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Zhang S, Song W, Hua Z, Du J, Lucena RB, Wang X, Zhang C, Yang X. Overview of T-2 Toxin Enterotoxicity: From Toxic Mechanisms and Detoxification to Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3314-3324. [PMID: 38331717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium species produce a secondary metabolite known as T-2 toxin, which is the primary and most harmful toxin found in type A trichothecenes. T-2 toxin is widely found in food and grain-based animal feed and endangers the health of both humans and animals. T-2 toxin exposure in humans and animals occurs primarily through food administration; therefore, the first organ that T-2 toxin targets is the gut. In this overview, the research progress, toxicity mechanism, and detoxification of the toxin T-2 were reviewed, and future research directions were proposed. T-2 toxin damages the intestinal mucosa and destroys intestinal structure and intestinal barrier function; furthermore, T-2 toxin disrupts the intestinal microbiota, causes intestinal flora disorders, affects normal intestinal metabolic function, and kills intestinal epidermal cells by inducing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis. The primary harmful mechanism of T-2 toxin in the intestine is oxidative stress. Currently, selenium and plant extracts are mainly used to exert antioxidant effects to alleviate the enterotoxicity of T-2 toxin. In future studies, the use of genomic techniques to find upstream signaling molecules associated with T-2 enterotoxin toxicity will provide new ideas for the prevention of this toxicity. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress of research on the intestinal toxicity of T-2 toxin and propose new research directions for the prevention and treatment of T-2 toxin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University No.15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Wenxi Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University No.15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zeao Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University No.15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University No.15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Ricardo Barbosa Lucena
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba Brazil
| | - Xuebing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University No.15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University No.15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University No.15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, P. R. China
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Evaluation of functional feed additive administration in broiler chickens to 21 d. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Kang R, Perveen A, Li C. Effects of maternal T-2 toxin exposure on the hepatic glycolipid metabolism in young mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110530. [PMID: 32229328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a kind of group A trichothecenes mycotoxins, frequently detected in various foods and feeds, having high toxic effects on both humans and animals. The present study aims to investigate the toxic effects of T-2 toxin exposure to ICR mice during pregnancy and lactation on liver glycolipid metabolism of young mice. The pregnant mice were given 0, 0.005 and 0.05 mg of T-2 toxin/kg bw daily through oral gavage from late gestation (GD 14) to the lactation (LD 21). Liver and serum samples of the young mice were collected on postnatal day 21 (PND 21), PND 28 and PND 56. The results showed that T-2 toxin increased the contents of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO) and glucose in serum of young mice on PND 21 and PND 28. In addition, obvious lipid droplets of liver in T-2 toxin treatment groups were observed, especially in 0.05 mg group of PND 21and PND 28. Compared with the control group, T-2 treatment also increased the expressions of genes associated with liver glycolipid metabolism, such as PEPCK, Glut2, Fas, Acox1, Hmgcr, PPARα, Srebp1 and CD36. These results demonstrated T-2 toxin exposure to pregnant mice could cause liver glycolipid metabolism disruption in the young mice and the toxic effects weakened on PND 56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Kang
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Aneela Perveen
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Chunmei Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Pirsaheb M, Azadi NA, Miglietta ML, Sayadi MH, Blahova J, Fathi M, Mansouri B. Toxicological effects of transition metal-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles on goldfish (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:904-915. [PMID: 30408886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to assess the toxicological effects of transition metal-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on histopathological changes, behavioral patterns, and antioxidant responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-visible, and Vibration Sample Magnetometer. Fish in four experimental groups exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of pure TiO2 NPs (10 mg L-1), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and nickel (Ni) doped TiO2 NPs for seven days. Statistical analysis of oxidative stress responses in gills showed significant differences in superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde parameters between two species and in all parameters than glutathione peroxidase between experimental groups and control group. In intestine, no significant difference was observed among groups, but oxidative responses were markedly different in all parameters among fish species. The histopathological analysis showed hyperplasia, fusion, and aneurism in the gills as well as degeneration, integration of villi, necrosis and erosion of the intestine. Our findings indicated that compare to pure TiO2 NPs, exposure to transition metals-doped TiO2 NPs induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in both fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maghdad Pirsaheb
- -Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Nammam Ali Azadi
- Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Sayadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Mokhtar Fathi
- Animal Sciences Department, Payam Noor University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Varró P, Béldi M, Kovács M, Világi I. T-2 mycotoxin treatment of newborn rat pups does not significantly affect nervous system functions in adulthood. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:29-41. [PMID: 29575911 DOI: 10.1556/018.68.2018.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is primarily produced by Fusarium sp. abundant under temperate climatic conditions. Its main harmful effect is the inhibition of protein synthesis. Causing oxidative stress, it also promotes lipid peroxidation and changes plasma membrane phospholipid composition; this may lead to nervous system alterations. The aim of the present study was to examine whether a single dose of T-2 toxin administered at newborn age has any long-lasting effects on nervous system functions. Rat pups were treated on the first postnatal day with a single intraperitoneal dose of T-2 toxin (0.2 mg/bwkg). Body weight of treated pups was lower during the second and third week of life, compared to littermates; later, weight gain was recovered. At young adulthood, behavior was tested in the open field, and no difference was observed between treated and control rats. Field potential recordings from somatosensory cortex and hippocampus slices did not reveal any significant difference in neuronal network functions. In case of neocortical field EPSP, the shape was slightly different in treated pups. Long-term synaptic plasticity was also comparable in both groups. Seizure susceptibility of the slices was not different, either. In conclusion, T-2 toxin did not significantly affect basic nervous system functions at this dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Varró
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Melinda Béldi
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Kovács
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Világi
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Korošec T, Tomažin U, Horvat S, Keber R, Salobir J. The diverse effects of α- and γ-tocopherol on chicken liver transcriptome. Poult Sci 2017; 96:667-680. [PMID: 27587731 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Tocopherol is the form of vitamin E with the highest biological value and is almost exclusively considered as vitamin E in feed and feed supplements. Because γ-tocopherol, the predominant form of vitamin E naturally present in chicken feed, is not considered as a source of vitamin E, its re-evaluation with newer methods might be important.Despite γ-tocopherol's lower estimated biological value, it has been shown to be effective in reducing reactive nitrogen species, regulating immune and inflammatory processes, and diminishing the risk of metabolic perturbations and associated diseases. A 30-day nutritional trial in broiler chickens (Ross 308) was conducted to investigate how specific forms of vitamin E (α- and γ-tocopherol) and their combination impact liver gene expression when oxidative susceptibility of the organism is induced by high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake (linseed oil). Thirty-six one-day-old male broilers were fed a diet enriched with 5% linseed oil. A control group (Cont; N = 10) was used as a reference group, Tα (N = 10) was supplemented with 67 mg/kg RRR-α-tocopherol, Tγ (N = 8) with 67 mg/kg RRR-γ-tocopherol, and Tαγ (N = 8) with a combination of 33.5 mg/kg of each tocopherol. Beside oxidative stress indicators, whole chicken genome microarray analysis was performed on liver RNA and selected differentially expressed genes were confirmed by real time quantitative PCR. α-Tocopherol alone and in combination with γ-tocopherol was able to prevent lipid oxidation, which was also supported by transcriptome analysis. The effect of γ-tocopherol was evident in the expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes and immune response, while α-tocopherol affected genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Both isomers of vitamin E influenced the transcription of genes, which are related to improved fat oxidation and enhanced glucose sparing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Korošec
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Urška Tomažin
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia.,National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Keber
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Janez Salobir
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
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Rezar V, Salobir J, Levart A, Tomažin U, Škrlep M, Batorek Lukač N, Čandek-Potokar M. Supplementing entire male pig diet with hydrolysable tannins: Effect on carcass traits, meat quality and oxidative stability. Meat Sci 2017; 133:95-102. [PMID: 28666110 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential impact on carcass and meat quality of a sweet chestnut wood extract (SCWE)diet supplement for pigs, in particular on oxidative stability and fatty acid composition. Entire (non-castrated) male pigs (n=24) were assigned to treatment groups within litter and offered one of 4 finisher diets on an ad libitum basis: T0 (control), T1, T2 or T3, supplemented with 0, 1, 2 or 3% of commercially available SCWE, respectively. The highest SCWE supplementation reduced carcass fat deposition and water holding capacity of meat (higher thawing loss). In fresh meat, SCWE supplementation increased lipid (malondialdehyde) and protein oxidation (carbonyl groups in myofibril isolates). With regard to fat tissue, SCWE supplementation increased the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Rezar
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Janez Salobir
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Levart
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Urška Tomažin
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Batorek Lukač
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia.
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Liu X, Guo P, Liu A, Wu Q, Xue X, Dai M, Hao H, Qu W, Xie S, Wang X, Yuan Z. Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated mitochondrial damage plays a critical role in T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis and growth hormone deficiency in rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fang H, Cong L, Zhi Y, Xu H, Jia X, Peng S. T-2 toxin inhibits murine ES cells cardiac differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis by ROS and p-38 MAPK-mediated pathway. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:259-266. [PMID: 27363784 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of T-2 toxin on murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) cardiac differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in vitro. METHODS Cardiac differentiation of the mouse ESCs was initiated by embryoid bodies (EBs) formation in hanging drops. EBs were exposed to 0.5ng/ml T-2 toxin for 24, 72 and 120h. Cultures were observed daily for the appearance of contracting clusters, and cardiac-specific protein (α-actiniin) were measured by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission EM photography. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was monitored by H2-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (H2DCF-DA). The phosphorylation of the p38 (p-p38) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (COXIV) were analyzed using Western blot. In some experiments, mESCs were pre-treated with the antioxidant Trolox (200μM) for 30min, then exposed to Trolox (200μM) and T-2 toxin (0.5ng/ml) for 72h. RESULTS Contracting clusters were observed under the microscope light and cardiac-specific protein (α-actinin) expressed positively indicated mESCs directly differentiated in cardiomyocytes. However, the cardiac differentiation was inhibited by T-2 toxin treatment 72 and 120h. ROS accumulated in murine ES cells in a time-dependent manner. The expression of p-p38 significantly increased in 24h group and decrease in 72 and 120h groups. The decrease of mitochondrial number and the mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins expression, including PGC-1α, NRF-1, mtTFA, and COXIV decreased in a time-dependent manner with T-2 toxin treatment. However, the inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis by T-2 toxin in differentiated mESCs was recovered significantly in the presence of the antioxidant Trolox. CONCLUSION Taken together, T-2 toxin decreased the expression of PGC-1α, NRF-1, and mtTFA, inhibited mitochondrial biogenesis, and then inhibited the cardiac differentiation of murine ES cells, and the effect was partly responsible for the p38 MAPK mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Fang
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Liangzi Cong
- Huaiyin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xudong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
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Bócsai A, Pelyhe C, Zándoki E, Ancsin Z, Szabó-Fodor J, Erdélyi M, Mézes M, Balogh K. Short-term effects of T-2 toxin exposure on some lipid peroxide and glutathione redox parameters of broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:520-5. [PMID: 26412027 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of T-2 toxin exposure (3.09 mg/kg feed) on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system of broiler chicken. A total of 54 Cobb 500 cockerels were randomly distributed to two experimental groups at 21 days of age. Samples (blood plasma, red blood cell, liver, kidney and spleen) were collected every 12 h during a 48-h period. The results showed that the initial phase of lipid peroxidation, as measured by conjugated dienes and trienes in the liver, was continuously, but not significantly higher in T-2 toxin-dosed birds than in control birds. The termination phase of lipid peroxidation, as measured by malondialdehyde, was significantly higher in liver and kidney as a result of T-2 toxin exposure at the end of the experimental period (48th hour). The glutathione redox system activated shortly after starting the T-2 toxin exposure, which is supported by the significantly higher concentration of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma at 24 and 48 h, in liver at 12, 24 and 36 h, and in kidney and spleen at 24 h. These results suggest that T-2 toxin, or its metabolites, may be involved in the generation of reactive oxygen substances which causes an increase in lipid peroxidation, and consequently activates the glutathione redox system, namely synthesis of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bócsai
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Cs Pelyhe
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - E Zándoki
- 'MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain' Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Zs Ancsin
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - J Szabó-Fodor
- 'MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain' Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - M Erdélyi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - M Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - K Balogh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Wan Q, Wu G, He Q, Tang H, Wang Y. The toxicity of acute exposure to T-2 toxin evaluated by the metabonomics technique. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:882-91. [PMID: 25588579 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00622d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a common contaminant in grains and animal feedstuff, which becomes an increasing threat to human and animal health due to its high toxicity. Investigating the systemic effects of T-2 toxin is important to evaluate the toxicity and facilitate the assessment of food safety. In our investigation, rats were treated with a single dose of T-2 toxin at dosage levels of 0, 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg kg(-1) body weight via gavage. The metabolic profiles of body fluids and multiple organs were obtained by NMR spectroscopy and analyzed by multivariate data analysis methods. The results showed that low and moderate doses of T-2 toxin only influenced the urinary metabonomes, while a high dose of T-2 toxin induced metabolic alterations in urine and multiple organs. These changes included alterations in the levels of membrane metabolites, TCA cycle intermediates, a range of amino acids, nucleosides and nucleotides. T-2 toxin exposure impaired spleen function, causing immunotoxicity, and inhibited protein and DNA biosynthesis. In addition, T-2 toxin also caused oxidative stress and disturbance in energy metabolism and gut microbiome. Our work provided a comprehensive insight into T-2 toxicity and revealed the great potential of metabonomics in assessing the impact of a toxic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfen Wan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
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Serum levels of M-CSF, RANKL and OPG in rats fed with Kashin-Beck disease-affected diet. J Orthop Surg Res 2014; 9:78. [PMID: 25138985 PMCID: PMC4143575 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-014-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There were no studies on the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the pathogenesis of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). The objective of the present study was to investigate the serum M-CSF, RANKL and OPG in rats fed with KBD-affected diet. Methods Ninety Wistar rats were divided into five groups. The rats received standard commercial feed with or without T-2 toxin additive, low protein feed with or without or T-2 toxin additive and the KBD-affected feed. The serum bioactivity of M-CSF, RANKL and OPG was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The serum levels of M-CSF in E group rats were higher than those in the other groups in the five groups (P < 0.01). The serum levels of RANKL and OPG in E group rats were highest in the five groups and have significant difference compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions The molecule of M-CSF, RANKL and OPG may be involved in the regulation of epiphyseal plate injury and repair in KBD, and its participation in the pathogenesis of KBD should be studied in the future.
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Salimian J, Arefpour MA, Riazipour M, Poursasan N. Immunomodulatory effects of selenium and vitamin E on alterations in T lymphocyte subsets induced by T-2 toxin. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:275-81. [PMID: 24953123 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.931420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Context: T-2 toxin, a potent mycotoxin, has serious effects on immune system. OBJECTIVE Here, the effects of a sublethal dose of this toxin on T lymphocyte sub-population levels and the potential protective effects from treatment with selenium or vitamin E were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS After having determined the sublethal dose of the T-2 toxin in Balb/c mice hosts, the post-injection kinetics of changes in T lymphocyte sub-population (CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells) profiles were analyzed via flow cytometry. For these studies, the selenium and vitamin E were either provided to the mice before or concurrent with the toxin. RESULTS The results show that after a sublethal dose of T-2 alone, the number of CD8(+) T-lymphocytes was significantly decreased at 12 h and normalized at 48 h. In contrast, level of CD3(+) and CD4(+) T-lymphocytes were significantly increased at 24 h and returned to normal after 48 h. When selenium was injected into the mice 24 h before or concurrent with the T-2, the effects on CD8(+) cells were mitigated. Oddly, only when the selenium was given with the toxin could the effects on the CD3(+) and CD4(+) cells be altered. Vitamin E, when injected 24 h before or concurrent with the T-2 toxin, was only able to impact upon the CD8(+) lymphocyte alterations induced by the toxin. CONCLUSIONS Compared with vitamin E, it seems that selenium could assert an important effect against the immunotoxic effects of T-2 toxin against T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Salimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Wu QH, Wang X, Yang W, Nüssler AK, Xiong LY, Kuča K, Dohnal V, Zhang XJ, Yuan ZH. Oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol in animals and humans: an update. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1309-26. [PMID: 24894432 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a large family of structurally related toxins mainly produced by Fusarium genus. Among the trichothecenes, T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) cause the most concern due to their wide distribution and highly toxic nature. Trichothecenes are known for their inhibitory effect on eukaryotic protein synthesis, and oxidative stress is one of their most important underlying toxic mechanisms. They are able to generate free radicals, including reactive oxygen species, which induce lipid peroxidation leading to changes in membrane integrity, cellular redox signaling, and in the antioxidant status of the cells. The mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway is induced by oxidative stress, which also induces caspase-mediated cellular apoptosis pathways. Several new metabolites and novel metabolic pathways of T-2 toxin have been discovered very recently. In human cell lines, HT-2 and neosolaniol (NEO) are the major metabolites of T-2 toxin. Hydroxylation on C-7 and C-9 are two novel metabolic pathways of T-2 toxin in rats. The metabolizing enzymes CYP3A22, CYP3A29, and CYP3A46 in pigs, as well as the enzymes CYP1A5 and CYP3A37 in chickens, are able to catalyze T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin to form the C-3'-OH metabolites. Similarly to carboxylesterase, CYP3A29 possesses the hydrolytic ability in pigs to convert T-2 toxin to NEO. T-2 toxin is able to down- or upregulate cytochrome P-450 enzymes in different species. The metabolism of DON in humans is region-dependent. Free DON and DON-glucuronide are considered to be the biomarkers for humans. The masked mycotoxin DON-3-β-D-glucoside can be hydrolyzed to free DON in the body. This review will provide useful information on the progress of oxidative stress as well as on the metabolism and the metabolizing enzymes of T-2 toxin and DON. Moreover, the literature will throw light on the blind spots of metabolism and toxicological studies in trichothecenes that have to be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, People's Republic of China,
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Trebušak T, Levart A, Frankič T, Pirman T. Effect of dietary linseed oil and Ganoderma lucidum or olive leaves supplementation on fatty acid composition and oxidative status of rabbits. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2014.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Trebušak T, Levart A, Salobir J, Pirman T. Effect of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) or Olea europaea (olive) leaves on oxidative stability of rabbit meat fortified with n-3 fatty acids. Meat Sci 2014; 96:1275-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Awad WA, Ghareeb K, Dadak A, Hess M, Böhm J. Single and combined effects of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin and a microbial feed additive on lymphocyte DNA damage and oxidative stress in broiler chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88028. [PMID: 24498242 PMCID: PMC3909330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and intestinal epithelial cells are particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON). The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of DON and/or a microbial feed additive on the DNA damage of blood lymphocytes and on the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in broilers. A total of forty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (10 birds per group) for 5 wk. The dietary treatments were 1) basal diet; 2) basal diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed; 3) basal diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed and supplemented with 2.5 kg/ton of feed of Mycofix Select; 4) basal diet supplemented with Mycofix Select (2.5 kg/ton of feed). At the end of the feeding trial, blood were collected for measuring the level of lymphocyte DNA damage of blood and the TBARS level was measured in plasma, heart, kidney, duodenum and jejunum. The dietary exposure of DON caused a significant increase (P = 0.001) of DNA damage in blood lymphocytes (31.99±0.89%) as indicated in the tail of comet assay. Interestingly addition of Mycofix Select to DON contaminated diet decreased (P = 0.001) the DNA damage (19.82±1.75%) induced by DON. In order to clarify the involvement of lipid peroxidation in the DNA damage of DON, TBARS levels was measured. A significant increase (P = 0.001) in the level of TBARS (23±2 nmol/mg) was observed in the jejunal tissue suggesting that the lipid peroxidation might be involved in the DNA damage. The results indicate that DON is cytotoxic and genotoxic to the chicken intestinal and immune cells and the feed additive have potential ability to prevent DNA damage induced by DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wageha A. Awad
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Khaled Ghareeb
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Dadak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Böhm
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Chattopadhyay P, Islam J, Goyary D, Agnihotri A, Karmakar S, Banerjee S, Singh L, Veer V. Subchronic dermal exposure to T-2 toxin produces cardiac toxicity in experimental Wistar rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:485-92. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713503373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to determine the cardiac toxicities of T-2 toxin, a representative mycotoxin that frequently contaminates maize, cereals, and other agricultural products, harvested and stored under damp and cold conditions. Dermal exposure to T-2 toxin caused severe cardiotoxicity in experimental Wistar rats. Electrocardiography studies showed the conduction abnormalities including prolongation of the QT and corrected QT interval, shortening of the PR interval, and tachycardia. Biochemical studies also reported the toxicity of T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats and characterized by significant ( p < 0.05) elevation of serum troponin I, creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB, CK isoenzyme NAC, and lactate dehydrogenase as compared to control rats. It is concluded that cardiotoxicity effects of T-2 toxin are thought to be due to direct action on electrocardiac potentials and biochemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johirul Islam
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Amit Agnihotri
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Sanjev Karmakar
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Subham Banerjee
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | - Lokendra Singh
- Directorate of Life Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
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Deoxynivalenol impairs hepatic and intestinal gene expression of selected oxidative stress, tight junction and inflammation proteins in broiler chickens, but addition of an adsorbing agent shifts the effects to the distal parts of the small intestine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69014. [PMID: 23922676 PMCID: PMC3724867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler chickens are rather resistant to deoxynivalenol and thus, clinical signs are rarely seen. However, effects of subclinical concentrations of deoxynivalenol on both the intestine and the liver are less frequently studied at the molecular level. During our study, we investigated the effects of three weeks of feeding deoxynivalenol on the gut wall morphology, intestinal barrier function and inflammation in broiler chickens. In addition, oxidative stress was evaluated in both the liver and intestine. Besides, the effect of a clay-based mycotoxin adsorbing agent on these different aspects was also studied. Our results show that feeding deoxynivalenol affects the gut wall morphology both in duodenum and jejenum of broiler chickens. A qRT-PCR analysis revealed that deoxynivalenol acts in a very specific way on the intestinal barrier, since only an up-regulation in mRNA expression of claudin 5 in jejunum was observed, while no effects were seen on claudin 1, zona occludens 1 and 2. Addition of an adsorbing agent resulted in an up-regulation of all the investigated genes coding for the intestinal barrier in the ileum. Up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 and two markers of oxidative stress (heme-oxigenase or HMOX and xanthine oxidoreductase or XOR) were mainly seen in the jejunum and to a lesser extent in the ileum in response to deoxynivalenol, while in combination with an adsorbing agent main effect was seen in the ileum. These results suggest that an adsorbing agent may lead to higher concentrations of deoxynivalenol in the more distal parts of the small intestine. In the liver, XOR was up-regulated due to DON exposure. HMOX and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) were down-regulated due to feeding DON but also due to feeding the adsorbing agent alone or in combination with DON.
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Voljč M, Levart A, Žgur S, Salobir J. The effect ofα-tocopherol, sweet chestnut wood extract and their combination on oxidative stressin vivoand the oxidative stability of meat in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:144-56. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.760190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Assessment of genotoxic potential of two mycotoxins in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:261-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712472528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the toxic products of molds, exposure causes serious adverse health problems in human, animals, and crops. Determining the potential genotoxic effects of these substances is, therefore, of great importance. We have evaluated the genotoxic toxicity of two trichothecenes – diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin – using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster. The SMART is based on the principle that the loss of heterozygosis of recessive markers located on the left arm of chromosome 3 – multiple wing hairs ( mwh) at the map position 0.3 and flare-3 ( flr3) at the map position 38.8 – may occur through various mechanisms such as mitotic recombination, mutation, deletion, half-translocation, chromosome loss, and nondisjunction. Both the mycotoxins were administered to third instar larvae (72 ± 4 h old) at concentrations ranging from 5 to 40 μM. Based on our results, DAS and T-2 toxins does not exert genotoxic effects up to a concentration of 40 μM.
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Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in serum and epiphyseal plate in Kashin-Beck disease. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e3182793dde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fang H, Wu Y, Guo J, Rong J, Ma L, Zhao Z, Zuo D, Peng S. T-2 toxin induces apoptosis in differentiated murine embryonic stem cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Apoptosis 2012; 17:895-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Awad W, Ghareeb K, Dadak A, Gille L, Staniek K, Hess M, Böhm J. Genotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens fed low-protein feeds. Poult Sci 2012; 91:550-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Voljč M, Frankič T, Levart A, Nemec M, Salobir J. Evaluation of different vitamin E recommendations and bioactivity of α-tocopherol isomers in broiler nutrition by measuring oxidative stress in vivo and the oxidative stability of meat. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1478-88. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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YAN D, KANG P, LI Y, YANG J, SHEN B, ZHOU Z, DENG J, PEI F. Radiographic findings of Wistar rats fed with T-2 toxin and Kashin-Beck disease-affected diet. Int J Rheum Dis 2010; 14:92-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2010.01568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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YAN D, KANG P, SHEN B, YANG J, ZHOU Z, DUAN L, PEI F. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in rats fed with Kashin-Beck disease-affected diet. Int J Rheum Dis 2010; 13:406-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2010.01550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Schuhmacher‐Wolz U, Heine K, Schneider K. Report on toxicity data on trichothecene mycotoxins HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Heine
- Forschungs‐und Beratungsinstitut Gefahrstoffe GmbH (FoBiG)
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YAN D, KANG P, YANG J, SHEN B, ZHOU Z, DUAN L, DENG J, HUANG H, PEI FX. The effect of Kashin-Beck disease-affected feed and T-2 toxin on the bone development of Wistar rats. Int J Rheum Dis 2010; 13:266-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2010.01530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yao YF, Kang PD, Li XB, Yang J, Shen B, Zhou ZK, Pei FX. Study on the effect of T-2 toxin combined with low nutrition diet on rat epiphyseal plate growth and development. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2010; 34:1351-6. [PMID: 20169345 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-010-0966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe early lesions of rat epiphyseal plates and metaphysis caused by T-2 toxin and T-2 toxin combined with a low nutrition diet to determine possible pathogenic factors of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). Ninety Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Group A was fed with a normal diet as control; group B was fed with a normal diet and T-2 toxin; and group C was fed with a low nutrition diet and T-2 toxin. The left knee specimens were collected, fixed in formaldehyde solution, stained by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson. After two weeks, the epiphyseal plate showed necrosis of chondrocytes in groups B and C. After four weeks, more obvious chondrocyte necrosis appeared. The positive rate of Lamellar necrosis in group C was significantly higher than that in groups B and A (P < 0.01). Metaphyseal trabecular bone showed sparse disorder and disruption in group C. T-2 toxin combined with a low nutrition diet could lead to more serious chondrocyte necrosis in the epiphyseal plate and disturb metaphyseal trabecular bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-fen Yao
- Orthopedic Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in pregnant mice and rats. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2146-2158. [PMID: 19330064 PMCID: PMC2635623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a cytotoxic secondary fungal metabolite that belongs to the trichothecene mycotoxin family. This mycotoxin is a well known inhibitor of protein synthesis through its high binding affinity to peptidyl transferase, which is an integral part of the ribosomal 60s subunit, and it also inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA, probably secondary to the inhibition of protein synthesis. In addition, T-2 toxin is said to induce apoptosis in many types of cells bearing high proliferating activity. T-2 toxin readily passes the placenta and is distributed to embryo/fetal tissues, which include many component cells bearing high proliferating activity. This paper reviews the reported data related to T-2 toxin-induced maternal and fetal toxicities in pregnant mice and rats. The mechanisms of T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis in maternal and fetal tissues are also discussed in this paper.
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Nusuetrong P, Pengsuparp T, Meksuriyen D, Tanitsu M, Kikuchi H, Mizugaki M, Shimazu KI, Oshima Y, Nakahata N, Yoshida M. Satratoxin H generates reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides in PC12 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1115-20. [PMID: 18520041 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Satratoxin H, a mycotoxin, is thought to induce apoptosis of PC12 cells through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a glutathione (GSH)-sensitive manner. The present study was undertaken to further elucidate the mechanism by which satratoxin H induces cell death in PC12 cells. Satratoxin H caused apoptosis of PC12 cells within 24-h, as determined by DNA fragmentation and flow cytometric analysis. Satratoxin H increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation, as determined by malondialdehyde formation. These effects were attenuated by incubation of cells with GSH, suggesting that satratoxin H-induced increase in apoptosis of serum-deprived PC12 cells may be partially mediated through the generation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnee Nusuetrong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit, Bangkok, Thailand
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Frankič T, Salobir J, Rezar V. The effect of vitamin E supplementation on reduction of lymphocyte DNA damage induced by T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Rezar V, Frankic T, Narat M, Levart A, Salobir J. Dose-dependent effects of T-2 toxin on performance, lipid peroxidation, and genotoxicity in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1155-60. [PMID: 17495086 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.6.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of T-2 toxin in feed on performance, lipid peroxidation, and genotoxicity in vivo. For a 17-d period, T-2 toxin was added to the diet of the chickens. Fifty 22-d-old male broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups that were supplemented with different concentrations of T-2 toxin: control (0.0 mg/kg of feed), T 0.5 (0.5 mg/kg of feed), T 1.5 (1.5 mg/kg of feed), T 4.5 (4.5 mg/kg of feed), and T 13.5 (13.5 mg/kg of feed). Deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in spleen leukocytes, malondialdehyde in plasma and liver, total plasma antioxidative status, glutathione peroxidase activity, and total serum Ig (IgA and IgG) were measured. Feed consumption and BW gain decreased when the concentration of T-2 toxin was 4.5 and 13.5 mg/kg of feed. Compared with the control group, the rate of DNA damage increased significantly in the group fed 13.5 mg of T-2 toxin/kg of feed. In contrast to DNA fragmentation, indicators of oxidative stress did not show differences between groups fed T-2 toxin and the control. More serum IgA was detected in the group T 13.5 compared with the control, whereas there were no differences in serum IgG levels. The results of the present study indicate that impaired performance, DNA fragmentation in spleen leukocytes, and elevated serum IgA levels induced by T-2 toxin are dose-dependent. Based on our results, we could not confirm the hypothesis that oxidative stress is among the mechanisms by which T-2 toxin induces DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rezar
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, 1230 DomZale, Slovenia
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Dvorska JE, Pappas AC, Karadas F, Speake BK, Surai PF. Protective effect of modified glucomannans and organic selenium against antioxidant depletion in the chicken liver due to T-2 toxin-contaminated feed consumption. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:582-7. [PMID: 17350343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the effect of T-2 toxin on the antioxidant status of the chicken and to study possible protective effects of modified glucomannan (Mycosorb) and organic selenium (Sel-Plex). Inclusion of T-2 toxin in the chickens' diet (8.1 mg/kg for 21 days) was associated with significant decreases in the concentrations of selenium (Se)(by 32.2%), alpha-tocopherol (by 41.4%), total carotenoids (by 56.5%), ascorbic acid (by 43.5%) and reduced glutathione (by 56.3%) in the liver, as well as a decrease in the hepatic activity of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px) (by 36.8%). However, inclusion of modified glucomannans into the T-2 toxin-contaminated diet provided a partial protection against the detrimental effects of the mycotoxin on the antioxidant defences in the chicken liver. For example, the Se concentration in the liver was restored completely, although the Se-GSH-Px activity in the liver increased to only 81% of its control value. These protective effects of modified glucomannas were associated with a 45% reduction of lipid peroxidation in the liver in comparison to the effects of T-2 toxin alone. A combination of modified glucomannas with organic Se was shown to provide further protection against toxin-induced antioxidant depletion and lipid peroxidation in the chicken liver. Thus, the data clearly indicate a major protective effect of the mycotoxin-binder in combination with organic Se against the detrimental consequences of T-2 toxin-contaminated feed consumption by growing chickens.
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Frankic T, Pajk T, Rezar V, Levart A, Salobir J. The role of dietary nucleotides in reduction of DNA damage induced by T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol in chicken leukocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1838-44. [PMID: 16875771 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of present study was to determine the effect of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) on DNA fragmentation in spleen leukocytes and oxidative stress in chickens, and furthermore, to evaluate the potential of dietary nucleotides in reduction of toxin-induced DNA damage. Male broiler chickens were exposed to 10mg/kg feed of either T-2 toxin or DON with or without addition of dietary nucleotides. After 17 days of treatment DNA damage of spleen leukocytes was measured by Comet assay, lipid peroxidation was studied by malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) of plasma and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) assays, and the hepatotoxicity was studied by measuring plasma liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST and GGT) levels. T-2 toxin and DON induced DNA fragmentation in chicken spleen leukocytes and supplementation with nucleotides reduced the amount of damage only when added to T-2 toxin. In comparison to control group, values of TAS and AST decreased significantly in the groups fed T-2 toxin with or without nucleotide supplementation. Plasma and liver MDA content in groups fed T-2 toxin and DON did not differ significantly from the control. Dietary nucleotides did not affect MDA formation when added to the diets with mycotoxins. The results obtained suggest that dietary nucleotides have the potency to reduce the extent of DNA damage induced by the action of T-2 toxin in immune cells. This underlines their possible beneficial effect on the immune system in mycotoxin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Frankic
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
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Jaradat ZW, Viià B, Marquardt RR. Adverse effects of T-2 toxin on chicken lymphocytes blastogenesis and its protection with Vitamin E. Toxicology 2006; 225:90-6. [PMID: 16790312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin that is produced by fusarium species, is prevalent mainly in cereal crops and poultry feed. One of the major effects of this toxin is immunomodulation. The effect of T-2 toxin on chicken lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of mitogens and the subsequent protection with Vitamin E in both fat and water soluble forms was studied using an MTT colorimetric assay. T-2 toxin was administered in concentrations ranging from 0 to 10ng/mL of lymphocytes in the presence of either concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinine (PHA-M) at optimum concentration of 333ng/mL and a dilution of 1:160 for ConA and PHA-M, respectively. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to ConA and PHA-M mitogens was depressed at T-2 doses of 1ng/mL or higher (p<0.05). The proliferation was completely abolished at 10ng/mL when the toxin was added at 0 time, while it was decreased by 80% when the toxin was added to the lymphocytes after 24h. The addition of Vitamin E in the fat soluble form (alpha-tocopheryl acetate) did not exert any protection effect against the toxin when it was added at either 25 or 100microg. However, when the water soluble form (Trolox) was added at a concentration of (200microg) (equivalent to 100microM of alpha-tocopherol), it provided considerable protection (p<0.05) against T-2 toxin inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. The difference in the effect between the two forms of Vitamin E might be related to their relative solubility in the culture media which in turn may affect their availability for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Le Dréan G, Auffret M, Batina P, Arnold F, Sibiril Y, Arzur D, Parent-Massin D. Myelotoxicity of trichothecenes and apoptosis: An in vitro study on human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:1015-24. [PMID: 15908172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that hematological disorders associated with trichothecenes intoxication in humans could result from hematopoiesis inhibition. The most frequent and potent trichothecene mycotoxins are T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), respectively. Apoptosis induction by these two toxins was investigated in vitro on human hematopoietic progenitors (CD34+ cells). Hoechst coloration, DNA fragmentation and annexin-V/PI labeling in flow cytometry showed that T-2 toxin, in contrast to DON, induced apoptosis in CD34+ cells. T-2 toxin effect was dose- and time-dependent with a significant increase of apoptotic cells as early as 3h after incubation at 10(-7) M and a maximum reached at 12 h. This observation evidenced the high sensitivity of hematopoietic progenitors to T-2 toxin. The inhibition of T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis by a pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-fmk) suggested the involvement of caspases. The proportional increase of caspase-3 specific activity (DEVDase) with T-2 toxin concentration confirmed its role in the process. After incubation of CD34+ cells with T-2 toxin, in conditions that induced apoptosis, clonal expansion of granulo-monocytes, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes precursors was dose-dependently inhibited. The hematological effects observed in T-2 toxin mycotoxicosis could then be assigned to hematopoiesis inhibition by apoptosis. Different mechanisms that need to be further elucidated are involved in DON myelotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Le Dréan
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire, EA 3880, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Minervini F, Fornelli F, Lucivero G, Romano C, Visconti A. T-2 toxin immunotoxicity on human B and T lymphoid cell lines. Toxicology 2005; 210:81-91. [PMID: 15804460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin belongs to a group of mycotoxins synthesized by Fusarium fungi that are widely encountered as natural contaminants in cereals. Human lymphoid cell lines of T (MOLT-4) or B (IM-9) lineage were used to characterize the cytotoxic effects mediated by T-2 at different concentrations (0.1 pg/ml to 1 microg/ml). After 24 h, membrane damage was observed by Trypan blue dye exclusion in IM-9 cells with a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 0.2 ng/ml, whereas CC50 for MOLT-4 cells was 0.6 microg/ml (gmicro). At a T-2 concentration of 0.01 microg/ml, apoptosis was seen in MOLT-4 cells by Annexin V binding as early as after 4 h. T-2 toxin determined sustained (48 h) immunosuppression on both cell lines, as evaluated by BrdU and MTT assays. Cytotoxicity appeared to be due to early apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells, as indicated by increased Annexin V binding and activation of caspase-3, and to direct cell membrane damage in IM-9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Minervini
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA), CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Calvert TW, Aidoo KE, Candlish AGG, Fuat ARM. Comparison of in vitro cytotoxicity of Fusarium mycotoxins,deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone on selected human epithelial cell lines. Mycopathologia 2005; 159:413-9. [PMID: 15883728 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-005-0254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three human epithelial cell lines (CaCo-2, HEp-2 and HeLa) implicated as potential targets for three Fusarium toxins were tested for the extent of survival on exposure to increasing toxin concentration and incubation periods. Cytotoxicity assay using 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was carried out with deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxins and zearalenone (ZON) on CaCo-2, HEp-2 and HeLa cell lines. Of the three cell lines used, HeLa was the most sensitive, eliciting cell death after 2 days exposure at 100 ng ml(-1)with T-2 toxin. HeLa was the only cell line to exhibit cytotoxicity towards ZON showing cell death at 1000 ng ml(-1)after 2 days which increased to 4 days, showing substantial cell death at 200 ng ml(-1). HEp-2 was sensitive to DON showing cell death after 2 days (100 ng ml(-1)) with complete cell death occurring at 200 ng ml(-1) after 4 days of exposure. Substantial cytoxicity of T-2 towards HEp-2 occurred after 2 days at 1000 ng ml(-1) and complete cell death occurred with 100 ng ml(-1) at day 4. The CaCo-2 cell line was generally resistant to the mycotoxins tested between 100 and 1000 ng ml(-1). This study shows that cytotoxicity of Fusarium toxins to epithelium cell lines is concentration- and time- dependant and results from ZON-HeLa interaction indicate possible cell type-mycotoxin specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Calvert
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK
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