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Al-Nabulsi AA, Jaradat ZW, Qudsi F, Elsalem L, Osaili TM, Olaimat AN, Esposito G, Liu SQ, Ayyash MM. Characterization and bioactive properties of exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus isolated from labaneh. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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2
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Jaradat ZW, Al-Mousa WA, Elbetieha AM, Ababneh QO, Al-Nabulsi AA, Jang H, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Gopinath GR, Tall BD. Virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and phylogenetic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates of food origins from Jordan. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2528-2546. [PMID: 35858752 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS to characterize a collection of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates collected from various origins in Jordan. METHODS AND RESULTS the isolates were characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing, DNA microarray, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), O-serotyping, virulence gene identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The identities and phylogenetic relatedness revealed that C. sakazakii sequence type 4 (ST4) and Csak O:1 serotype was the most prevalent STs and serovars among these C. sakazakii strains. PCR screening of putative virulence genes showed that the siderophore-interacting protein gene (sip) and iron acquisition gene clusters (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA) were the most detected genes with noticeable variability in the type 6 secretion system (T6SS) and filamentous hemagglutinin/adhesion (FHA) gene loci. The antibiotic resistance profiles revealed that the majority of the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics used despite harboring a class C β-lactamase resistance gene. CONCLUSIONS the results described in this report provide additional insights about the considerable genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity within C. sakazakii. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY the information reported in this study might be of great value in understanding the origins of C. sakazakii isolates, in addition to their diversity and variability, which might be helpful in preventing future outbreaks of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Waseem A Al-Mousa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed M Elbetieha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Qutaiba O Ababneh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hyein Jang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Isha R Patel
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Ben D Tall
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
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Olaimat AN, Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili TM, Al-Holy M, Abu Ghoush M, Alkhalidy H, Jaradat ZW, Ayyash M, Holley RA. Inactivation of stressed Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in hummus using low dose gamma irradiation. J Food Sci 2022; 87:845-855. [PMID: 35040133 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hummus is a popular dip in the Middle East region prepared by mixing the boiled chickpeas with tahini and other ingredients, and because its consumption has increased world-wide some notoriety has developed following an increase in the incidence of hummus-related illness outbreaks and recalls. The objectives of the current research were (i) to study the efficiency of low dose gamma irradiation to inhibit Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes in hummus, and (ii) to assess the effect of environmental stresses namely cold, heat, and desiccation on the resistance of these pathogens to gamma irradiation. The samples of hummus were prepared and then individually inoculated with approximately 7.0 log CFU/g of unstressed or cold-, heat-, or desiccated-stressed cocktail cultures of each of E. coli O157:H7, S. enterica, and L. monocytogenes. The inoculated samples were then exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0.1 to 0.6 kGy. The numbers of unstressed E. coli O157:H7, S. enterica, and L. monocytogenes were decreased by 0.6-3.9, 0.7-2.9, and 1.0-3.0 log CFU/g, respectively, by irradiation treatment. The resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to gamma irradiation was not affected by desiccation, heat, and cold stresses. However, the pre-exposure of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes cells to these stresses reduced their resistance toward gamma irradiation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Gamma irradiation is a non-thermal treatment that can be used in food processing to ensure food safety and quality. The current study proved that low levels (≤0.6 kGy) of gamma irradiation can effectively decrease the risk of unstressed and cold-, heat-, or desiccation-stressed Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, or Escherichia coli O157:H7 in hummus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.,Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Murad Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Abu Ghoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan.,Science of Nutrition and Dietetics Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 64141, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hana Alkhalidy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Richard A Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Hayajneh AA, Jaradat ZW, Alsatari ES, Alboom MH. Predictors of growth of Escherichia coli on lab coats as part of hospital-acquired infection transmission through healthcare personnel attire. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14815. [PMID: 34486786 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has documented the presence of microbes on healthcare personnel (HCP) attire. This study aimed to explore the bacterial contamination and predictors of Escherichia coli (E coli) growth, as well as, hygiene and handling practices of HCP attire that could influence growth of E coli. METHODS Descriptive, cross-sectional study was used in this study. Convenience sampling of the 188 HCP was recruited from a main comprehensive hospital in the northern part of Jordan. Three swab samples were collected from three different parts of lab coats used by each participant. The generalised mixed linear model was used for the categorical variables and to identify the predictors of E coli growth on HCP attire. RESULTS Enterococcus faecalis was the most common species of bacteria found on lab coat. The HCP attire coming from the emergency department (ED) was highlighted with slightly higher contamination of E coli compared with other departments, such as critical care units. Factors associated with significant E coli growth on HCP attire were lab coat use over scrubs and borrowing of lab coats. The predictors of positive E coli growth were working in the ED, storing HCP attire in hospital lockers, believing the transmission of pathogens by HCP attire and carrying attire wrapped around arms. IMPLICATIONS Hygiene practices and policies, including a washing facility on the hospital premises, are a must to keep the lab coats clean. CONCLUSION HCP should be cautious about the method of use and storage of lab coats they wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audai A Hayajneh
- Adult Health-Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Eman S Alsatari
- Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad H Alboom
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Mutlaq S, Albiss B, Al-Nabulsi AA, Jaradat ZW, Olaimat AN, Khalifeh MS, Osaili T, Ayyash MM, Holley RA. Conductometric Immunosensor for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Detection Based on Polyaniline/Zinc Oxide (PANI/ZnO) Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193288. [PMID: 34641104 PMCID: PMC8512834 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A conductometric immunosensor was developed for the detection of one of the most common foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7), by conductometric sensing. The sensor was built based on a polyaniline/zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) nanocomposite film spin-coated on a gold electrode. Then, it was modified with a monoclonal anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody as a biorecognition element. The fabricated nanostructured sensor was able to quantify the pathogens under optimal detection conditions, within 30 min, and showed a good detection range from 101 to 104 CFU/mL for E. coli O157:H7 and a minimum detection limit of 4.8 CFU/mL in 0.1% peptone water. The sensor efficiency for detecting bacteria in food matrices was tested in ultra-heat-treated (UHT) skim milk. E. coli O157:H7 was detected at concentrations of 101 to 104 CFU/mL with a minimum detection limit of 13.9 CFU/mL. The novel sensor was simple, fast, highly sensitive with excellent specificity, and it had the potential for rapid sample processing. Moreover, this unique technique for bacterial detection could be applicable for food safety and quality control in the food sector as it offers highly reliable results and is able to quantify the target bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Mutlaq
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.M.); (A.A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Borhan Albiss
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Anas A. Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.M.); (A.A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Ziad W. Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Mohammad S. Khalifeh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Tareq Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.M.); (A.A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed M. Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Richard A. Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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Jaradat ZW, Khwaileh M, Al Mousa W, Ababneh QO, Al Nabulsi A. Occurrence, distribution and pattern analysis of methicillin resistant (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus on fomites in public facilities. Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:377-391. [PMID: 34338618 PMCID: PMC8592605 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1906563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a human pathogen incriminated as a causative agent of hospital nosocomial infections as well as a wide range of diseases in communities. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence and distribution of MRSA and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) on different fomites in public facilities in northern Jordan and to determine their antibiograms, toxin genes profiles, as well as identify their genetic relatedness. A total of 2600 swabs were collected from 14 fomite surfaces in a variety of public facilities including hospitals, universities, schools, transportation sites, and market places. The identity of the 380 S. aureus isolates was confirmed. Among them, 158 (41.6%) were MRSA while the rest of the isolates, 222 (58.4%) were MSSA. MRSA isolates were recovered from all fomites sites. However, among the total collected samples, the percentages of MRSA in public facilities were significantly higher in hospitals and transportation fomites, while percentages of MRSA among fomites sites were higher in public reception sites, chairs, and toilet seats. Antibiotic resistance profiles indicated that 24.5% of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, and oxytetracycline. In contrast, only 3.95% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 15.3% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Multidrug-resistant patterns were higher in MRSA than in MSSA isolates. There was no apparent difference in toxin gene profiles between MRSA and MSSA. Molecular analysis revealed 85 patterns and 16 clusters at a 9% mean similarity level. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the potential of MRSA transmission via inanimate surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Maysoon Khwaileh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Waseem Al Mousa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Qutaiba O Ababneh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Anas Al Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili TM, Oqdeh SB, Olaimat AN, Jaradat ZW, Ayyash M, Holley RA. Antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus reuteri against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheese under different storage conditions. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:2719-2734. [PMID: 33455758 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the survival of the foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheeses as influenced by the presence of Lactobacillus reuteri. The white cheeses were made from pasteurized bovine milk inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (cocktail of 3 strains) to achieve ∼5 log10 cfu/g with absence or presence of Lb. reuteri (∼6 log10 cfu/g). Cheese samples were brined in 10% or 15% NaCl solution and stored at 10°C and 25°C for 28 d. The white-brined cheeses were assessed for salt content, pH, water activity (Aw), and numbers of E. coli O157:H7, Lb. reuteri, nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB), yeasts, and molds. Results showed that E. coli O157:H7 survived in cheese stored in both brine solutions at 10°C and 25°C regardless of the presence of Lb. reuteri. A substantial reduction was observed in cheese stored in 10% NaCl brine at 25°C, followed by cheese stored in 15% NaCl brine at 10°C by 2.64 and 2.16 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in the presence of Lb. reuteri and by 1.02 and 1.87 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in the absence of Lb. reuteri under the same conditions. The pathogen in brine solutions survived but at a lower rate. Furthermore, the growth of Lb. reuteri and NSLAB were enhanced or slightly decreased in cheese and brine by 28 d, respectively. The salt concentrations of cheese ranged from 4 to 6% and 5 to 7% (wt/wt), during 28-d ripening in 10 and 15% brine, respectively. Values of pH and Aw slightly increased at d 1 after exposure to brine and reached 4.69 to 6.08 and 0.91 to 0.95, respectively, in all treatments. Therefore, the addition of Lb. reuteri can be used as a biopreservation method to inhibit the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheese when combined with the appropriate temperature, NaCl level, and storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saba B Oqdeh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Richard A Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
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Abstract
Staphylococcus genus is a Gram-positive coccus normally associated with skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. It is part of the commensal human microflora, or found in animals, or contaminating surfaces in the community and hospital settings. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic species belonging to this genus, as it possesses a collection of virulence factors that are expressed solely to evade the immune system. The increase in the misuse of antimicrobial agents predisposed S. aureus to develop antibiotic resistance, including the resistance to methicillin which led to the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA is considered one of the most dangerous nosocomial pathogens causing many hard to treat infections in hospitals and was named as Hospital Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Over the past 20-25 years, MRSA was isolated from community settings and thus Community Associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has emerged. Inside hospitals, MRSA has been isolated from fomites in contact with patients, as well as staff's protective and personal items. This review highlights the worldwide prevalence of MRSA on fomites within the contexts of hospital and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | | | - Sherin T Sha’aban
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayesha A Alkofahi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Duaa Assaleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Anan Al Shara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Jang H, Woo J, Lee Y, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Chase HR, Addy N, Ewing L, Beaubrun JJG, Patel I, Gangiredla J, Eshwar A, Jaradat ZW, Seo K, Shabarinath S, Fanning S, Stephan R, Lehner A, Tall BD, Gopinath GR. Draft genomes of Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from dried spices bring unique insights into the diversity of plant-associated strains. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:35. [PMID: 30519380 PMCID: PMC6267090 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-018-0339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that causes life- threatening infantile infections, such as meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis, as well as pneumonia, septicemia, and urinary tract and wound infections in adults. Here, we report 26 draft genome sequences of C. sakazakii, which were obtained from dried spices from the USA, the Middle East, China, and the Republic of Korea. The average genome size of the C. sakazakii genomes was 4393 kb, with an average of 4055 protein coding genes, and an average genome G + C content of 56.9%. The genomes contained genes related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and cell wall/membrane biogenesis. In addition, we identified genes encoding proteins involved in osmotic responses such as DnaJ, Aquaproin Z, ProQ, and TreF, as well as virulence-related and heat shock-related proteins. Interestingly, a metabolic island comprised of a variably-sized xylose utilization operon was found within the spice-associated C. sakazakii genomes, which supports the hypothesis that plants may serve as transmission vectors or alternative hosts for Cronobacter species. The presence of the genes identified in this study can support the remarkable phenotypic traits of C. sakazakii such as the organism's capabilities of adaptation and survival in response to adverse growth environmental conditions (e.g. osmotic and desiccative stresses). Accordingly, the genome analyses provided insights into many aspects of physiology and evolutionary history of this important foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Jungha Woo
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Youyoung Lee
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Hannah R. Chase
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Nicole Addy
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Laura Ewing
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Junia Jean Gilles Beaubrun
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Isha Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ziad W. Jaradat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
| | - Kunho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 South Korea
| | - Srikumar Shabarinath
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
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Jaradat ZW, Hamdan TA, Hayajneh W, Al Mousa W, Al Shehabi A. Antibiograms, toxin profiling and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from two tertiary hospitals in Jordan. J Infect Dev Ctries 2017; 11:876-886. [PMID: 31618187 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.8270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-associated infections. This study was undertaken to investigate toxin profiles as well as antibiotic resistance patterns of S. aureus isolates form two tertiary hospitals in Jordan. METHODOLOGY A total of 250 S. aureus isolates from clinical samples of two tertiary hospitals were analyzed for the presence of the mecA, vanA, vanB, and 16 Staphylococcus toxin encoding genes using PCR. The isolates were further tested for antimicrobial sensitivities using the disc diffusion method. DNA from all the isolates were fingerprinted by coa gene Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) to study relationships between isolates from the two hospitals. RESULTS 73.2% of the isolates contained the mecA gene and thus were designated MRSA. All MRSA isolates showed high levels of resistance to many of the antibiotics compared to those of MSSA. All MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin while all MSSA isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, erythromycin and gentamycin. The isolates exhibited high prevalence of the toxin genes and none of the isolates contained less than 4 genes with one isolate contained 14 genes with no apparent differences in gene profiles among MRSA and MSSA. About 60% of the isolates contained 12 to 13 toxin genes and were isolated either from pus or blood. CONCLUSION Antibiograms of the MRSA isolates were significantly different from MSSA antibiograms while there were no apparent differences in the toxin genes profiles. Further, coagulase gene RFLP of the isolates showed that the isolates are very heterogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | - Wail Hayajneh
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
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Olaimat AN, Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili TM, Al-Holy M, Ayyash MM, Mehyar GF, Jaradat ZW, Ghoush MA. Survival and inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in commercial and hydrated tahini using acetic and citric acids. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bodoor K, Al-Ghabkari A, Matalka I, Haddad Y, Alkhateeb A, Jaradat S, Jaradat ZW, Al-Ghazo M, Abu-sheikha A, Jalboush SA, Jarun Y. Assessment of p53 mutations, expression and prognosis in bladder cancer patients from Jordan: Identification of novel deletion mutations in the DNA-binding domain. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Qodcieh SMA, Al-Khateeb SN, Jaradat ZW, Abu Alhaija ESJ. Force degradation of orthodontic latex elastics: An in-vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 151:507-512. [PMID: 28257735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objectives were to assess the force degradation of orthodontic latex elastics over 48 hours in vivo and to study the relationship between the amount of mouth opening and the degree of force decay. METHODS Fifty-two orthodontic patients wearing fixed appliances using Class II elastics were asked to wear premeasured-force 3/16-in heavy and medium intermaxillary elastics. The force amounts were measured and compared at different time intervals. RESULTS Fifty percent of the force was lost after 3.9 hours for the medium elastics and after 4.9 hours for the heavy elastics. A continuous significant force drop in all elastics was seen at all time intervals (P <0.05, P <0.001). There was greater force loss in the heavy elastics compared with the medium elastics in vivo at all time intervals (P <0.001); the rates of force loss, however, were similar. CONCLUSIONS Fifty percent of force degradation occurred in the first 4 to 5 hours. Because of breakage and for oral hygiene purposes, orthodontic elastics should be changed daily; otherwise, elastics can be used for 48 hours. Force decay of the elastics was correlated to the lateral distance between the maxillary canine and the mandibular first molar in occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq M Adel Qodcieh
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Susan N Al-Khateeb
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Elham S J Abu Alhaija
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Olaimat AN, Osaili TM, Ayyash MM, Abushelaibi A, Jaradat ZW, Shaker R, Al-Taani M, Holley RA. Behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes during fermentation and storage of camel yogurt. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1802-1811. [PMID: 26723116 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its nutritional and therapeutic properties, camel milk has the ability to suppress the growth of a wide range of foodborne pathogens, but there is a lack of information regarding the behavior of these pathogens in products such as yogurt produced from camel milk. The objective of the current study was to investigate the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during manufacture and storage of camel yogurt. Camel milk inoculated with L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 was fermented at 43° C for 5h using freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and stored at 4 or 10 °C for 14 d. Camel milk inoculated with L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 without starter culture was also prepared. During fermentation, the numbers of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 increased 0.3 and 1.6 log cfu/mL, respectively, in the presence of LAB, and by 0.3 and 2.7 log cfu/mL in the absence of LAB. During storage at 4 or 10 °C, L. monocytogenes increased 0.8 to 1.2 log cfu/mL by 14 d in camel milk without LAB, but in the presence of LAB, the numbers of L. monocytogenes were reduced by 1.2 to 1.7 log cfu/mL by 14 d. Further, E. coli O157:H7 numbers in camel milk were reduced by 3.4 to 3.5 log cfu/mL in the absence of LAB, but E. coli O157:H7 was not detected (6.3 log cfu/mL reduction) by 7d in camel yogurt made with LAB and stored at either temperature. Although camel milk contains high concentrations of natural antimicrobials, L. monocytogenes was able to tolerate these compounds in camel yogurt stored at refrigerator temperatures. Therefore, appropriate care should be taken during production of yogurt from camel milk to minimize the potential for postprocess contamination by this and other foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mutamed M Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biological and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Reyad Shaker
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahmoud Al-Taani
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Richard A Holley
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 Canada
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Olaimat AN, Osaili TM, Shaker RR, Zein Elabedeen N, Jaradat ZW, Abushelaibi A, Holley RA. Use of acetic and citric acids to control Salmonella Typhimurium in tahini (sesame paste). Food Microbiol 2014; 42:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jaradat ZW, Al Mousa W, Elbetieha A, Al Nabulsi A, Tall BD. Cronobacter spp.--opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1023-1037. [PMID: 24878566 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.073742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Cronobacter consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. Cronobacter virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA), Cronobacter plasminogen activator gene (cpa), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene (fhaBC) and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98% of 229 tested Cronobacter strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the repA gene and eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA gene clusters, the presence of cpa, T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that Cronobacter form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the best-characterized virulence markers of Cronobacter. Furthermore, it was reported that Cronobacter employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-α and impairs the host cell's mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. Cronobacter can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Waseem Al Mousa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Elbetieha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anas Al Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ben D Tall
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Virulence Assessment, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Jaradat ZW, Abedel Hafiz L, Ababneh MM, Ababneh QO, Al Mousa W, Al-Nabulsi A, Osaili TM, Holley R. Comparative analysis of virulence and resistance profiles of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from poultry meat and foodborne outbreaks in northern Jordan. Virulence 2014; 5:601-10. [PMID: 24780883 DOI: 10.4161/viru.29002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to isolate Salmonella Enteritidis from poultry samples and compare their virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles to S. Enteritidis isolated from outbreaks in northern Jordan. Two hundred presumptive isolates were obtained from 302 raw poultry samples and were subjected to further analysis and confirmation. A phylogenic tree based on 16S rRNA sequencing was constructed and selected isolates representing each cluster were further studied for their virulence in normal adult Swiss white mice. The most virulent strains were isolated from poultry samples and had an LD 50 of 1.55 × 10 (5) CFU, while some of the outbreak isolates were avirulent in mice. Antibiotic resistance profiling revealed that the isolates were resistant to seven of eight antibiotics screened with each isolate resistant to multiple antibiotics (from two to six). Of the poultry isolates, 100%, 88.9%, 77.8%, 66.7%, and 50% showed resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and cefoperazone, respectively. Two outbreak isolates were sensitive to all tested antibiotics, while 71.4% were resistant to cefoperazone and only 28.6% showed resistance to nalidixic acid. Salmonella outbreak isolates were genetically related to poultry isolates as inferred from the 16S rRNA sequencing, yet were phenotypically different. Although outbreak strains were similar to poultry isolates, when tested in the mouse model, some of the outbreak isolates were highly virulent while others were avirulent. This might be due to a variation in susceptibility of the mouse to different S. Enteritidis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid, Jordan
| | - Leena Abedel Hafiz
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mustafa M Ababneh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Sciences; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid, Jordan
| | - Qotaibah O Ababneh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Texas A&M University; College Station, TX USA
| | - Waseem Al Mousa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid, Jordan
| | - Anas Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid, Jordan
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg, MB Canada
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Jaradat ZW. Genetics Beyond Diabetes and Baldness. Adv Genet Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000e105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Osaili TM, Al-Nabulsi AA, Shaker RR, Jaradat ZW, Taha M, Al-Kherasha M, Meherat M, Holley R. Prevalence of Salmonella serovars, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Mediterranean ready-to-eat meat products in Jordan. J Food Prot 2014; 77:106-11. [PMID: 24406006 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products is considered a major concern for food control authorities worldwide. The aims of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 in Mediterranean RTE chicken and beef (CB) products sold in Jordanian restaurants and (ii) the susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics. A total of 1,028 samples of various types of RTE CB products (550 RTE chicken and 478 RTE beef products) were analyzed by methods described by the International Organization for Standardization followed by molecular confirmation of the isolates. The VITEK2 automated system was used for testing antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates. The overall prevalence of Salmonella serovars in RTE CB products was 0.5%, with 0.8 and 0.2% in RTE chicken and RTE beef, respectively. The overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes in RTE CB products was 2%, with 2.7 and 1.5% in RTE chicken and RTE beef products, respectively. E. coli O157:H7 was not isolated from any of the tested samples. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella and L. monocytogenes isolates were found. The majority of Salmonella isolates were sensitive to most of the tested antibiotics, and all of the isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Similarly, more than 85% of L. monocytogenes isolates were sensitive to nine antibiotics, and the majority of L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to fosfomycin and oxacillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Reyad R Shaker
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Taha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | | | | | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Jaradat ZW, Al Bzour A, Ababneh Q, Shdiefat S, Jaradat S, Al Domi H. Identification of allergenic pollen grains in 36 olive (Olea europaea) cultivars grown in Jordan. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.617357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Jaradat ZW, Rashdan AM, Ababneh QO, Jaradat SA, Bhunia AK. Characterization of surface proteins of Cronobacter muytjensii using monoclonal antibodies and MALDI-TOF Mass spectrometry. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:148. [PMID: 21702985 PMCID: PMC3224122 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cronobacter spp. is a newly emerging pathogen that causes meningitis in infants and other diseases in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. This study was undertaken to investigate surface antigenic determinants in Cronobacter spp. using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and MALDI-TOF Mass spectrometry. RESULTS Spleenocytes from mice that were immunized with heat-killed (20 min, 80°C) Cronobacter cells were fused with SP2 myeloma cells. Five desirable MAbs (A1, B5, 2C2, C5 and A4) were selected. MAbs A1, B5, 2C2 and C5 were of IgG2a isotype while A4 was an IgM. Specificity of the MAbs was determined by using immunoblotting with outer membrane protein preparations (OMPs) extracted from 12 Cronobacter and 6 non-Cronobacter bacteria. All MAbs recognized proteins with molecular weight ranging between 36 and 49 kDa except for one isolate (44) in which no OMPs were detected. In addition, MAbs recognized two bands (38-41 kDa) in four of the non-Cronobacter bacteria. Most of the proteins recognized by the MAbs were identified by MALDI-TOF peptide sequencing and appeared to be heterogeneous with the identities of some of them are still unknown. All MAbs recognized the same epitope as determined by an additive Index ELISA with their epitopes appeared to be conformational rather than sequential. Further, none of the MAbs recognized purified LPS from Cronobacter spp. Specificity of the MAbs toward OMPs was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Results obtained in this study highlight the immunological cross-reactivity among Cronobacter OMPs and their Enterobacteriaceae counterparts. Nevertheless, the identity of the identified proteins appeared to be different as inferred from the MALDI-TOF sequencing and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, PO Box 3030, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili TM, Elabedeen NAZ, Jaradat ZW, Shaker RR, Kheirallah KA, Tarazi YH, Holley RA. Impact of environmental stress desiccation, acidity, alkalinity, heat or cold on antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter sakazakii. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 146:137-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W. Jaradat
- a Department of Food Science , The University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Man , R3T 2N2
| | - Ronald R. Marquardt
- b Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences , The University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Man , Canada , R3T
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Jaradat ZW, Marquardt RR. Identification ofE. coliK88 Receptor in Porcine Intestinal Mucus using Anti-idiotypic Antibodies. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100120094500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Jaradat ZW, Ababneh QO, Saadoun IM, Samara NA, Rashdan AM. Isolation of Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) from infant food, herbs and environmental samples and the subsequent identification and confirmation of the isolates using biochemical, chromogenic assays, PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:225. [PMID: 19860874 PMCID: PMC2779193 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii), are a group of Gram-negative pathogens that have been implicated as causative agents of meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. The pathogens are linked to infant formula; however, they have also been isolated from a wide range of foods and environmental samples. Results In this study, 233 samples of food, infant formula and environment were screened for the presence of Cronobacter spp. in an attempt to find its source. Twenty nine strains were isolated from samples of spices, herbs, infant foods, and dust obtained from household vacuum cleaners. Among the 76 samples of infant food, infant formula, milk powder and non-milk dairy products tested, only one sample of infant food contained Cronobacter spp. (1.4%). The other Cronobacter spp. isolates recovered include two from household vacuum dust, and 26 from 67 samples of herbs and spices. Among the food categories analyzed, herbs and spices harbored the highest number of isolates, indicating plants as a possible reservoir of this pathogen. Initial screening with API 20E test strips yielded 42 presumptive isolates. Further characterization using 3 chromogenic media (α-MUG, DFI and EsPM) and 8 sets of PCR primers detecting ITS (internal transcribed spacer sequences), 16S rRNA, zpx, gluA, gluB, OmpA genes followed by nucleotide sequencing of some PCR amplicons did not confirm the identity of all the isolates as none of the methods proved to be free of both false positives or false negatives. The final confirmation step was done by 16S rRNA sequence analysis identifying only 29 of the 42 isolates as Cronobacter spp. Conclusion Our studies showed that Cronobacter spp. are highly diverse and share many phenotypic traits with other Enterobacteriaceae members highlighting the need to use several methods to confirm the identity of this pathogen. None of the biochemical, chromogenic or PCR primers proved to be a reliable method for confirmation of the identity of the isolates as all of them gave either false positives or false negatives or both. It is therefore concluded that 16S rRNA sequencing is pivotal to confirm the identity of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
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Kim KP, Jagadeesan B, Burkholder KM, Jaradat ZW, Wampler JL, Lathrop AA, Morgan MT, Bhunia AK. Adhesion characteristics of Listeria adhesion protein (LAP)-expressing Escherichia coli to Caco-2 cells and of recombinant LAP to eukaryotic receptor Hsp60 as examined in a surface plasmon resonance sensor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 256:324-32. [PMID: 16499624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) is an important adhesion factor in Listeria monocytogenes and interacts with its cognate receptor, mammalian heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60). The genetic identity of LAP was determined to be alcohol acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Aad). A recombinant Escherichia coli strain expressing aad confirmed the involvement of Aad in adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Binding kinetics (ka) of recombinant LAP (rLAP) to Hsp60 was examined in a surface plasmon resonance sensor and was determined to be 5.35 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) and it was equivalent to the binding of anti-Hsp60 antibody (ka = 2.15 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)) to Hsp60. In contrast, Internalin B, an adhesion/invasion protein from L. monocytogenes, used as a control, had binding kinetics (ka) of only 2.9 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). The KD value of rLAP was 1.68 x 10(-8) M, which was significantly lower than Internalin B (KD = 6.5 x 10(-4) M). These results suggest that Hsp60 has significantly higher avidity for anti-Hsp60 antibody and LAP than Internalin B. In summary, LAP is identified as an alcohol acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and binding of recombinant E. coli to Caco-2 cells or rLAP to Hsp60 protein was found to be highly specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Pyo Kim
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Jaradat ZW, Viià B, Marquardt RR. Adverse effects of T-2 toxin on chicken lymphocytes blastogenesis and its protection with Vitamin E. Toxicology 2006; 225:90-6. [PMID: 16790312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin that is produced by fusarium species, is prevalent mainly in cereal crops and poultry feed. One of the major effects of this toxin is immunomodulation. The effect of T-2 toxin on chicken lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of mitogens and the subsequent protection with Vitamin E in both fat and water soluble forms was studied using an MTT colorimetric assay. T-2 toxin was administered in concentrations ranging from 0 to 10ng/mL of lymphocytes in the presence of either concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinine (PHA-M) at optimum concentration of 333ng/mL and a dilution of 1:160 for ConA and PHA-M, respectively. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to ConA and PHA-M mitogens was depressed at T-2 doses of 1ng/mL or higher (p<0.05). The proliferation was completely abolished at 10ng/mL when the toxin was added at 0 time, while it was decreased by 80% when the toxin was added to the lymphocytes after 24h. The addition of Vitamin E in the fat soluble form (alpha-tocopheryl acetate) did not exert any protection effect against the toxin when it was added at either 25 or 100microg. However, when the water soluble form (Trolox) was added at a concentration of (200microg) (equivalent to 100microM of alpha-tocopherol), it provided considerable protection (p<0.05) against T-2 toxin inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. The difference in the effect between the two forms of Vitamin E might be related to their relative solubility in the culture media which in turn may affect their availability for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Lathrop AA, Jaradat ZW, Haley T, Bhunia AK. Characterization and application of a Listeria monocytogenes reactive monoclonal antibody C11E9 in a resonant mirror biosensor. J Immunol Methods 2003; 281:119-28. [PMID: 14580886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Typical detection of Listeria monocytogenes involves selective enrichment, isolation and biochemical testing. Development of antibodies to Listeria species has improved detection; however, most antibodies detect all species of Listeria. A previously developed monoclonal antibody (MAb)-C11E9 was examined for its reaction to 13 L. innocua and 40 L. monocytogenes strains representing all 13 serotypes by ELISA. Absorbance values for L. monocytogenes strains were 0.44-3.58 and for L. innocua 0.22-1.44. ELISA reactions were divided into three arbitrary groups of high (Abs 1.0 or higher), intermediate (0.6-0.99) and low (0.18-0.59). Most L. monocytogenes strains (32/41, 78%) were in the high group while only 23% (3/13) of L. innocua were in the same group. In the Western blot assay, antibody reacted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) extracted protein preparations of 52, 66 and 97 kDa. Ribopattern of all strains was analyzed and no clear relationship was observed for antibody reaction and ribotype of a given strain. MAb C11E9 was used in a resonant mirror biosensor (IAsys sensor), but failed to detect any viable intact L. monocytogenes cells at levels as high as 10(8) cells/ml; however, it showed binding (85-150 arc/s) with the surface protein preparations containing the 97-, 66- and 52-kDa proteins at 208 mug/ml. Binding kinetics of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua surface protein extracts showed significantly (p<0.05) higher responses than the three other Listeria species (L. ivanovii, L. welshimeri and L. grayi), which could be detected in 10-20 min. These data corroborate with ELISA results. In summary, this study suggest that MAb-C11E9 is suitable for detection of all serotypes of L. monocytogenes despite cross-reaction with L. innocua and could be used for detection of soluble protein extracts in the resonant mirror (IAsys) biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Lathrop
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
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Jaradat ZW, Bhunia AK. Adhesion, invasion, and translocation characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes serotypes in Caco-2 cell and mouse models. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:3640-5. [PMID: 12788773 PMCID: PMC161501 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.6.3640-3645.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2002] [Accepted: 03/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is a crucial first step in Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis. In this study, we examined how the adhesion properties of serotypes correlate with their invasion efficiencies in a cell culture model (Caco-2) and in a mouse model. Adhesion characteristics of all 13 serotypes of L. monocytogenes (25 strains) were analyzed, which yielded three distinct groups (P < 0.05) with high-, medium-, and low-level-adhesion profiles. The efficiency of these strains in invading the Caco-2 cell line was analyzed, which produced two groups; however, the overall correlation (R(2)) was only 0.1236. In the mouse bioassay, all selected strains, irrespective of their adhesion profiles, translocated to the liver and the spleen with almost equal frequencies that did not show any clear relationship with adhesion profiles. However, the serotypes with increased adhesion showed a slightly increased translocation to the brain (R(2) = 0.3371). Collectively, these results indicate that an in vitro adhesion profile might not be an accurate assessment of a strain's ability to invade a cultured cell line or organs or tissues in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Jaradat ZW, Wampler JWL, Bhunia AWLK. A Listeria adhesion protein-deficient Listeria monocytogenes strain shows reduced adhesion primarily to intestinal cell lines. Med Microbiol Immunol 2003; 192:85-91. [PMID: 12736821 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-002-0150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2001] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes adheres and penetrates intestinal cell linings for systemic infection. A 104-kDa Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) from L. monocytogenes was previously demonstrated to be responsible for adhesion to intestinal enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. We investigated the adhesion and invasion characteristics of a LAP-deficient mutant L. monocytogenes strain (A572) to various human intestinal and non-intestinal cell lines to assess the possible target host cells. Among the intestinal cell lines, A572 showed significantly reduced adhesion than the wild type (WT) strain to the cells of ileum-cecum (HCT-8) and colon (Caco-2 and HT-29), whereas A572 and WT did not show any significant differences in adhesion to other intestinal cell lines from duodenum (HuTu-80) or jejunum (Int-407). Differences in adhesion between A572 and WT were little or none in non-intestinal cell lines from liver, kidney, bladder, ovary, cervix, breast, larynx, or skin. Invasion data showed that A572 was invasive but the invasion efficiency was proportional to its adhesion characteristics to respective cell lines. In mouse bioassay, A572 was not found in liver following oral administration, suggesting that LAP mutant was possibly unable to pass through intestinal cell linings. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that the LAP is localized in the bacterial surface as well as the cytoplasm. In summary, this study indicated that the LAP-mediated adhesion is associated with the intestinal cells originating from the lower part of small intestine and from the upper part of large intestine, and possibly plays an important role during the intestinal phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1160, USA
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Jaradat ZW, Bhunia AK. Glucose and nutrient concentrations affect the expression of a 104-kilodalton Listeria adhesion protein in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4876-83. [PMID: 12324334 PMCID: PMC126402 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.10.4876-4883.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth media and environmental conditions influence the expression of adhesion and invasion proteins in Listeria monocytogenes. Here, the expression of the 104-kDa Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) was studied in nutrient-rich media (Trypticase soy broth [TSB] and brain heart infusion [BHI]), minimal medium (Luria-Bertani [LB]), or nutrient-deficient medium (peptone water [PW]) by immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoelectron microscopy. Also, the effect of incorporating different concentrations of glucose on LAP expression was studied. Immunoblotting showed that LAP expression was at least twofold higher in LB medium than in TSB or BHI, while PW supported very poor cell growth and LAP expression. ELISA and immunoblotting results showed that higher concentrations of glucose (>1.6 g/liter) lowered the culture pH and suppressed LAP expression by more than 75%; however, the addition of K(2)HPO(4) reduced this effect. L. monocytogenes cells grown in LB media with lower concentrations of glucose showed higher adhesion to Caco-2 cells (3,716 and 4,186 cpm of attached bacteria for 0 and 0.2 g of glucose/liter, respectively), while L. monocytogenes cells grown in LB with higher glucose concentrations exhibited lower adhesion (2,126 and 2,221 cpm for 1.6 and 3.2 g of glucose/liter, respectively). A LAP-negative L. monocytogenes strain (A572) showed low adhesion profiles regardless of the amount of glucose added. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that LAP is localized mainly in the cytoplasm, with only a few molecules located on the cell surface. Growth in LB with high glucose (3.2 g/liter) showed the presence of only a few molecules in the cells, corroborating the results observed with ELISA or immunoblotting. In summary, nutrient-rich media and high concentrations of glucose suppressed LAP expression, which possibly is due to the changes in the pH of the media during growth from the accumulation of sugar fermentation by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Jaradat ZW, Schutze GE, Bhunia AK. Genetic homogeneity among Listeria monocytogenes strains from infected patients and meat products from two geographic locations determined by phenotyping, ribotyping and PCR analysis of virulence genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 76:1-10. [PMID: 12038565 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thirty Listeria monocytogenes isolates from human patients and foods originated from two different geographic locations without any epidemiological relations were analyzed for their genotypic and phenotypic virulence gene expressions and genetic relatedness. All strains contained virulence genes, inlA, inlB, actA, hlyA, plcA and plcB, with expected product size in PCR assay except for the actA gene. Some strains produced actA gene product of 268 and others 385 bp. Phenotypically, all were hemolytic but showed variable expressions of phospholipase activity. Ribotyping classified isolates into 12 different groups based on the similarity to DuPont Identification numbers (DID), which consisted primarily of clinical or food isolates or both. Cluster analysis also indicated possible existence of clones of L. monocytogenes that are found in food or human hosts or are evenly distributed between these two. Two isolates (F1 from food and CHL1250 from patient) had unique ribotype patterns that were not previously reported in the RiboPrinter database. This study indicates distribution of diverse L. monocytogenes strains in clinical and food environments. The isolates showed 92-99% genetic homogeneity, in spite of their origins from two different geographic locations and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Jaradat
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1160, USA
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Abstract
The effects of an acute administration of T-2 toxin on vitamin E status and the corresponding degree of lipid peroxidation, as determined by the plasma and organ content of malondialdehyde (MDA), was studied in mice. The effects of T-2 toxin administration on the body weight and weights of liver, spleen and thymus were also assessed. T-2 toxin was administered in doses ranging from 1 to 6.25 mg/kg body weight, depending on the experiment, while the dietary content of vitamin E ranged from near 0 to 5000 IU/kg. There was a significant decrease in vitamin E content of plasma after the administration of the toxin with the concentrations remaining low for periods as long as 48-72 h. MDA content of liver increased significantly after 24-48 h of toxin administration in contrast to the controls. However, MDA levels returned to the control range after 72 h. The concentrations of MDA in liver were inversely related to the vitamin E content of the diet, and were always higher for the toxin-treated animals (significant linear regression between MDA content of liver and the log10 of vitamin E content of the diet). Weights of spleen and thymus decreased after T-2 toxin administration; however, the weight of liver either increased or did not change in the different experiments. In conclusion, T-2 toxin treatment of mice increased lipid peroxidation in the liver as measured by MDA production. This process was maximal after 48 h of T-2 challenge, and decreased thereafter. Plasma alpha-tocopherol levels decreased as soon as 6 h after the toxin challenge, while MDA did not increase until there was a severe depletion of vitamin E. These changes were accompanied by decrease in weight of spleen and thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vilà
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Manitoba, Canada
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Jaradat ZW, Marquardt RR. L-arginine as a therapeutic approach for the verotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Med Hypotheses 1997; 49:277-80. [PMID: 9293473 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection with verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, mainly strain O157:H7, has been incriminated in the cause of the hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Both syndromes, which cause serious problems in children and elderly patients, are not readily treated. Conventional treatment with antibiotics has been reported to not only stimulate bacteria to increase toxin production, but also to enhance its release from the cell. This in turn increases the severity of the disease. An alternative approach to the control of the disease would involve treatment with the amino acid L-arginine, in high amounts through total parenteral nutrition. L-arginine will generate high amounts of nitric oxide which will decrease platelet aggregation and increase vasodilation. Both effects will decrease the development of the tubular occlusion and the accompanied hypertension. In summary, we hypothesize that L-arginine can be used to control two diseases caused by E. coli O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Jaradat
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Jaradat ZW, Zawistowski J. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the O-5 antigen of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:1-5. [PMID: 8572685 PMCID: PMC167767 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.1.1-5.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Three murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by fusion of P3X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells and splenocytes of a mouse immunized with heat-attenuated (20 min, 80 degrees C) Salmonella typhimurium cells. MAbs 5A5 and 5B2 were of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) class, while MAb 4A8 was IgG2a. All possessed the kappa light chains. The MAbs were specific to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-5 antigen of Salmonella B serogroup, as determined by electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. All MAbs recognized the same epitope, as determined by an additive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), although IgM MAbs exhibited higher avidity than the IgG MAb. ELISA analyses revealed that all three MAbs reacted with S. typhimurium (LPS O:1, 4, 5, and 12) while failing to recognize S. typhimurium var. copenhagen (LPS O:1, 4, and 12). The MAbs reacted equally with live and heat-attenuated Salmonella B serovars containing LPS O-5 antigen. The ability of the MAbs to detect live bacterial cells was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Treatment of bacteria with cholic acid and extremely low pH did not affect antibody binding to S. typhimurium. However, when S. typhimurium cells were exposed to alkaline conditions prior to reaction with all three MAbs, no binding was observed. The use of MAbs to discriminate between S. typhimurium and S. typhimurium var. copenhagen in meat samples was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Jaradat
- Food Science Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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