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Kämmerer U, Gires O, Pfetzer N, Wiegering A, Klement RJ, Otto C. TKTL1 expression in human malign and benign cell lines. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:2. [PMID: 26187043 PMCID: PMC4506423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-15-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of transketolase-like 1 protein TKTL1 in cancer cells has been reported to correlate with enhanced glycolysis and lactic acid production. Furthermore, enhanced TKTL1 expression was put into context with resistance to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. Here, a panel of human malign and benign cells, which cover a broad range of chemotherapy and radiation resistance as well as reliance on glucose metabolism, was analyzed in vitro for TKTL1 expression. Methods 17 malign and three benign cell lines were characterized according to their expression of TKTL1 on the protein level with three commercially available anti-TKTL1 antibodies utilizing immunohistochemistry and Western blot, as well as on mRNA level with three published primer pairs for RT-qPCR. Furthermore, sensitivities to paclitaxel, cisplatin and ionizing radiation were assessed in cell survival assays. Glucose consumption and lactate production were quantified as surrogates for the “Warburg effect”. Results Considerable amounts of tktl1 mRNA and TKTL1 protein were detected only upon stable transfection of the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 with an expression plasmid for human TKTL1. Beyond that, weak expression of endogenous tktl1 mRNA was measured in the cell lines JAR and U251. Western blot analysis of JAR and U251 cells did not detect TKTL1 at the expected size of 65 kDa with all three antibodies specific for TKTL1 protein and immunohistochemical staining was observed with antibody JFC12T10 only. All other cell lines tested here revealed expression of tktl1 mRNA below detection limits and were negative for TKTL1 protein. However, in all cell lines including TKTL1-negative HEK293-control cells, antibody JFC12T10 detected multiple proteins with different molecular weights. Importantly, JAR and U251 did neither demonstrate an outstanding production of lactic acid nor increased resistance against chemotherapeutics or to ionizing radiation, respectively. Conclusion Using RT-qPCR and three different antibodies we observed only exceptional occurrence of TKTL1 in a panel of malignant human cell lines in vitro. The presence of TKTL1 was unrelated to either the rate of glucose consumption/lactic acid production or resistance against chemo- and radiotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-15-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kämmerer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Str. 4, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nadja Pfetzer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Str. 4, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Apoptosis and Tumour Metabolism Lab, CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Gustav-Adolf-Straße 8, D-97422, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Christoph Otto
- Experimental Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Immunology, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Cho M, Cho TJ, Lim JM, Lee G, Cho J. The establishment of mouse embryonic stem cell cultures on 96-well plates for high-throughput screening. Mol Cells 2013; 35:456-61. [PMID: 23708773 PMCID: PMC3887863 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can be valuable for monitoring differentiation processes and for improving applications in basic developmental biology. The application of ES cells can be a useful tool for drug discovery and toxicology. Therefore, we suggest the high-throughput screening (HTS) system based on ES cells in this study. Firstly, we optimized the feeder-free condition and seeding cell number which can maintained for at least 7 days without over-confluency. We analyzed the system by cell viability, proliferation activity, RT-PCR and morphologic/immunohistochemical evaluations. The optimal cell seeding number was 30/well that was maintained the typical colonial morphology over 9 d with 1,000 U/ml LIF in the limited space. The cell in optimized condition expressed ALP, SSEA-1, Oct 4 and Nanog and the genetic expressions showed similar to protein expressions. The cell lineage marker expressions showed faint or none. The cell viability and proliferation activity were increased in time-dependent manner in our optimized HTS system. In conclusion, the novel HTS system using ES cells can by useful for developing models for drug discovery as well as toxicological screening in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung Cho
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology
- Dental Research Institute
| | - Tae-Jun Cho
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology
- Dental Research Institute
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- World Class University, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
| | - Gene Lee
- Dental Research Institute
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749,
Korea
| | - Jaejin Cho
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology
- Dental Research Institute
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Kleinhans R, Brischwein M, Wang P, Becker B, Demmel F, Schwarzenberger T, Zottmann M, Wolf P, Niendorf A, Wolf B. Sensor-based cell and tissue screening for personalized cancer chemotherapy. Med Biol Eng Comput 2012; 50:117-26. [PMID: 22290601 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-011-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Personalized tumor chemotherapy depends on reliable assay methods, either based on molecular "predictive biomarkers" or on a direct, functional ex vivo assessment of cellular chemosensitivity. As a member of the latter category, a novel high-content platform is described monitoring human mamma carcinoma explants in real time and label-free before, during and after an ex vivo modeled chemotherapy. Tissue explants are sliced with a vibratome and laid into the microreaction chambers of a 24-well sensor test plate. Within these ~23 μl volume chambers, sensors for pH and dissolved oxygen record rates of cellular oxygen uptake and extracellular acidification. Robot-controlled fluid system and incubation are parts of the tissue culture maintenance system while an integrated microscope is used for process surveillance. Sliced surgical explants from breast cancerous tissue generate well-detectable ex vivo metabolic activity. Metabolic rates, in particular oxygen consumption rates have a tendency to decrease over time. Nonetheless, the impact of added drugs (doxorubicin, chloroacetaldehyde) is discriminable. Sensor-based platforms should be evaluated in explorative clinical studies for their suitability to support targeted systemic cancer therapy. Throughput is sufficient for testing various drugs in a range of concentrations while the information content obtained from multiparametric real-time analysis is superior to conventional endpoint assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Kleinhans
- Heinz Nixdorf-Lehrstuhl für Medizinische Elektronik, Technische Universität München, Theresienstrasse 90/N3, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Ona T, Shibata J. Advanced dynamic monitoring of cellular status using label-free and non-invasive cell-based sensing technology for the prediction of anticancer drug efficacy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2505-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Janson V, Behnam-Motlagh P, Henriksson R, Hörstedt P, Engström KG, Grankvist K. PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF EARLY CISPLATIN-INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA CELLS AND THE CORRESPONDENCE TO INDUCED APOPTOSIS. Exp Lung Res 2009; 34:49-67. [DOI: 10.1080/01902140701884398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Frgala T, Kalous O, Proffitt RT, Reynolds CP. A fluorescence microplate cytotoxicity assay with a 4-log dynamic range that identifies synergistic drug combinations. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:886-97. [PMID: 17363483 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytotoxicity assays in 96-well tissue culture plates allow rapid sample handling for multicondition experiments but have a limited dynamic range. Using DIMSCAN, a fluorescence digital image system for quantifying relative cell numbers in tissue culture plates, we have developed a 96-well cytotoxicity assay with a >4-log dynamic range. METHODS To overcome background fluorescence that limits detection of viable cells with fluorescein diacetate, we used 2'4'5'6'-tetrabromofluorescein (eosin Y) to quench background fluorescence in the medium and in nonviable cells to enhance the reduction of background fluorescence achieved with digital image thresholding. The sensitivity and linearity of the new assay were tested with serial dilutions of neuroblastoma and leukemia cell lines. DIMSCAN was compared with other in vitro cytotoxicity assays: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony formation, and trypan blue dye exclusion. RESULTS Without background fluorescence reduction, scans produced a nearly flat curve across various cell concentrations from 100 to 10(6) cells per well. Either digital image thresholding or eosin Y dramatically reduced background fluorescence, and combining them achieved a linear correlation (r > 0.9) of relative fluorescence to viable cell number over >4 logs of dynamic range, even in the presence of 4 x 10(4) nonviable cells per well. Cytotoxicity of deferoxamine for neuroblastoma cell lines measured by the DIMSCAN assay achieved dose-response curves similar to data obtained by manual trypan blue counts or colony formation in soft agar but with a wider dynamic range. Long-term cultures documented the clonogenic ability of viable cells detected by DIMSCAN over the entire dynamic range. The cytotoxicity of two drug combinations (buthionine sulfoximine + melphalan or fenretinide + safingol) was tested using both DIMSCAN and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, and the wider dynamic range of DIMSCAN facilitated detection of synergistic interactions. CONCLUSION DIMSCAN offers the ability to rapidly and efficiently conduct cytotoxicity assays in 96-well plates with a dynamic range of >4 logs. This assay enables rapid testing of anticancer drug combinations in microplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Frgala
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, USC-CHLA Institute for Pediatric Clinical Research, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, MS#57, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Kohler N, Sun C, Wang J, Zhang M. Methotrexate-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles and their intracellular uptake into human cancer cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8858-64. [PMID: 16142971 DOI: 10.1021/la0503451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic nanoparticle conjugate was developed that can potentially serve both as a contrast enhancement agent in magnetic resonance imaging and as a drug carrier in controlled drug delivery, targeted at cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. The conjugate is made of iron oxide nanoparticles covalently bound with methotrexate (MTX), a chemotherapeutic drug that can target many cancer cells whose surfaces are overexpressed by folate receptors. The nanoparticles were first surface-modified with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane to form a self-assembled monolayer and subsequently conjugated with MTX through amidation between the carboxylic acid end groups on MTX and the amine groups on the particle surface. Drug release experiments demonstrated that MTX was cleaved from the nanoparticles under low pH conditions mimicking the intracellular conditions in the lysosome. Cellular viability studies in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) further demonstrated the effectiveness of such chemical cleavage of MTX inside the target cells through the action of intracellular enzymes. The intracellular trafficking model proposed was supported through nanoparticle uptake studies which demonstrated that cells expressing the human folate receptor internalized a higher level of nanoparticles than negative control cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Kohler
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, USA
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Torisawa YSYS, Shiku H, Yasukawa T, Nishizawa M, Matsue T. Multi-channel 3-D cell culture device integrated on a silicon chip for anticancer drug sensitivity test. Biomaterials 2005; 26:2165-72. [PMID: 15576192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional cell culture system was constructed with an array of cell panels (4 x 5) in a silicon chip, together with multi-channel drug containers. Human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells were embedded in a collagen-gel matrix and entrapped in a pyramidal-shaped silicon hole. Each cell panel can be isolated by a channel composed of a microfluid part and a reservoir. A cell panel was exposed to 200 mm KCN for 2 days to demonstrate that each cell panel could be independently evaluated under various stimulation conditions. Based on the cellular respiration activity, the proliferation behavior was continuously monitored on the silicon-based cell array for 5 days using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The cells entrapped in the device (3-D culture) proliferated normally, and the proliferation rate was lower than that of cells grown in a monolayer cell culture (2-D culture). The effects of three anticancer drugs measured simultaneously on the cell chip were in good agreement with those obtained by a conventional colorimetric assay. Our results suggest that the silicon-based device for 3D culture is appropriate for a chemosensitivity assay involving multi-chemical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-S Yu-Suke Torisawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 07, Sendai 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan
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Ulukaya E, Colakogullari M, Wood EJ. Interference by Anti-Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents in the MTT-Tumor Chemosensitivity Assay. Chemotherapy 2004; 50:43-50. [PMID: 15084806 DOI: 10.1159/000077285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2002] [Accepted: 06/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major goals of oncology is to predict the response of patients with cancer to chemotherapeutic agents by employing laboratory methods variously called 'tumor chemosensitivity assays', 'drug response assays', or 'drug sensitivity assays', in vitro. The MTT assay is one of the methods used to predict the drug response in malignancies. However, it may suffer from interference by the anticancer drugs with the MTT assay. METHODS The MTT assay, a colorimetric viability assay, was checked in a cell-free system in terms of its possible chemical interactions with 22 different anticancer drugs. RESULTS It was found that epirubicine, paclitaxel, doxetaxel, and cisplatin caused a relatively significant increase in absorbance values, resulting in the MTT assay giving rise to false results (untrue increase in viability) although most of the drugs tested did not seem to cause any significant change. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that before employing the MTT assay, drugs (or any kind of substances) to be included in the assay should be checked first in terms of possible chemical interactions with MTT, otherwise it may be impossible to evaluate the MTT viability assay results correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Ulukaya
- University of Uludag, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Bursa, Turkey.
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TORISAWA YS, SHIKU H, YASUKAWA T, MATSUE T. Bioassay using living cells integrated on a chip. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitoshi SHIKU
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
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Abstract
Chemotherapy is, on its own or in combination with other treatments, a very effective anticancer therapy. Introduced in the middle of the last century, chemotherapy today still faces the problem of determining which specific agent or agents are able to yield the desired clinical therapeutical effect for a particular tumor and patient. Numerous tests in vitro have been developed to detect chemosensitivity and chemoresistance and also for screening new drugs. Three groups of tests can be defined: 1, cell viability tests; 2, measurements of cell metabolism; and 3, clonogenic assays. Test time, tissue preparation, complexity of test performance, and correlation with the clinical progress of the disease are criteria used to judge how successful the tests are. The introduction of Si-sensor chips, which are able to detect metabolic changes in living cells, has opened up new possibilities in this field. Basically two sensor principles or types can be considered: (a) the light-addressed potentiometric sensor (LAPS) and (b) the multisensor array (MSA). Whereas LAPS measures one, MSA registers online many parameters (for instance, impedance, pH, O2, temperature). The aim of this chapter is to review this technology and to present recent applications using cells, tissue slices, and biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mestres-Ventura
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Deglmann CJ, Metzger R, Stickel M, Hoerrlein S, Schildberg FW, Koebe HG. A new bioassay including a small scale hepatocyte bioreactor for hepato-mediated toxicity testing in a target cell line. Int J Artif Organs 2002; 25:975-84. [PMID: 12456039 DOI: 10.1177/039139880202501012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New approaches for in vitro testing of hepato-mediated toxicity are undertaken to offer alternatives to in vivo animal testing. The described bioassay for hepato-mediated toxicity testing is based on a small scale hepatocyte-bioreactor with pig hepatocytes connected to a silicon sensor based microphysiometer system for monitoring of the extracellular acidification rate (EAR) of cells and the microphysiometer alone. EAR represents the metabolic activity of tested cells (hepatocytes and ZR 751 cells) under the influence of perfused media, compared to controls, which were set to 100%. Cyclophosphamide (CYCL), whose cytostatic effect is dependent on CYP 450 biotransformation was used as a model substrate. CYCL showed decrease of EAR in hepatocytes, but not in ZR 751 cells. Bioreactor supernatant including CYCL was pumped into the microphysiometer and EARs of the target ZR 751 cell line were recorded. After 7 h of bioreactor supernatant perfusion the ZR 751 cell line showed an EAR decrease of 18.68% +/- 10.18, as compared to controls (bioreactor supernatant from the identical set-up without CYCL). Thus the presented model of hepato-activated toxicity showed an EAR decrease in the ZR 751 cell line that reflected the toxic activation of CYCL by the bioreactor. This new bioassay serves as an example of future applications for hepatocyte bioreactors in automated toxicity testing devices, e.g. in preclinical drug studies or evaluation of hepato-mediated toxicity, not depending on cell destruction or further assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Deglmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Germany.
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