1
|
Schreiber J, Baldrian P, Brabcová V, Brandl R, Kellner H, Müller J, Roy F, Bässler C, Krah FS. Effects of experimental canopy openness on wood-inhabiting fungal fruiting diversity across succession. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16135. [PMID: 38997416 PMCID: PMC11245472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
While the succession of terrestrial plant communities is well studied, less is known about succession on dead wood, especially how it is affected by environmental factors. While temperate forests face increasing canopy mortality, which causes considerable changes in microclimates, it remains unclear how canopy openness affects fungal succession. Here, we used a large real-world experiment to study the effect of closed and opened canopy on treatment-based alpha and beta fungal fruiting diversity. We found increasing diversity in early and decreasing diversity at later stages of succession under both canopies, with a stronger decrease under open canopies. However, the slopes of the diversity versus time relationships did not differ significantly between canopy treatments. The community dissimilarity remained mainly stable between canopies at ca. 25% of species exclusively associated with either canopy treatment. Species exclusive in either canopy treatment showed very low number of occupied objects compared to species occurring in both treatments. Our study showed that canopy loss subtly affected fungal fruiting succession on dead wood, suggesting that most species in the local species pool are specialized or can tolerate variable conditions. Our study indicates that the fruiting of the fungal community on dead wood is resilient against the predicted increase in canopy loss in temperate forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Schreiber
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Conservation Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Brabcová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roland Brandl
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology, Animal Ecology, Philips University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Kellner
- International Institute Zittau, Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, Technical University Dresden, 02763, Zittau, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Friederike Roy
- International Institute Zittau, Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, Technical University Dresden, 02763, Zittau, Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Conservation Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fungal Ecology and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Franz-Sebastian Krah
- Fungal Ecology and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Journeaux KL, Boddy L, Rowland L, Hartley IP. A positive feedback to climate change: The effect of temperature on the respiration of key wood-decomposing fungi does not decline with time. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17212. [PMID: 38450825 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Heterotrophic soil microorganisms are responsible for ~50% of the carbon dioxide released by respiration from the terrestrial biosphere each year. The respiratory response of soil microbial communities to warming, and the control mechanisms, remains uncertain, yet is critical to understanding the future land carbon (C)-climate feedback. Individuals of nine species of fungi decomposing wood were exposed to 90 days of cooling to evaluate the medium-term effect of temperature on respiration. Overall, the effect of temperature on respiration increased in the medium term, with no evidence of compensation. However, the increasing effect of temperature on respiration was lost after correcting for changes in biomass. These results indicate that C loss through respiration of wood-decomposing fungi will increase beyond the direct effects of temperature on respiration, potentially promoting greater C losses from terrestrial ecosystems and a positive feedback to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Journeaux
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lynne Boddy
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy Rowland
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marčiulynas A, Menkis A. Long-term Dynamics of Fungal Communities Inhabiting Decaying Stumps of Quercus robur. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:27. [PMID: 38175304 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We studied the diversity, composition, and long-term dynamics of wood-inhabiting fungi in Quercus robur stumps left after commercial tree harvesting in Lithuania. Sampling of wood was carried out at three sites and from stumps, which were 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-year-old. DNA was isolated from wood samples and fungal communities analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that stump age had a limited effect on fungal diversity. The development of fungal communities in oak stums was found to be a slow process as fungal communities remained similar for decades, while larger changes were only detected in older stumps. The most common fungi were Eupezizella sp. (18.4%), Hyphodontia pallidula (12.9%), Mycena galericulata (8.3%), and Lenzites betulinus (7.1%). Fistulina hepatica, which is a red-listed wood-decay oak fungus, was also detected at a low relative abundance in stump wood. In the shortage of suitable substrate, oak stumps may provide habitats for long-term survival of different fungal species, including red-listed and oak-related fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adas Marčiulynas
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepų Str. 1, Girionys, 53101, Kaunas District, Lithuania.
| | - Audrius Menkis
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gomes TG, de Assis Fonseca FC, Alves GSC, de Siqueira FG, Miller RNG. Development of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of gene expression in Pleurotus pulmonarius for biotechnological applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12296. [PMID: 37516784 PMCID: PMC10387064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is an oilseed crop with biorefinery applications. Whilst cake generated following oil extraction offers potential as a protein source for animal feed, inactivation of toxic phorbol esters present in the material is necessary. Pleurotus pulmonarius is a detoxifying agent for jatropha cake with additional potential as animal feed, edible mushroom and for enzyme production. For the characterization of fungal genes involved in phorbol ester degradation, together with other industrial applications, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a tool that enables accurate quantification of gene expression. For this, reliable analysis requires reference genes for normalization of mRNA levels validated under conditions employed for target genes. The stability of potential reference genes β-TUB, ACTIN, GAPDH, PHOS, EF1α, TRPHO, LAC, MNP3, MYP and VP were evaluated following growth of P. pulmonarius on toxic, non-toxic jatropha cake and a combined treatment, respectively. NormFinder and geNorm algorithms for expression stability analysis identified PHOS, EF1α and MNP3 as appropriate for normalizing gene expression. Reference gene combinations contrasting in ranking were compared following normalization of relative expression of the CHU_2040 gene, encoding an esterase enzyme potentially involved in phorbol ester degradation. The reference genes for P. pulmonarius will facilitate the elucidation of mechanisms involved in detoxification of phorbol esters as well as analysis of target genes for application in biorefinery models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taísa Godoy Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Campos de Assis Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Goiás (IFG), Águas Lindas, GO, 72910-733, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sergio Costa Alves
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Robert Neil Gerard Miller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Perreault L, Forrester JA, Lindner DL, Jusino MA, Fraver S, Banik MT, Mladenoff DJ. Linking wood-decay fungal communities to decay rates: Using a long-term experimental manipulation of deadwood and canopy gaps. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
6
|
van den Brandhof JG, Wösten HAB. Risk assessment of fungal materials. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:3. [PMID: 35209958 PMCID: PMC8876125 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable fungal materials have a high potential to replace non-sustainable materials such as those used for packaging or as an alternative for leather and textile. The properties of fungal materials depend on the type of fungus and substrate, the growth conditions and post-treatment of the material. So far, fungal materials are mainly made with species from the phylum Basidiomycota, selected for the mechanical and physical properties they provide. However, for mycelium materials to be implemented in society on a large scale, selection of fungal species should also be based on a risk assessment of the potential to be pathogenic, form mycotoxins, attract insects, or become an invasive species. Moreover, production processes should be standardized to ensure reproducibility and safety of the product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G van den Brandhof
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wainhouse M, Boddy L. Making hollow trees: Inoculating living trees with wood-decay fungi for the conservation of threatened taxa - A guide for conservationists. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
8
|
Schilling M, Maia-Grondard A, Baltenweck R, Robert E, Hugueney P, Bertsch C, Farine S, Gelhaye E. Wood degradation by Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer: Physiologic, metabolomic and proteomic approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:988709. [PMID: 36226293 PMCID: PMC9549746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.988709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) is one of the main fungal species found in grapevine wood rot, also called "amadou," one of the most typical symptoms of grapevine trunk disease Esca. This fungus is functionally classified as a white-rot, able to degrade all wood structure polymers, i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose, and the most recalcitrant component, lignin. Specific enzymes are secreted by the fungus to degrade those components, namely carbohydrate active enzymes for hemicelluloses and cellulose, which can be highly specific for given polysaccharide, and peroxidases, which enable white-rot to degrade lignin, with specificities relating to lignin composition as well. Furthermore, besides polymers, a highly diverse set of metabolites often associated with antifungal activities is found in wood, this set differing among the various wood species. Wood decayers possess the ability to detoxify these specific extractives and this ability could reflect the adaptation of these fungi to their specific environment. The aim of this study is to better understand the molecular mechanisms used by Fmed to degrade wood structure, and in particular its potential adaptation to grapevine wood. To do so, Fmed was cultivated on sawdust from different origins: grapevine, beech, and spruce. Carbon mineralization rate, mass loss, wood structure polymers contents, targeted metabolites (extractives) and secreted proteins were measured. We used the well-known white-rot model Trametes versicolor for comparison. Whereas no significant degradation was observed with spruce, a higher mass loss was measured on Fmed grapevine culture compared to beech culture. Moreover, on both substrates, a simultaneous degradation pattern was demonstrated, and proteomic analysis identified a relative overproduction of oxidoreductases involved in lignin and extractive degradation on grapevine cultures, and only few differences in carbohydrate active enzymes. These results could explain at least partially the adaptation of Fmed to grapevine wood structural composition compared to other wood species, and suggest that other biotic and abiotic factors should be considered to fully understand the potential adaptation of Fmed to its ecological niche. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD036889.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Schilling
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Marion Schilling,
| | | | | | | | | | - Christophe Bertsch
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Sibylle Farine
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- Eric Gelhaye,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Otto EC, Held BW, Gould TJ, Blanchette RA. Fungal Diversity in Multiple Post-harvest Aged Red Pine Stumps and Their Potential Influence on Heterobasidion Root Rot in Managed Stands Across Minnesota. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:782181. [PMID: 37744128 PMCID: PMC10512335 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.782181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Thinning operations that occur in managed red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands, create tree stumps that can serve as a habitat for fungi, especially Heterobasidion irregulare, the cause of a serious root disease. Different fungi can colonize stumps early and the community of fungi can change over time as initial fungal species become replaced. Samples were collected from both the native and non-native range of red pine from stumps that were cut at different time periods. Stumps that were harvested at 0-1, 2-3, 5-6, and 10-12 years before sampling were used to provide data on the diversity of fungi that colonize tree stumps and how these communities can change over time as well as how they influence colonization of H. irregulare. Traditional culturing methods and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were used to identify the fungi in the samples. Of particular interest was Phlebiopsis gigantea, which can colonize cut stumps and prevent H. irregulare from becoming established. Overall, P. gigantea was the most abundant fungus isolated and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq. Results show that Phlebiopsis gigantea was isolated from 90% of all stumps sampled for sites harvested within 3 years of sampling in the native range of red pine compared to 33% in the non-native range. For Illumina MiSeq, 5,940 total amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected. P. gigantea represented 14% of the total reads and composed 19% of the reads in the native range and 8% in non-native range of red pine. Furthermore, P. gigantea represented 38% of the reads for stumps that were harvested within 3 years of sampling in the native range of red pine compared to 14% in the non-native range. These results help demonstrate that a higher amount of P. gigantea is present in the native range of red pine and could be acting as a native biological control agent. Additional fungi, including Resinicium bicolor, Hypochnicium cremicolor, Leptographium spp., and others identified at different cutting times are also discussed. Finally, different diversity indices revealed similar, but slightly higher diversity for southern sites via Shannon and Simpson Diversity indices. Beta diversity demonstrated a similar species composition in stumps harvested at different times with these stumps being grouped together based on harvesting years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Otto
- Division of Forestry, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, MN, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Held
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Trevor J. Gould
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Robert A. Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Szczepkowski A, Gierczyk B, Ślusarczyk T, Kujawa A. Contribution to the Knowledge of Fungi of the Kampinos National Park (Central Poland): Part 4 – With Particular Emphasis on the Species Occurring on Windthrown Trees. ACTA MYCOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5586/am.5610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This paper presents 18 species of fungi that are new to the Kampinos National Park and their buffer zone. Seventeen of these species were found during studies on wind-damaged areas after the forest was damaged in 2017. One species new to Poland has been described and illustrated (
Odonticium septocystidiatum
). A few of the species recorded (
Ciliolarina
cfr.
laricina
,
Daldinia petriniae
,
Pseudovalsa umbonata
,
Spongipellis litschaueri
) are very rare in Poland and hitherto mentioned from single localities in the country. Two species from the Polish red list of macrofungi were recorded in the Kampinos National Park for the first time – namely,
Punctularia strigosozonata
(E) and
Trichaptum biforme
(R). The current number of macromycete taxa known from Kampinos National Park has reached a total of 1,630.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang S, Limpens J, Sterck FJ, Sass‐Klaassen U, Cornelissen JHC, Hefting M, van Logtestijn RSP, Goudzwaard L, Dam N, Dam M, Veerkamp MT, van den Berg B, Brouwer E, Chang C, Poorter L. Dead wood diversity promotes fungal diversity. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Juul Limpens
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Ute Sass‐Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | - Mariet Hefting
- Landscape Ecology, Inst. of Environmental Biology, Utrecht Univ. Utrecht the Netherlands
| | | | - Leo Goudzwaard
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Emiel Brouwer
- B‐WARE Research Centre, Radboud Univ. Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Chenghui Chang
- Systems Ecology, Dept of Ecological Science, VU Univ. (Vrije Univ.) Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prylutskyi O, Yatsiuk I, Savchenko A, Kit M, Solodiankin O, Schigel D. Strict substrate requirements alongside rapid substrate turnover may indicate an early colonization: A case study of Pleurotus calyptratus (Agaricales, Basidiomycota). FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Decay stages of wood and associated fungal communities characterise diversity-decomposition relationships. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8972. [PMID: 33903719 PMCID: PMC8076174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship is a central topic in ecology. Fungi are the dominant decomposers of organic plant material in terrestrial ecosystems and display tremendous species diversity. However, little is known about the fungal diversity–decomposition relationship. We evaluated fungal community assemblies and substrate quality in different stages of wood decay to assess the relationships between fungal species richness and weight loss of wood substrate under laboratory conditions. Wood-inhabiting fungal communities in the early and late stages of pine log decomposition were used as a model. Colonisation with certain species prior to inoculation with other species resulted in four-fold differences in fungal species richness and up to tenfold differences in the rate of wood substrate decomposition in both early- and late-decaying fungal communities. Differences in wood substrate quality had a significant impact on species richness and weight loss of wood and the relationships between the two, which were negative or neutral. Late communities showed significantly negative species richness–decay relationships in wood at all decay stages, whereas negative relationships in early communities were significant only in the intermediate decay stage. Our results suggest that changes in fungal communities and wood quality during wood decomposition affect the fungal diversity–decomposition relationship.
Collapse
|
14
|
Viotti C, Bach C, Maillard F, Ziegler-Devin I, Mieszkin S, Buée M. Sapwood and heartwood affect differentially bacterial and fungal community structure and successional dynamics during Quercus petraea decomposition. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6177-6193. [PMID: 33848050 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In forests, bacteria and fungi are key players in wood degradation. Still, studies focusing on bacterial and fungal successions during the decomposition process depending on the wood types (i.e. sapwood and heartwood) remain scarce. This study aimed to understand the effect of wood type on the dynamics of microbial ecological guilds in wood decomposition. Using Illumina metabarcoding, bacterial and fungal communities were monitored every 3 months for 3 years from Quercus petraea wood discs placed on forest soil. Wood density and microbial enzymes involved in biopolymer degradation were measured. We observed rapid changes in the bacterial and fungal communities and microbial ecological guilds associated with wood decomposition throughout the experiment. Bacterial and fungal succession dynamics were very contrasted between sapwood and heartwood. The initial microbial communities were quickly replaced by new bacterial and fungal assemblages in the sapwood. Conversely, some initial functional guilds (i.e. endophytes and yeasts) persisted all along the experiment in heartwood and finally became dominant, possibly limiting the development of saprotrophic fungi. Our data also suggested a significant role of bacteria in nitrogen cycle during wood decomposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Viotti
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM, Centre INRAE-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Cyrille Bach
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM, Centre INRAE-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - François Maillard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | | | - Sophie Mieszkin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM, Centre INRAE-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Marc Buée
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM, Centre INRAE-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, Nancy, F-54000, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kutszegi G, Siller I, Dima B, Merényi Z, Varga T, Takács K, Turcsányi G, Bidló A, Ódor P. Revealing hidden drivers of macrofungal species richness by analyzing fungal guilds in temperate forests, West Hungary. COMMUNITY ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-020-00031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe explored the most influential stand-scaled drivers of ectomycorrhizal, terricolous saprotrophic, and wood-inhabiting (main functional groups) macrofungal species richness in mixed forests by applying regression models. We tested 67 potential explanatory variables representing tree species composition, stand structure, soil and litter conditions, microclimate, landscape structure, and management history. Within the main functional groups, we formed and modeled guilds and used their drivers to more objectively interpret the drivers of the main functional groups. Terricolous saprotrophic fungi were supported by air humidity and litter mass. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were suppressed by high soil nitrogen content and high air temperature. Wood saprotrophs were enhanced by litter pH (deciduous habitats), deadwood cover, and beech proportion. Wood saprotrophic guilds were determined often by drivers with hidden effects on all wood saprotrophs: non-parasites: total deadwood cover; parasites: beech proportion; white rotters: litter pH; brown rotters: air temperature (negatively); endophytes: beech proportion; early ruderals: deciduous stands that were formerly meadows; combative invaders: deciduous tree taxa; heart rotters: coarse woody debris; late stage specialists: deciduous deadwood. Terricolous saprotrophic cord formers positively responded to litter mass. Studying the drivers of guilds simultaneously, beech was a keystone species to maintain fungal diversity in the region, and coniferous stands would be more diverse by introducing deciduous tree species. Guilds were determined by drivers different from each other underlining their different functional roles and segregated substrate preferences. Modeling guilds of fungal species with concordant response to the environment would be powerful to explore and understand the functioning of fungal communities.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liew FJ, Schilling JS. High-efficiency methane capture by living fungi and dried fungal hyphae (necromass). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:1467-1476. [PMID: 33118202 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi can hasten microbial degradation of hydrophobic compounds by enhancing capture and dissolution into biofilms. For methane (CH4 ) released from natural soils and agricultural systems, prokaryotes are ultimately responsible for oxidation and degradation; however, in many cases Henry's law of gas dissolution, not oxidation, is rate-limiting. Given that fungi can improve capture and bioremediation of other hydrophobic compounds (e.g., toluene), we tested fungi for CH4 capture. We used a batch system of CH4 -flooded vials to screen candidate fungi. We found 79% removal efficiency by Ganoderma lucidum relative to activated carbon. In a follow-up, we found comparable efficiency in other Ganoderma species (G. applanatum, G. meredithae). However, these efficiency gains by Ganoderma species could not be sustained when inoculated wood substrates were placed in "live" soils. Substrates colonized naturally, without preinoculations, performed similarly to those deployed with (native) test strains, likely because inoculated fungi were outcompeted and displaced by native colonizers. Instead of rescreening using more combative fungi, we tested an alternative way to present fungi with high single-strain efficiencies for filtration: in dried form as dead biomass (necromass). In dried biomass trials, dried G. lucidum biomass performed better than when testing living biomass, again with the highest strain-specific removal efficiencies (84% of activated carbon). These results demonstrate the potential for G. lucidum, commonly used in biomaterial production, in a variety of indoor and outdoor biofiltration scenarios. It also implies an overlooked, potentially large role for fungi and their soil necromass in capturing and reducing CH4 emissions from soils in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin Liew
- Dep. of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Ave, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jonathan S Schilling
- Dep. of Plant and Microbial Biology, Univ. of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dawson SK, Boddy L, Halbwachs H, Bässler C, Andrew C, Crowther TW, Heilmann‐Clausen J, Nordén J, Ovaskainen O, Jönsson M. Handbook for the measurement of macrofungal functional traits: A start with basidiomycete wood fungi. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Katherine Dawson
- Artdatabanken (Swedish Species Information Centre) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lynne Boddy
- School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | | | - Claus Bässler
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Chair for Terrestrial ecology Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Carrie Andrew
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EVOGENE) University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | - Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jenni Nordén
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oslo Norway
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Mari Jönsson
- Artdatabanken (Swedish Species Information Centre) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Competitive network determines the direction of the diversity-function relationship. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11464-11469. [PMID: 29073072 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712211114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the competitive network is an important driver of biodiversity and coexistence in natural communities. In addition to determining which species survive, the nature and intensity of competitive interactions within the network also affect the growth, productivity, and abundances of those individuals that persist. As such, the competitive network structure may likewise play an important role in determining community-level functioning by capturing the net costs of competition. Here, using an experimental system comprising 18 wood decay basidiomycete fungi, we test this possibility by quantifying the links among competitive network structure, species diversity, and community function. We show that species diversity alone has negligible impacts on community functioning, but that diversity interacts with two key properties of the competitive network-competitive intransitivity and average competitive ability-to ultimately shape biomass production, respiration, and carbon use efficiency. Most notably, highly intransitive communities comprising weak competitors exhibited a positive diversity-function relationship, whereas weakly intransitive communities comprising strong competitors exhibited a negative relationship. These findings demonstrate that competitive network structure can be an important determinant of community-level functioning, capturing a gradient from weakly to strongly competitive communities. Our research suggests that the competitive network may therefore act as a unifying link between diversity and function, providing key insight as to how and when losses in biodiversity will impact ecosystem function.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cline LC, Schilling JS, Menke J, Groenhof E, Kennedy PG. Ecological and functional effects of fungal endophytes on wood decomposition. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Cline
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Jonathan S. Schilling
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Jon Menke
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Cargill Hopkins MN USA
| | - Emily Groenhof
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Peter G. Kennedy
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Decomposer fungi continually deplete the organic resources they inhabit, so successful colonization of new resources is a crucial part of their ecology. Colonization success can be split into (i) the ability to arrive at, gain entry into, and establish within a resource and (ii) the ability to persist within the resource until reproduction and dissemination. Fungi vary in their life history strategies, the three main drivers of which are stress (S-selected), disturbance (ruderal, or R-selected), and incidence of competitors (C-selected); however, fungi often have combinations of characteristics from different strategies. Arrival at a new resource may occur as spores or mycelium, with successful entry and establishment (primary resource capture) within the resource largely dependent on the enzymatic ability of the fungus. The communities that develop in a newly available resource depend on environmental conditions and, in particular, the levels of abiotic stress present (e.g., high temperature, low water availability). Community change occurs when these initial colonizers are replaced by species that are either more combative (secondary resource capture) or better able to tolerate conditions within the resource, either through changing abiotic conditions or due to modification of the resource by the initial colonizers. Competition for territory may involve highly specialized species-specific interactions such as mycoparasitism or may be more general; in both cases combat involves changes in morphology, metabolism, and reactive oxygen species production, and outcomes of these interactions can be altered under different environmental conditions. In summary, community development is not a simple ordered sequence, but a complex ever-changing mosaic.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hiscox J, Savoury M, Toledo S, Kingscott-Edmunds J, Bettridge A, Waili NA, Boddy L. Threesomes destabilise certain relationships: multispecies interactions between wood decay fungi in natural resources. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:2975568. [PMID: 28175239 PMCID: PMC5399798 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding interspecific interactions is key to explaining and modelling community development and associated ecosystem function. Most interactions research has focused on pairwise combinations, overlooking the complexity of multispecies communities. This study investigated three-way interactions between saprotrophic fungi in wood and across soil, and indicated that pairwise combinations are often inaccurate predictors of the outcomes of multispecies competition in wood block interactions. This inconsistency was especially true of intransitive combinations, resulting in increased species coexistence within the resource. Furthermore, the addition of a third competitor frequently destabilised the otherwise consistent outcomes of pairwise combinations in wood blocks, which occasionally resulted in altered resource decomposition rates, depending on the relative decay abilities of the species involved. Conversely, interaction outcomes in soil microcosms were unaffected by the presence of a third combatant. Multispecies interactions promoted species diversity within natural resources, and made community dynamics less consistent than could be predicted from pairwise interaction studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hiscox
- Corresponding author: School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK. Tel. +442920 875384; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Buchkowski RW, Bradford MA, Grandy AS, Schmitz OJ, Wieder WR. Applying population and community ecology theory to advance understanding of belowground biogeochemistry. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:231-245. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Buchkowski
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
| | - Mark A. Bradford
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
| | - Andrew Stuart Grandy
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham NH03824 USA
| | - Oswald J. Schmitz
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
| | - William R. Wieder
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO80307 USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder CO80309 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heilmann-Clausen J, Maruyama PK, Bruun HH, Dimitrov D, Laessøe T, Frøslev TG, Dalsgaard B. Citizen science data reveal ecological, historical and evolutionary factors shaping interactions between woody hosts and wood-inhabiting fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:1072-1082. [PMID: 27659274 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Woody plants host diverse communities of associated organisms, including wood-inhabiting fungi. In this group, host effects on species richness and interaction network structure are not well understood, especially not at large geographical scales. We investigated ecological, historical and evolutionary determinants of fungal species richness and network modularity, that is, subcommunity structure, across woody hosts in Denmark, using a citizen science data set comprising > 80 000 records of > 1000 fungal species on 91 genera of woody plants. Fungal species richness was positively related to host size, wood pH, and the number of species in the host genus, with limited influence of host frequency and host history, that is, time since host establishment in the area. Modularity patterns were unaffected by host history, but largely reflected host phylogeny. Notably, fungal communities differed substantially between angiosperm and gymnosperm hosts. Host traits and evolutionary history appear to be more important than host frequency and recent history in structuring interactions between hosts and wood-inhabiting fungi. High wood acidity appears to act as a stress factor reducing fungal species richness, while large host size, providing increased niche diversity, enhances it. In some fungal groups that are known to interact with live host cells in the establishment phase, host selectivity is common, causing a modular community structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Heilmann-Clausen
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Pietro K Maruyama
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP: 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, Oslo, NO-0318, Norway
| | - Thomas Laessøe
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Tobias Guldberg Frøslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1350, Denmark
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Song Z, Kennedy PG, Liew FJ, Schilling JS. Fungal endophytes as priority colonizers initiating wood decomposition. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Song
- Department of Plant Pathology University of Minnesota St Paul MN55108 USA
| | - Peter G. Kennedy
- Department of Plant Biology University of Minnesota St Paul MN55108 USA
| | - Feng J. Liew
- Department of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota St Paul MN55108 USA
| | - Jonathan S. Schilling
- Department of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota St Paul MN55108 USA
- Institute on the Environment University of Minnesota St Paul MN55108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hiscox J, Savoury M, Johnston SR, Parfitt D, Müller CT, Rogers HJ, Boddy L. Location, location, location: priority effects in wood decay communities may vary between sites. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1954-69. [PMID: 26626102 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Priority effects are known to have a major influence on fungal community development in decomposing wood, but it has not yet been established whether these effects are consistent between different geographical locations. Here, beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood disks that had been pre-colonized with three wood decay basidiomycetes were placed in seven woodland sites with similar characteristics for 12-24 months, and the successor communities profiled using culture-based techniques coupled with amplicon sequencing. On the majority of sites, assembly history differed as a result of primary versus secondary resource capture only (i.e. different communities developed in uncolonized control disks compared with those that had been pre-colonized), but on certain sites distinct successor communities followed each pre-colonizer species. This study provides preliminary evidence that differences in abiotic factors and species pools between sites can cause spatial variation in how priority effects influence wood decay communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hiscox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Melanie Savoury
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Sarah R Johnston
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - David Parfitt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Carsten T Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Lynne Boddy
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hiscox J, Savoury M, Müller CT, Lindahl BD, Rogers HJ, Boddy L. Priority effects during fungal community establishment in beech wood. THE ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:2246-60. [PMID: 25798754 PMCID: PMC4579477 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Assembly history of fungal communities has a crucial role in the decomposition of woody resources, and hence nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. However, it has not been clearly determined whether the fungal species that arrive first may, potentially, dictate the subsequent pathway of community development, that is, whether there is a priority effect at the species level. We used traditional culture-based techniques coupled with sequencing of amplified genetic markers to profile the fungal communities in beech (Fagus sylvatica) disks that had been pre-colonised separately with nine species from various stages of fungal succession. Clear differences in community composition were evident following pre-colonisation by different species with three distinct successor communities identified, indicating that individual species may have pivotal effects in driving assembly history. Priority effects may be linked to biochemical alteration of the resource and combative ability of the predecessor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hiscox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Melanie Savoury
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Carsten T Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Lynne Boddy
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Norros V, Karhu E, Nordén J, Vähätalo AV, Ovaskainen O. Spore sensitivity to sunlight and freezing can restrict dispersal in wood-decay fungi. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3312-26. [PMID: 26380666 PMCID: PMC4569028 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the costs and benefits of dispersal is central to understanding species' life-history strategies as well as explaining and predicting spatial population dynamics in the changing world. While mortality during active movement has received much attention, few have studied the costs of passive movement such as the airborne transport of fungal spores. Here, we examine the potential of extreme environmental conditions to cause dispersal mortality in wood-decay fungi. These fungi play a key role as decomposers and habitat creators in forest ecosystems and the populations of many species have declined due to habitat loss and fragmentation. We measured the effect of simulated solar radiation (including ultraviolet A and B) and freezing at -25°C on the spore germinability of 17 species. Both treatments but especially sunlight markedly reduced spore germinability in most species, and species with thin-walled spores were particularly light sensitive. Extrapolating the species' laboratory responses to natural irradiance conditions, we predict that sunlight is a relevant source of dispersal mortality at least at larger spatial scales. In addition, we found a positive effect of spore size on spore germinability, suggesting a trade-off between dispersal distance and establishment. We conclude that freezing and particularly sunlight can be important sources of dispersal mortality in wood-decay fungi which can make it difficult for some species to colonize isolated habitat patches and habitat edges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veera Norros
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment InstituteP.O. Box 140, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Karhu
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Nordén
- Natural History Museum, University of OsloP.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of OsloP.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anssi V Vähätalo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jusino MA, Lindner DL, Banik MT, Walters JR. Heart rot hotel: fungal communities in red-cockaded woodpecker excavations. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
29
|
Differential gene expression in Pycnoporus coccineus during interspecific mycelial interactions with different competitors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6626-36. [PMID: 23974131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02316-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi compete against each other for environmental resources. These interspecific combative interactions encompass a wide range of mechanisms. In this study, we highlight the ability of the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus coccineus to quickly overgrow or replace a wide range of competitor fungi, including the gray-mold fungus Botrytis cinerea and the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms deployed by P. coccineus to compete against other fungi and to assess whether common pathways are used to interact with different competitors, differential gene expression in P. coccineus during cocultivation was assessed by transcriptome sequencing and confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis of a set of 15 representative genes. Compared with the pure culture, 1,343 transcripts were differentially expressed in the interaction with C. puteana and 4,253 were differentially expressed in the interaction with B. cinerea, but only 197 transcripts were overexpressed in both interactions. Overall, the results suggest that a broad array of functions is necessary for P. coccineus to replace its competitors and that different responses are elicited by the two competitors, although a portion of the mechanism is common to both. However, the functions elicited by the expression of specific transcripts appear to converge toward a limited set of roles, including detoxification of secondary metabolites.
Collapse
|