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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Singh NG, Borah KD, Majumder S, Bhuyan J. Ethanol coordinated zinc trimethoxyphenylporphyrin: Structure, theoretical studies and formation of isoporphyrin. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Furuyama T, Okujima T, Muramatsu K, Takahashi Y, Mikami A, Fukumura T, Mori S, Nakae T, Takase M, Uno H, Kobayashi N. Synthesis, Structural and Optical Properties of Tetrabenzoporphyrin Complexes Bearing Four or Eight Peripheral Phenyl Groups. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taniyuki Furuyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Kota Muramatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Yuichi Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Akihiro Mikami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Tomoteru Fukumura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakae
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takase
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology; Shinshu University; Ueda 386-8567 Japan
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Apaydin DH, Portenkirchner E, Jintanalert P, Strauss M, Luangchaiyaporn J, Sariciftci NS, Thamyongkit P. Synthesis and investigation of tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrins for electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS 2018; 2:2747-2753. [PMID: 31497650 PMCID: PMC6695572 DOI: 10.1039/c8se00422f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and electrochemical properties of freebase tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin and its complexes of Zn(ii), Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii) and Sn(iv) towards electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). Based on cyclic voltammetry, it is shown that central metals significantly affect the electrocatalytic performance in the reduction of CO2 in terms of reduction potential and catalytic current enhancement. At an applied potential of -1.90 V vs. an Ag/AgCl quasi reference electrode for 20 h, the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 realized by Zn(ii)- and Cu(ii)-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrins to carbon monoxide resulted in faradaic efficiencies of around 48% and 33%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogukan H Apaydin
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) , Institute of Physical Chemistry , Johannes Kepler University Linz , 4040 Linz , Austria . ;
| | | | - Pichayada Jintanalert
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , 10330 Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Matthias Strauss
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) , Institute of Physical Chemistry , Johannes Kepler University Linz , 4040 Linz , Austria . ;
| | - Jirapong Luangchaiyaporn
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , 10330 Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) , Institute of Physical Chemistry , Johannes Kepler University Linz , 4040 Linz , Austria . ;
| | - Patchanita Thamyongkit
- Research Group on Materials for Clean Energy Production STAR , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Chulalongkorn University , 10330 Bangkok , Thailand
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Mamardashvili G, Kaigorodova E, Simonova O, Mamardashvili N. Influence of the macrocycle structure on the ability of Co(II)-porphyrins to oxidize in the presence of organic bases. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1535112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Mamardashvili
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Elena Kaigorodova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Olga Simonova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Nugzar Mamardashvili
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia
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Xu W, Fang Y, Ou Z, Chen M, Kadish KM. Synthesis, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterization of iron(III) tetraarylporphyrins containing four β,β′-butano and β,β′-benzo fused rings. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Six iron(III) tetraarylporphyrins containing four [Formula: see text]-butano or [Formula: see text]-benzo fused rings were synthesized and characterized by electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry in nonaqueous media. The examined compounds are represented as butano(TpYPP)FeCl and benzo(TpYPP)FeCl, where TpYPP is a dianion of the meso-substituted porphyrin, Y is a CH[Formula: see text], H or Cl substituent on the para-position of the four meso-phenyl rings and butano and benzo are the [Formula: see text]-substituents on each of the four pyrrole rings of the compound. Up to three reductions are observed for each Fe(III) butano- and benzoporphyrin in CH[Formula: see text]Cl[Formula: see text] or pyridine containing 0.1 M TBAP, the first of which is assigned in each case to a metal-centered electron transfer. The second reduction is also metal-centered in CH[Formula: see text]Cl[Formula: see text] and leads to formation of an Fe(I) porphyrin, but it is porphyrin ring-centered and gives an Fe(II) porphyrin [Formula: see text]-anion radical reduction product when pyridine is used as the solvent. The effects of the solvent and type of fused ring system (butano or benzo) on the UV-vis spectra and electrochemical properties of the Fe(III) porphyrins are discussed and comparisons are made to both the structurally related non-[Formula: see text]-substituted iron porphyrins and earlier described butano- or benzotetraarylporphyrins containing Cu(II) or Co(II) central metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Mingyuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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Ye L, Fang Y, Ou Z, Xue S, Kadish KM. Cobalt Tetrabutano- and Tetrabenzotetraarylporphyrin Complexes: Effect of Substituents on the Electrochemical Properties and Catalytic Activity of Oxygen Reduction Reactions. Inorg Chem 2018; 56:13613-13626. [PMID: 29064238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three series of cobalt tetraarylporphyrins were synthesized and characterized by electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry. The investigated compounds have the general formula (TpYPP)Co, butano(TpYPP)CoII, and benzo(TpYPP)CoII, where TpYPP represents the dianion of the meso-substituted porphyrin, Y is a CH3, H, or Cl substituent on the para position of the four phenyl rings, and butano and benzo are respectively the β- and β'-substituted groups on the four pyrrole rings of the compound. Each porphyrin undergoes one or two reductions depending upon the meso substituent and solvent utilized. Two irreversible reductions are observed for (TpYPP)CoII and butano(TpYPP)CoII in CH2Cl2 containing 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate; the first leads to the formation of a highly reactive cobalt(I) porphyrin, which can then rapidly react with a solvent to give a CoIIICH2Cl as the product. Only one reversible reduction is seen for benzo(TpYPP)CoII under the same solution conditions, and the one-electron-reduction product is assigned as a cobalt(II) porphyrin π-anion radical. Three oxidations can be observed for each examined compound in CH2Cl2. The first oxidation is metal-centered for the (TpYPP)Co and benzo(TpYPP)CoII derivatives, leading to generation of a cobalt(III) porphyrin with an intact π-ring system, but this redox process is ring-centered in the case of butano(TpYPP)CoII and gives a CoII π-cation radical product. Each porphyrin was also examined as a catalyst for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) when adsorbed on a graphite electrode in 1.0 M HClO4. The number of electrons transferred (n) during ORRs is 2.0 for the butano(TpYPP)CoII derivatives, consistent with only H2O2 being produced as a product for the reaction with O2. However, the reduction of O2 using the cobalt benzoporphyrins as catalysts gave n values between 2.6 and 3.1 under the same solution conditions, thus producing a mixture of H2O and H2O2 as the reduction product. This result indicates that the β and β' substituents have a significant effect on the catalytic properties of the cobalt porphyrins for ORRs in acid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ye
- School of Computer, Jilin Normal University , Siping 136000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Esipova TV, Rivera-Jacquez HJ, Weber B, Masunov AE, Vinogradov SA. Stabilizing g-States in Centrosymmetric Tetrapyrroles: Two-Photon-Absorbing Porphyrins with Bright Phosphorescence. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6243-6255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Héctor J. Rivera-Jacquez
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida United States
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Artëm E. Masunov
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida United States
- Photochemistry Center RAS, ul. Novatorov
7a, Moscow 119421, Russia
- South Ural State University, Lenin
pr. 76, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
- National Nuclear Research University MEPhI, Kashirskoye sh. 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
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Chizhova NV, Mal’tseva OV, Zav’yalov AV, Mamardashvili NZ. Copper(II), cobalt(II), cobalt(III), and tin(IV) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl tetrabenzoporphyrinates: Synthesis and properties. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023617050072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Chizhova NV, Mal’tseva OV, Mamardashvili NZ. Synthesis and properties of manganese complexes of meso-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216080211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Mikhalitsyna EA, Tyurin VS, Nefedov SE, Syrbu SA, Semeikin AS, Koifman OI, Beletskaya IP. High-Yielding Synthesis of β-Octaalkyl-meso-(bromophenyl)-Substituted Porphyrins and X-ray Study of Axial Complexes of Their Zinc Complexes with THF and 1,4-Dioxane. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen P, Finikova OS, Ou Z, Vinogradov SA, Kadish KM. Electrochemistry of platinum(II) porphyrins: effect of substituents and π-extension on redox potentials and site of electron transfer. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6200-10. [PMID: 22621652 DOI: 10.1021/ic3003367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen platinum(II) porphyrins with different π-conjugated macrocycles and different electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents were investigated as to their electrochemical and spectroscopic properties in nonaqueous media. Eight compounds have the formula (Ar(4)P)Pt(II), where Ar(4)P = the dianion of a tetraarylporphyrin, while six have π-extented macrocycles with four β,β'-fused benzo or naphtho groups and are represented as (TBP)Pt(II) and (TNP)Pt(II) where TBP and TNP are the dianions of tetrabenzoporphyrin and tetranaphthoporphyrin, respectively. Each Pt(II) porphyrin undergoes two reversible one-electron reductions and one to three reversible one-electron oxidations in nonaqueous media. These reactions were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV-visible thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry and in some cases by ESR spectroscopy. The two reductions invariably occur at the conjugated π-ring system to yield relatively stable Pt(II) π-anion radicals and dianions. The first oxidation leads to a stable π-cation radical for each investigated porphyrin; but in the case of tetraarylporphyrins containing electron-withdrawing substituents, the product of the second oxidation may undergo an internal electron transfer to give a Pt(IV) porphyrin with an unoxidized macrocycle. The effects of macrocycle structure on UV-visible spectra, oxidation/reduction potentials, and site of electron transfer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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Abstract
More pi, please! A free-base, benzannelated triphyrin with a [2.1.1] bridging pattern (1) and an azulene-derived tetracationic all-carbon porphyrinoid (2) are discussed. Compound 1 can be used to form metal triphyrin complexes, and 2 shows potential in molecular electronics and as a receptor for weakly binding anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Galanin NE, Kudrik EV, Shaposhnikov GP. meso-Aryltetrabenzoporphyrins. Synthesis and properties. Russ Chem Bull 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-008-0207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jux N. Anellierung und Arylierung stabilisieren Porphyrinoide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sprutta N, Maćkowiak S, Kocik M, Szterenberg L, Lis T, Latos-Grażyński L. Tetraazuliporphyrin Tetracation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sprutta N, Maćkowiak S, Kocik M, Szterenberg L, Lis T, Latos-Grażyński L. Tetraazuliporphyrin Tetracation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3337-41. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lebedev AY, Filatov MA, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA. Effects of structural deformations on optical properties of tetrabenzoporphyrins: free-bases and Pd complexes. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7723-33. [PMID: 18665576 PMCID: PMC2678055 DOI: 10.1021/jp8043626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed method of synthesis of pi-extended porphyrins made it possible to prepare a series of tetrabenzoporphyrins (TBP) with different numbers of meso-aryl substituents. The photophysical parameters of free-bases and Pd complexes of meso-unsubstituted TBP's, 5,15-diaryl-TBP's (Ar2TBP's) and 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-TBP's (Ar4TBP's) were measured. For comparison, similarly meso-arylsubstituted porphyrins fused with nonaromatic cyclohexeno-rings, i.e. Ar(n)-tetracyclohexenoporphyrins (Ar(n)TCHP's, n = 0, 2, 4), were also synthesized and studied. Structural information was obtained by ab initio (DFT) calculations and X-ray crystallography. It was found that: 1) Free-base Ar4TBP's are strongly distorted out-of-plane (saddled), possess broadened, red-shifted spectra, short excited-state lifetimes and low fluorescence quantum yields (tau(fl) = 2-3 ns, phi(fl) = 0.02-0.03). These features are characteristic of other nonplanar free-base porphyrins, including Ar4TCHP's. 2) Ar2TBP free-bases possess completely planar geometries, although with significant in-plane deformations. These deformations have practically no effect on the singlet excited-state properties of Ar2TBP's as compared to planar meso-unsubstituted TBP's. Both types of porphyrins retain strong fluorescence (tau(fl) = 10-12 ns, phi(fl) = 0.3-0.4), and their radiative rate constants (k(r)) are 3-4 times higher than those of planar H2TCHP's. 3) Nonplanar deformations dramatically enhance nonradiative decay of triplet states of regular Pd porphyrins. For example, planar PdTCHP phosphoresces with high quantum yield (phi(phos) = 0.45, tau(phos) = 1118 micros), while saddled PdPh4TCHP is practically nonemissive. In contrast, both ruffled and saddled PdAr(n)TBP's retain strong phosphorescence at ambient temperatures (PdPh2TBP: tau(phos) = 496 micros, phi(phos) = 0.15; PdPh4TBP: tau(phos) = 258 micros, phi(phos) = 0.08). It appears that pi-extension is capable of counterbalancing deleterious effects of nonplanar deformations on triplet emissivity of Pd porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Y. Lebedev
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UniVersity of PennsylVania, Philadelphia, PennsylVania 19104
| | | | | | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UniVersity of PennsylVania, Philadelphia, PennsylVania 19104
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Mack J, Bunya M, Shimizu Y, Uoyama H, Komobuchi N, Okujima T, Uno H, Ito S, Stillman M, Ono N, Kobayashi N. Application of MCD Spectroscopy and TD-DFT to Nonplanar Core-Modified Tetrabenzoporphyrins: Effect of Reduced Symmetry on Nonplanar Porphyrinoids. Chemistry 2008; 14:5001-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Borek C, Hanson K, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME, Aznavour K, Bau R, Sun Y, Forrest SR, Brooks J, Michalski L, Brown J. Highly efficient, near-infrared electrophosphorescence from a Pt-metalloporphyrin complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1109-12. [PMID: 17211905 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Borek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 99089, USA
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Borek C, Hanson K, Djurovich P, Thompson M, Aznavour K, Bau R, Sun Y, Forrest S, Brooks J, Michalski L, Brown J. Highly Efficient, Near-Infrared Electrophosphorescence from a Pt–Metalloporphyrin Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Inokuma Y, Matsunari T, Ono N, Uno H, Osuka A. A doubly N-fused benzohexaphyrin and its rearrangement to a fluorescent macrocycle upon DDQ oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:1856-60. [PMID: 15723364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Inokuma
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Finikova OS, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA. Synthesis and luminescence of soluble meso-unsubstituted tetrabenzo- and tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins. J Org Chem 2005; 70:9562-72. [PMID: 16268634 PMCID: PMC2440654 DOI: 10.1021/jo051580r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
[Structure: see text]. Syntheses of soluble tetrabenzoporphyrins (TBP) and tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins (TNP), with multiple substituents in the conjugated aromatic rings but bearing no substituents in the meso-positions, is reported. Both types of porphyrins were obtained by direct aromatization of precursor porphyrins, annealed with either cyclohexene or dihydronaphthalene fragments. TBPs and TNPs possess powerful absorption bands in the near-infrared (lambda = 610-710 nm, epsilon = 100,000-300,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) and exhibit strong luminescence. Free bases and Zn complexes fluoresce with quantum yields of up to 50%, whereas Pd and Pt complexes phosphoresce in solutions at ambient temperatures. Remarkably, the phosphorescence quantum yields of Pd and Pt TBPs reach as high as 20-50%, which places them among the brightest near-infrared phosphors known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Finikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Inokuma Y, Matsunari T, Ono N, Uno H, Osuka A. A Doubly N-Fused Benzohexaphyrin and Its Rearrangement to a Fluorescent Macrocycle upon DDQ Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Finikova OS, Cheprakov AV, Beletskaya IP, Carroll PJ, Vinogradov SA. Novel Versatile Synthesis of Substituted Tetrabenzoporphyrins. J Org Chem 2004; 69:522-35. [PMID: 14725469 DOI: 10.1021/jo0350054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel general synthetic route to tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (Ar(4)TBP) with various peripheral functional groups is developed. The procedure includes (i) Barton-Zard condensation of 1-nitro- or 1-phenylsulfonylcyclohexenes with isocyanoacetic acid esters, (ii) condensation of the resulting 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindoles with aromatic aldehydes to give fused tetraaryltetracylohexenoporphyrins (Ar(4)TCHP), and (iii) aromatization of the metal complexes of Ar(4)TCHP's into the corresponding Ar(4)TBP's. Cu and Zn complexes of Ar(4)TBP's are further demetalated to give the corresponding Ar(4)TBP free bases. The overall yields for the sequence range from 15% to 40%, making the method suitable for the preparation of gram quantities of Ar(4)TBP's in a single run. The scope of the method, the selection of the peripheral substituents, the choice of the metal ions, and their influence on the yields of aromatization are discussed. The basic spectroscopic properties of newly synthesized Ar(4)TBP's and Ar(4)TCHP's are reported together with the first X-ray crystallographic structure of the NiAr(4)TBP complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Finikova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
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Rogers JE, Nguyen KA, Hufnagle DC, McLean DG, Su W, Gossett KM, Burke AR, Vinogradov SA, Pachter R, Fleitz PA. Observation and Interpretation of Annulated Porphyrins: Studies on the Photophysical Properties of meso-Tetraphenylmetalloporphyrins. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0354705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy E. Rogers
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kiet A. Nguyen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David C. Hufnagle
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Daniel G. McLean
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Weijie Su
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kristi M. Gossett
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Aaron R. Burke
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Paul A. Fleitz
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Rietveld IB, Kim E, Vinogradov SA. Dendrimers with tetrabenzoporphyrin cores: near infrared phosphors for in vivo oxygen imaging. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Finikova O, Galkin A, Rozhkov V, Cordero M, Hägerhäll C, Vinogradov S. Porphyrin and tetrabenzoporphyrin dendrimers: tunable membrane-impermeable fluorescent pH nanosensors. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:4882-93. [PMID: 12696908 DOI: 10.1021/ja0341687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pH dependencies of the UV-vis and fluorescent spectra of new water-soluble dendritic porphyrins and tetrabenzoporphyrins were studied. Because of extended pi-conjugation and nonplanar distortion, the absorption and the emission bands of tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (Ar(4)TBP) are red-shifted and do not overlap with those of regular tetraarylporphyrins (Ar(4)P). When encapsulated inside dendrimers with hydrophilic outer layers, Ar(4)Ps and Ar(4)TBPs become water soluble and can serve as pH indicators, with pK's adjustable by the peripheral charges on the dendrimers. Two new dendritic porphyrins, Gen 4 polyglutamic porphyrin dendrimer H(2)P-Glu(4)OH (1) with 64 peripheral carboxylates and Gen 1 poly(ester amide) Newkome-type tetrabenzoporphyrin dendrimer H(2)TBP-Nw(1)OH (2) with 36 peripheral carboxylates, were synthesized and characterized. The pK's of the encapsulated porphyrins (pK(H)()2(P)(-)(Glu)()4(OH) = 6.2 and pK(H)()2(TBP)(-)(Nw)()1(OH) = 6.3) were found to be strongly influenced by the dendrimers, revealing significant electrostatic shielding of the cores by the peripheral charges. The titration curves obtained by differential excitation using the mixtures of the dendrimers were shown to be identical to those determined for the dendrimers individually. Due to their peripheral carboxylates and nanometric molecular size, porphyrin dendrimers cannot penetrate through phospholipid membranes. Dendrimer 1 was captured inside phospholipid liposomes, which were suspended in a solution containing dendrimer 2. No response from 1 was detected upon pH changes in the bulk solution, while the response from 2 was predictably strong. When proton channels were created in the liposome walls, both compounds responded equally to the bulk pH changes. These results suggest that porphyrin dendrimers can be used as fluorescent pH indicators for proton gradient measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Finikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Cheng RJ, Lin SH, Mo HM. Spectroscopic and Oxidation Studies of meso-Tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin Carbonyl Complexes of Ruthenium(II): CO as the Probe to Elucidate the Bonding Characteristics of Porphyrins. Organometallics 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/om960653h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China
| | - Shang-Ho Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China
| | - Hsiao-Mei Mo
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China
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Cheng B, Scheidt W. Stereochemistry of aquo(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)zinc(II) as its 18-crown-6, methylene chloride solvate. Inorganica Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(95)04652-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Melnik M, Györyová K, Skoršepa J, Holloway CE. REVIEW: ZINC(II) COMPOUNDS: CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL DATA. J COORD CHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00958979508024038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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