involved in stress responses, and carbohydrate and secondary metabolism. Among the most abundant proteins were Pst2 and ArtA involved in oxidative stress response, PdcA and AcuE responsible for ethanol fermentation and glyoxylate cycle, respectively, TpcA, TpcF, and TpcK that are part of trypacidin biosynthetic pathway, and a toxin Asp-hemolysin. This report provides insight into possible molecular adaptation of filamentous fungi to the unique ISS environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Blachowicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Abby J Chiang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jillian Romsdahl
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Claxton LD, de A. Umbuzeiro G, DeMarini DM. The Salmonella mutagenicity assay: the stethoscope of genetic toxicology for the 21st century. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1515-22. [PMID: 20682480 PMCID: PMC2974687 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES According to the 2007 National Research Council report Toxicology for the Twenty-First Century, modern methods (e.g., "omics," in vitro assays, high-throughput testing, computational methods) will lead to the emergence of a new approach to toxicology. The Salmonella mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay has been central to the field of genetic toxicology since the 1970s. Here we document the paradigm shifts engendered by the assay, the validation and applications of the assay, and how the assay is a model for future in vitro toxicology assays. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge using key words relevant to the Salmonella assay and additional genotoxicity assays. DATA EXTRACTION We merged the citations, removing duplicates, and categorized the papers by year and topic. DATA SYNTHESIS The Salmonella assay led to two paradigm shifts: that some carcinogens were mutagens and that some environmental samples (e.g., air, water, soil, food, combustion emissions) were mutagenic. Although there are > 10,000 publications on the Salmonella assay, covering tens of thousands of agents, data on even more agents probably exist in unpublished form, largely as proprietary studies by industry. The Salmonella assay is a model for the development of 21st century in vitro toxicology assays in terms of the establishment of standard procedures, ability to test various agents, transferability across laboratories, validation and testing, and structure-activity analysis. CONCLUSIONS Similar to a stethoscope as a first-line, inexpensive tool in medicine, the Salmonella assay can serve a similar, indispensable role in the foreseeable future of 21st century toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D. Claxton
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gisela de A. Umbuzeiro
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática e Limnologia, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to D.M. DeMarini, B105-03, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-1510. Fax: (919) 541-0694. E-mail:
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SOS induction by vacuum, desiccation and low-energy ion beam mock-irradiation in bacteria. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Martineau R, Stout V, Towe B. Whole cell biosensing via recA::mCherry and LED-based flow-through fluorometry. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:759-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yang Y, Yokobori SI, Yamagishi A. Assessing Panspermia Hypothesis by Microorganisms Collected from The High Altitude Atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Girotti S, Ferri EN, Fumo MG, Maiolini E. Monitoring of environmental pollutants by bioluminescent bacteria. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 608:2-29. [PMID: 18206990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the applications of bioluminescent bacteria to the environmental analyses, published during the years 2000-2007. The ecotoxicological assessment, by bioassays, of the environmental risks and the luminescent approaches are reported. The review includes a brief introduction to the characteristics and applications of bioassays, a description of the characteristics and applications of natural bioluminescent bacteria (BLB), and a collection of the main applications to organic and inorganic pollutants. The light-emitting genetically modified bacteria applications, as well as the bioluminescent immobilized systems and biosensors are outlined. Considerations about commercially available BLB and BLB catalogues are also reported. Most of the environmental applications, here mentioned, of luminescent organisms are on wastewater, seawater, surface and ground water, tap water, soil and sediments, air. Comparison to other bioindicators and bioassay has been also made. Various tables have been inserted, to make easier to take a rapid glance at all possible references concerning the topic of specific interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Girotti
- Department of Metallurgic Science, Electrochemistry and Chemical Techniques, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Baumstark-Khan C, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Horneck G. The combined bacterial Lux-Fluoro test for the detection and quantification of genotoxic and cytotoxic agents in surface water: results from the "Technical Workshop on Genotoxicity Biosensing". AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 85:209-218. [PMID: 17936920 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The bioassay Lux-Fluoro test was developed for the rapid detection and quantification of environmental pollutants with genotoxic and/or cytotoxic potential. This bacterial test system uses two different reporter genes whose gene products and their reactions, respectively, can be measured easily and simultaneously by optical methods. Genotoxicity is measured by the increase of bioluminescence in genetically modified bacteria which carry a plasmid with a complete lux operon for the enzyme luciferase from the marine photobacterium P. leiognathi under the control of a DNA-damage dependent so-called SOS promoter. If the deoxyribonucleic acid in these bacteria is damaged by a genotoxic chemical, the SOS promoter is turned on and the lux operon is expressed. The newly synthesized luciferase reacts immediately with its substrate thereby producing bioluminescence in a damage-proportional manner. In the second part of the system, genetically modified bacteria carry the gene for the green fluorescent protein (gfp) from the jellyfish Aequora victoria downstream from a constitutively expressed promoter. These bacteria are fluorescent under common growth conditions. If their cellular metabolism is disturbed by the action of cytotoxic chemicals, the fluorescence decreases in a dose-proportional manner. The combined Lux-Fluoro test is shown to be well suited for the biological assessment of the geno- and cytotoxicity of a series of model agents and environmental samples at the Technical Workshop on Genotoxicity Biosensing (TECHNOTOX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Baumstark-Khan
- Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany.
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Huber K, Krötz-Fahning M, Hock B. Respiratory burst as a biomarker for stress responses. PROTOPLASMA 2006; 229:221-4. [PMID: 17180505 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A module for the detection of immunotoxic events within the test system Triple-Lux to be used during spaceflights was developed. It is based on the production of reactive oxygen species within the respiratory burst during phagocytosis or after stimulation of the phagocytes with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). For this purpose, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence was measured. The assays were carried out with polymorphonuclear leukocytes purified from sheep peripheral blood. The influence of hydrocortisone and Cd2+ on the respiratory burst in polymorphonuclear leukocytes was assayed. Hydrocortisone in concentrations between 10(-4) and 10(-9) mol/liter showed an immunostimulating effect after PMA treatment. An immunosuppressive effect was observed for Cd2+ in concentrations between 10(-4) and 10(-7) mol/liter. Cryoconservation, which has often been critical for primary cells, can be accomplished without any subsequent loss of function by freezing the cells in dimethyl sulfoxide-containing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Huber
- Chair of Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Rabbow E, Stojicic N, Walrafen D, Baumstark-Khan C, Rettberg P, Schulze-Varnholt D, Franz M, Reitz G. The SOS-LUX-TOXICITY-Test on the International Space Station. Res Microbiol 2005; 157:30-6. [PMID: 16431084 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For the safety of astronauts and to ensure the stability and integrity of the genome of microorganisms and plants used in bioregenerative life support systems, it is important to improve our knowledge of the combined action of (space) radiation and microgravity. The SOS-LUX-TOXICITY test, as part of the TRIPLE-LUX project (accepted for flight at Biolab in Columbus on the International Space Station, (ISS)), will provide an estimation of the health risk resulting from exposure of astronauts to the radiation environment of space in microgravity. The project will: (i) increase our knowledge of biological/health threatening action of space radiation and enzymatic DNA repair; (ii) uncover cellular mechanisms of synergistic interaction of microgravity and space radiation; (iii) provide specified biosensors for spacecraft milieu examination; and (iv) provide experimental data on stability and integrity of bacterial DNA in spacecrafts. In the bacterial biosensor "SOS-LUX-Test" developed at DLR (patent), bacteria are transformed with the pBR322-derived plasmid pPLS-1 or the similar, advanced plasmid SWITCH, both carrying the promoterless lux operon of Photobacterium leiognathi as the reporter element controlled by a DNA damage-dependent SOS promoter as sensor element. A short description of the space experiment is given, and the current status of adaptation of the SOS-LUX-Test to the ISS, i.e. first results of sterilization, biocompatibility and functional tests performed with the already available hardware and bread board model of the automated space hardware under development, is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Rabbow
- DLR, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Strahlenbiologie, 51117 Köln, Germany.
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Norman A, Hestbjerg Hansen L, Sørensen SJ. Construction of a ColD cda promoter-based SOS-green fluorescent protein whole-cell biosensor with higher sensitivity toward genotoxic compounds than constructs based on recA, umuDC, or sulA promoters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:2338-46. [PMID: 15870320 PMCID: PMC1087587 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.5.2338-2346.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Four different green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based whole-cell biosensors were created based on the DNA damage inducible SOS response of Escherichia coli in order to evaluate the sensitivity of individual SOS promoters toward genotoxic substances. Treatment with the known carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) revealed that the promoter for the ColD plasmid-borne cda gene had responses 12, 5, and 3 times greater than the recA, sulA, and umuDC promoters, respectively, and also considerably higher sensitivity. Furthermore, we showed that when the SOS-GFP construct was introduced into an E. coli host deficient in the tolC gene, the minimal detection limits toward mitomycin C, MNNG, nalidixic acid, and formaldehyde were lowered to 9.1 nM, 0.16 microM, 1.1 microM, and 141 microM, respectively, which were two to six times lower than those in the wild-type strain. This study thus presents a new SOS-GFP whole-cell biosensor which is not only able to detect minute levels of genotoxins but, due to its use of the green fluorescent protein, also a reporter system which should be applicable in high-throughput screening assays as well as a wide variety of in situ detection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Norman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83H, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Park KS, Baumstark-Khan C, Rettberg P, Horneck G, Rabbow E, Gu MB. Immobilization as a technical possibility for long-term storage of bacterial biosensors. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2005; 44:69-71. [PMID: 15791471 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-005-0271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For applications in field experiments, the recombinant strain Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 was immobilized to permit its immediate utilization after long storage periods. Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 cells contain the plasmid that has an inducible SOS promoter fused to a promoterless luxCDABFE operon from Photobacterium leiognathi. The induction of bioluminescence occurs in the presence of the DNA-damaging agent mitomycin C which stimulates the bacterial SOS response. Early stationary phase cells were immobilized at a cell concentration of 10(10) CFU/ml in microtiter plates and stored up to 6 weeks at 4 degrees C in a sealed container. Even after 4 weeks of storage, the bioluminescence kinetics and yield in response to different concentrations of mitomycin C were not significantly different from those of freshly prepared samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Seo Park
- National Research Laboratory on Environmental Biotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Baumstark-Khan C, Cioara K, Rettberg P, Horneck G. Determination of geno- and cytotoxicity of groundwater and sediments using the recombinant SWITCH test. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2005; 40:245-263. [PMID: 15717775 DOI: 10.1081/ese-200045529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The recombinant Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 strain carrying the SWITCH plasmid (combined construct of the SOS-Lux plasmid pPLS-1 and the LAC-Fluoro plasmid pGFPuv: pSWITCH) was treated with control substances for genotoxic (2-aminoanthracene) and cytotoxic (aureomycin) potency as well as with 18 environmental samples (groundwater, river water, sediments) provided at the SENSPOL Technical Meeting on Problems Related to Diffuse Pollution Sources (Characterization of Sediment, Dredged Material, and Groundwater) organized by the Federal Institute of Hydrology in Koblenz, Germany, during late October 2003. For metabolic activation the samples were treated with S9 mix (5% S9 fraction in cofactor mix, Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver microsomes, Moltox Inc., Mol, Belgium). Simultaneously determined cytotoxicity and genotoxicity data were derived through the Multilabel Counter 1420 Victor (PerkinElmer, Boston, MA, USA), by sequential measurement of luminescence, absorbance, and fluorescence. The newly designed SWITCH test, as it was applied at the Koblenz meeting, displays a comparable sensitivity for test samples with known cyto- and genotoxic potential. Groundwater samples from the wells at the former gas plant site Kiel Canal and the agricultural area at Niederwerth expressed neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic responses of the bacteria for both metabolic conditions (+/-S9). Spiked groundwater samples from the Niederwerth well BW1 and the Urmitz well U12 located on the river Rhine were identified to be positive in terms of genotoxicity for the direct and the metabolic approach. Samples from the lake Tiefer See in the city of Potsdam showed a reduction of GFPuv expression as an indication for cytotoxicity, while luminescence output of incubated bacteria remained unaffected. This reflects the well-known presence of contaminations (especially cyanides) in the lake sediment as well as in the acetonic extract. The results obtained at the SENSPOL Technical Meeting show the SWITCH test to be of major relevance not only for the analysis of chemicals under laboratory conditions but also for environmental samples polluted by diffuse industrial sources.
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