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Cirilo MAS, Santos VBS, Lima NKS, Muzi-Filho H, Paixão ADO, Vieyra A, Vieira LD. Reactive oxygen species impair Na+ transport and renal components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system after paraquat poisoning. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230971. [PMID: 38597493 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyl dichloride) is an herbicide widely used worldwide and officially banned in Brazil in 2020. Kidney lesions frequently occur, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) due to exacerbated reactive O2 species (ROS) production. However, the consequences of ROS exposure on ionic transport and the regulator local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) still need to be elucidated at a molecular level. This study evaluated how ROS acutely influences Na+-transporting ATPases and the renal RAAS. Adult male Wistar rats received paraquat (20 mg/kg; ip). After 24 h, we observed body weight loss and elevation of urinary flow and serum creatinine. In the renal cortex, paraquat increased ROS levels, NADPH oxidase and (Na++K+)ATPase activities, angiotensin II-type 1 receptors, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6. In the medulla, paraquat increased ROS levels and NADPH oxidase activity but inhibited (Na++K+)ATPase. Paraquat induced opposite effects on the ouabain-resistant Na+-ATPase in the cortex (decrease) and medulla (increase). These alterations, except for increased serum creatinine and renal levels of TNF-α and interleukin-6, were prevented by 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (tempol; 1 mmol/L in drinking water), a stable antioxidant. In summary, after paraquat poisoning, ROS production culminated with impaired medullary function, urinary fluid loss, and disruption of Na+-transporting ATPases and angiotensin II signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marry A S Cirilo
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Professor Moraes Rego Ave., University City, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Valéria B S Santos
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Professor Moraes Rego Ave., University City, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Natália K S Lima
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Professor Moraes Rego Ave., University City, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Humberto Muzi-Filho
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Center for Research in Precision Medicine, First Floor, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Carlos Chagas Filho Ave., University City, 21941-904 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Ave., University City, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Ave., University City, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana D O Paixão
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Professor Moraes Rego Ave., University City, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Center for Research in Precision Medicine, First Floor, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Carlos Chagas Filho Ave., University City, 21941-904 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Ave., University City, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Ave., University City, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Grande Rio University, 1160 Professor José de Souza Herdy Street, Building C, Second Floor, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leucio D Vieira
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Professor Moraes Rego Ave., University City, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Ave., University City, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Machigov EA, Igonina EV, Sviridova DA, Rubanovich AV, Abilev SK. The Genotoxic Effect of the Paraquat Radiomimetic on Escherichia coli Bacteria. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902212010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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He M, Wu Y, Xie Z, Li Z, Hao L, Liu G, He Q, Liao Y, Ghappar R, Peng H, Xie J, Wei X, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Chen Y, Liang X. Epidemiology of hospitalizations due to pesticide intoxication-associated acute kidney injury in China. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:377-383. [PMID: 34003429 PMCID: PMC8782793 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-02885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of epidemiological data regarding pesticide intoxication-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the epidemiological features, risk factors, and adverse outcomes of AKI in this population. METHODS The data used in this multi-center, hospitalized population-based, retrospective study were retrieved from electronic medical records. AKI was defined as an acute increase in serum creatinine according to the criteria of Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to evaluate the burden of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Of 3,371 adult patients in 11 hospitals, 398 (11.8%) were diagnosed with AKI (grade 1, 218 [6.5%]; grade 2, 89 [2.6%]; grade 3, 91 [2.7%]). Herbicide intoxication was associated with the highest incidence of AKI (53.5%) and higher grades of AKI. After multivariable adjustment, pesticide categories and moderate or severe renal disease were independently associated with AKI. As compared with the referred category, insecticide and herbicide intoxications were associated with a 1.3-fold (95% CI 1.688-3.245) and 3.8-fold (95% CI 3.537-6.586) greater risk of AKI. Regardless of the pesticide category, AKI was independently associated with in-hospital mortality, with odds ratios of 3.433 (95% CI 1.436-8.203) for insecticides, 2.153 (95% CI 1.377-3.367) for herbicides, and 4.524 (95% CI 1.230-16.632) for unclassified or other pesticides. CONCLUSION AKI is common in pesticide intoxication and associated with an increased in-hospital mortality. Herbicides pose the greatest risks of AKI and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Division of Nephrology, Yue Bei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512026, China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Zhilian Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, 523018, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yuanjiang Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Ninth People's Hospital, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Rizwangul Ghappar
- Department of Nephrology, First People's Hospital of Kashgar, Kashgar, 844000, China
| | - Hongwei Peng
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Wanning, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Wanning, 571500, China
| | - Jinglie Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Lufeng People's Hospital, Shanwei, 516500, China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Chongzuo People's Hospital, Chongzuo, 844000, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Second Division of Internal Medicine, Wuhua People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514400, China
| | - Qiongyi Huang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuanhan Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xinling Liang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Kovalchuk N, Jilek JL, Van Winkle LS, Cherrington NJ, Ding X. Role of Lung P450 Oxidoreductase in Paraquat-Induced Collagen Deposition in the Lung. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:219. [PMID: 35204102 PMCID: PMC8868258 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is an agrochemical known to cause pulmonary fibrosis. PQ-induced collagen deposition in the lung is thought to require enzymatic formation of PQ radicals, but the specific enzymes responsible for this bioactivation event in vivo have not been identified. We tested the hypothesis that lung P450 oxidoreductase (POR or CPR) is important in PQ-induced lung fibrosis in mice. A lung-Cpr-null mouse model was utilized, which undergoes doxycycline-induced, Cre recombinase-mediated deletion of the Por gene specifically in airway Club cells and alveolar type 2 cells in the lung. The lungs of lung-Cpr-null mice and their wild-type littermates were collected on day 15 after a single intraperitoneal injection of saline (control) or PQ (20 mg/kg). Lung tissue sections were stained with picrosirius red for detection of collagen fibrils. Fibrotic lung areas were found to be significantly smaller (1.6-fold for males and 1.4-fold for females) in PQ-treated lung-Cpr-null mice than in sex- and treatment-matched wild-type mice. The levels of collagen in lung tissue homogenate were also lower (1.4-2.3-fold; p < 0.05) in PQ-treated lung-Cpr-null mice compared to PQ-treated wild-type mice. In contrast, plasma PQ toxicokinetic profiles were not different between sex-matched wild-type and lung-Cpr-null mice. Taken together, these results indicate that lung POR plays an important role in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Kovalchuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.K.); (J.L.J.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Joseph L. Jilek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.K.); (J.L.J.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Laura S. Van Winkle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Nathan J. Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.K.); (J.L.J.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.K.); (J.L.J.); (N.J.C.)
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Asaduzzaman M, Chando MR, Ahmed N, Rezwanul Islam KM, Alam MMJ, Roy S. Paraquat-induced acute kidney and liver injury: Case report of a survivor from Bangladesh. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e05020. [PMID: 34765204 PMCID: PMC8572334 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high fatality following paraquat ingestion, a few percentages of patients survive even after organ damage appears. We need to focus more on careful clinical and laboratory monitoring. Early diagnosis and Supportive therapy are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman
- Department of MedicineSylhet M.A.G Osmani Medical College HospitalSylhetBangladesh
| | | | - Nasad Ahmed
- Department of MedicineSylhet M.A.G Osmani Medical College HospitalSylhetBangladesh
| | | | | | - Soumitra Roy
- Department of MedicineSylhet M.A.G Osmani Medical College HospitalSylhetBangladesh
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Wijerathna TM, Mohamed F, Gawarammana IB, Wunnapuk K, Dissanayake DM, Shihana F, Buckley NA. Cellular injury leading to oxidative stress in acute poisoning with potassium permanganate/oxalic acid, paraquat, and glyphosate surfactant herbicide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103510. [PMID: 33031936 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on human acute kidney injury (AKI) following poisoning with potassium permanganate/oxalic acid (KMnO4/H2C2O4), paraquat, and glyphosate surfactant herbicide (GPSH) have shown rapid and large increases in serum creatinine (sCr) that cannot be entirely explained by direct nephrotoxicity. One plausible mechanism for a rapid increase in sCr is oxidative stress. Thus, we aimed to explore biomarkers of oxidative stress, cellular injury, and their relationship with sCr, after acute KMnO4/H2C2O4, paraquat, and GPSH poisonings. Serum biomarkers [sCr, creatine (sCn), cystatin C (sCysC)] and urinary biomarkers [cytochrome C (CytoC), 8-isoprostane (8-IsoPs)] were evaluated in 105 patients [H2C2O4/KMnO4 (N = 57), paraquat, (N = 21), GPSH (N = 27)] recruited to a multicenter cohort study. We used area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC-ROC) to quantify the extent of prediction of moderate to severe AKI (acute kidney injury network stage 2/3 (AKIN2/3)). Patients with AKIN2/3 showed increased levels of CytoC. Early high CytoC predicted AKIN2/3 in poisoning with KMnO4/H2C2O4 (AUC-ROC4-8h: 0.81), paraquat (AUC-ROC4-8h: 1.00), and GPSH (AUC-ROC4-8h: 0.91). 8-Isoprostane levels were not significantly elevated. Reduced sCn and increased sCr/sCn ratios were observed for 48 h post KMnO4/H2C2O4 ingestion. Paraquat exhibited a similar pattern (N = 11), however only 3 were included in our study. Increased CytoC suggests there is mitochondrial injury coupled with energy depletion. The increased sCr within 24 h could be due to increased conversion of cellular creatine to creatinine during the process of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation and then efflux from cells. Later increases of sCr are more likely to represent a true decrease in kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini Madushanka Wijerathna
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - Fahim Mohamed
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Australian Kidney Biomarker Reference Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Indika Bandara Gawarammana
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Klintean Wunnapuk
- Toxicology Division, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Fathima Shihana
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Allan Buckley
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
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7
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Abstract
Substances toxic to the kidney are legion in the modern world. The sheer number and variety, their mutual interactions and, metabolism within the body are a challenge to research. Moreover, the kidney is especially prone to injury owing to its physiology. Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by poisonous or primarily nephrotoxic substances, may be community acquired with ingestion or inhalation or nosocomial. Many nephrotoxic plants, animal poisons, medications, chemicals and illicit drugs can induce AKI by varying pathophysiological pathways. Moreover, the epidemiology of toxic AKI varies depending on country, regions within countries, socioeconomic status and health care facilities. In this review, we have selected nephrotoxic insults due to medication, plants, animal including snake venom toxicity, environmental, (agri)chemicals and also illicit drugs. We conclude with a section on diagnosis, clinical presentation and management of poisoning accompanied by various organ dysfunction and AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Petejova
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic.,b Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic.,c Department of Internal Medicine III - Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology , University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Arnost Martinek
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic.,b Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- c Department of Internal Medicine III - Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology , University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Teplan
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic.,d Department of Nephrology , Institute for Postgraduate Education Prague , Vinohrady , Czech Republic
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Gunatilake S, Seneff S, Orlando L. Glyphosate's Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2734. [PMID: 31370256 PMCID: PMC6695815 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a global epidemic. Sri Lanka has experienced a doubling of the disease every 4 or 5 years since it was first identified in the North Central province in the mid-1990s. The disease primarily affects people in agricultural regions who are missing the commonly known risk factors for CKD. Sri Lanka is not alone: health workers have reported prevalence of CKDu in Mexico, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. A global search for the cause of CKDu has not identified a single factor, but rather many factors that may contribute to the etiology of the disease. Some of these factors include heat stroke leading to dehydration, toxic metals such as cadmium and arsenic, fluoride, low selenium, toxigenic cyanobacteria, nutritionally deficient diet and mycotoxins from mold exposure. Furthermore, exposure to agrichemicals, particularly glyphosate and paraquat, are likely compounding factors, and may be the primary factors. Here, we argue that glyphosate in particular is working synergistically with most of the other factors to increase toxic effects. We propose, further, that glyphosate causes insidious harm through its action as an amino acid analogue of glycine, and that this interferes with natural protective mechanisms against other exposures. Glyphosate's synergistic health effects in combination with exposure to other pollutants, in particular paraquat, and physical labor in the ubiquitous high temperatures of lowland tropical regions, could result in renal damage consistent with CKDu in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Gunatilake
- Health Science Department, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Stephanie Seneff
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Laura Orlando
- Environmental Health Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Metabolitic profiling of amino acids in paraquat-induced acute kidney injury. Clin Exp Nephrol 2019; 23:474-483. [PMID: 30859350 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-019-01702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The herbicide paraquat (1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridylium dichloride; PQ) is a poison well-known to cause delayed mortality due to acute kidney injuries (AKI). This study examines the changes in serum amino acids (AAs) metabolite profiles as surrogate markers of renal cell metabolism and function after paraquat poisoning. METHODS To identify the metabolic profiling of free serum AAs and its metabolites, serum from 40 paraquat-poisoned patients with or without AKI is collected. LC-MS/GC-MS is performed to analyze AA molecules. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess for incidence of AKI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is applied to evaluate AKI occurrence and prognosis. RESULTS A total of 102 serum AAs and its metabolites were identified. Compared with non-AKI patients, 37 varied significantly in AKI patients. The univariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis revealed that the estimated PQ amount, plasma PQ concentration, urine PQ concentration, APACHE, SOFA scores and 16 amino acids correlated with the incidence of AKI. Further analyses revealed that 3-methylglutarylcarnitine, 1-methylimidazoleacetate, and urea showed higher cumulative hazard ratios for the occurrence of AKI during follow-up (P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of 3-methylglutarylcarnitine, 1-methylimidazoleacetate and urea were 0.917, 0.857, 0.872, respectively. CONCLUSION 3-methylglutarylcarnitine, 1-methylimidazoleacetate and urea were associated with AKI in patients with paraquat intoxication.
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10
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Effects of AT-RvD1 on paraquat-induced acute renal injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 67:231-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sequential organ failure assessment in predicting mortality after paraquat poisoning: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207725. [PMID: 30444919 PMCID: PMC6239328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is commonly used to determine disease severity and predict prognosis in critically ill patients. However, the prognostic value of SOFA after acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to study the capability of SOFA to predict mortality in patients with PQ poisoning. Databases that included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched through May 2018. Six studies involving 946 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Study-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and then ORs with 95% CIs were pooled for the estimation of the prognostic role of SOFA in patients with PQ poisoning. Results showed that higher SOFA in patients with PQ poisoning was related to severe mortality (OR = 8.14, 95%CI 4.26–15.58, p<0.001). The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic OR, and area under the curve were 72% (95%CI 0.65–0.79), 75% (95%CI 0.65–0.83), 2.9 (95%CI 2.0–4.1), 0.37 (95%CI 0.28–0.41), 8 (95%CI 4–14), and 0.79 (95%CI 0.76–0.83), respectively. No evidence of publication bias was detected by funnel plot analysis and formal statistical tests. Sensitivity analyses showed no important differences in the estimates of effects. The high SOFA score (8.1-fold) was associated with severe mortality in patients with PQ poisoning.
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12
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Predictive value of the maximum serum creatinine value and growth rate in acute paraquat poisoning patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11587. [PMID: 30072769 PMCID: PMC6072775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective and a single-center study evaluated the prognostic value of the maximum serum creatinine value (maxCr) and the maximum serum creatinine growth rate (Vmax) after paraquat (PQ) ingestion. One hundred and seventy-one patients with PQ poisoning were treated with a uniform protocol. Demographic variables, clinical manifestations, relevant laboratory data, maxCr and Vmax of all patients were recorded and calculated. The time after PQ ingestion of maxCr and Vmax were also recorded. Vmax and MaxCr exhibited statistically significant differences between the survivor (n = 53) and death (n = 118) groups. Vmax appeared earlier in the death group than the survivor group. Regard to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, Vmax had an AUC of 0.861 (95% CI, 0.801–0.921) and the optimal cut-off value of 6.21 μmol/(L·h) (sensitivity, 76.3%; specificity, 81.1%). MaxCr had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.821 (95% CI, 0.752–0.889) and the optimal cut-off value of 225.5 µmol/L (sensitivity, 82.2%; specificity, 67.9%). The comparison of the AUC in the two parameters showed no significant difference, but Vmax appeared earlier than maxCr. Based on binary logistic regression analysis, MaxCr and Vmax both showed strong predictive powers for evaluating the prognosis of acute PQ poisoning patients.
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NLRP3 inflammasome activation regulated by NF-κB and DAPK contributed to paraquat-induced acute kidney injury. Immunol Res 2018; 65:687-698. [PMID: 28215032 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat can result in dysfunction of multiple organs after ingestion in human. However, the mechanisms of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in acute kidney injury have not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its regulation by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and death-associated protein kinase (DAPK). Male Wistar rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of paraquat at 20 mg/kg, and NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 was pretreated at 10 mg/kg 1 h before paraquat exposure. Additionally, rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against DAPK to evaluate its role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. DAPK and NLRP3 inflammasome were evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining or Western blot; the pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) were measured via ELISA. The results showed that NF-κB, DAPK, and NLRP3 inflammasome were activated in paraquat (PQ)-treated rat kidney; the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly increased. These toxic effects were attenuated by NF-κB inhibitor. Besides, the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in paraquat-treated rat renal tubular epithelial cells were inhibited by siRNA against DAPK. In conclusion, NLRP3 inflammasome activation regulated by NF-κB and DAPK played an important role in paraquat-induced acute kidney injury.
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Weng CH, Chen HH, Hu CC, Huang WH, Hsu CW, Fu JF, Lin WR, Wang IK, Yen TH. Predictors of acute kidney injury after paraquat intoxication. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51345-51354. [PMID: 28881652 PMCID: PMC5584253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat intoxication is characterized by multi-organ failure, causing substantial mortality and morbidity. Many paraquat patients experience acute kidney injury (AKI), sometimes requiring hemodialysis. We observed 222 paraquat-intoxicated patients between 2000 and 2012, and divided them into AKI (n = 103) and non-AKI (n = 119) groups. The mortality rate was higher for AKI than non-AKI patients (70.1% vs. 40.0%, P < 0.001). Patients with AKI had a longer time to hospital arrival (P = 0.003), lower PaO2 (P = 0.006) and higher alveolar-arterial O2 difference (P < 0.001) 48 h after admission, higher sequential organ failure assessment 48-h score (P < 0.001), higher severity index of paraquat poisoning (SIPP) score (P = 0.016), lower PaCO2 at admission (P = 0.031), higher PaO2 at admission (P = 0.015), lower nadir PaCO2 (P = 0.001) and lower nadir HCO3 (P = 0.004) than non-AKI patients. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that acute hepatitis (P < 0.001), a longer time to hospital arrival (P < 0.001), higher SIPP score (P = 0.026) and higher PaO2 at admission (P = 0.014) were predictors of AKI. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve confirmed that an Acute Kidney Injury Network 48-hour score ≥ 2 predicted AKI necessitating hemodialysis with a sensitivity of 0.6 and specificity of 0.832. AKI is common (46.4%) following paraquat ingestion, and acute hepatitis, the time to hospital arrival, SIPP score and PaO2 at admission were powerful predictors of AKI. Larger studies with longer follow-up durations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Weng
- Department of Nephrology and Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Nephrology and Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Hu
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Huang
- Department of Nephrology and Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Hsu
- Department of Nephrology and Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fen Fu
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - I-Kwan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Department of Nephrology and Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan.,Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
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Mohamed F, Endre Z, Jayamanne S, Pianta T, Peake P, Palangasinghe C, Chathuranga U, Jayasekera K, Wunnapuk K, Shihana F, Shahmy S, Buckley N. Mechanisms underlying early rapid increases in creatinine in paraquat poisoning. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122357. [PMID: 25815837 PMCID: PMC4376530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common after severe paraquat poisoning and usually heralds a fatal outcome. The rapid large increases in serum creatinine (Cr) exceed that which can be explained by creatinine kinetics based on loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Methods and Findings This prospective multi-centre study compared the kinetics of two surrogate markers of GFR, serum creatinine and serum cystatin C (CysC), following paraquat poisoning to understand and assess renal functional loss after paraquat poisoning. Sixty-six acute paraquat poisoning patients admitted to medical units of five hospitals were included. Relative changes in creatinine and CysC were monitored in serial blood and urine samples, and influences of non-renal factors were also studied. Results Forty-eight of 66 patients developed AKI (AKIN criteria), with 37 (56%) developing moderate to severe AKI (AKIN stage 2 or 3). The 37 patients showed rapid increases in creatinine of >100% within 24 hours, >200% within 48 hours and >300% by 72 hours and 17 of the 37 died. CysC concentration increased by 50% at 24 hours in the same 37 patients and then remained constant. The creatinine/CysC ratio increased 8 fold over 72 hours. There was a modest fall in urinary creatinine and serum/urine creatinine ratios and a moderate increase in urinary paraquat during first three days. Conclusion Loss of renal function contributes modestly to the large increases in creatinine following paraquat poisoning. The rapid rise in serum creatinine most probably represents increased production of creatine and creatinine to meet the energy demand following severe oxidative stress. Minor contributions include increased cyclisation of creatine to creatinine because of acidosis and competitive or non-competitive inhibition of creatinine secretion. Creatinine is not a good marker of renal functional loss after paraquat poisoning and renal injury should be evaluated using more specific biomarkers of renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Mohamed
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Group, Professorial Medicine Unit, The Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Nephrology, Prince Of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zoltan Endre
- Department of Nephrology, Prince Of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Shaluka Jayamanne
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Timothy Pianta
- Department of Nephrology, Prince Of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip Peake
- Department of Nephrology, Prince Of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chathura Palangasinghe
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Umesh Chathuranga
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kithsiri Jayasekera
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Klintean Wunnapuk
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fathima Shihana
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Seyed Shahmy
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Nicholas Buckley
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Group, Professorial Medicine Unit, The Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Rifaioglu MM, Sefil F, Gokce H, Nacar A, Dorum BA, Davarci M. Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on the dose-dependent acute nephrotoxicity with paraquat in a rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:375-381. [PMID: 24265188 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), which is used extensively as a potent herbicide throughout the world, is highly toxic in humans. We aimed to determine PQ-induced biochemical and histologic changes in the kidneys, and to evaluate the ability of the protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against PQ-induced injury in rats. Forty-eight rats were divided into eight groups of six: Group 1: Control; Group 2: 10 μmol/kg CAPE; Group 3: 15 mg/kg PQ; Group 4: 30 mg/kg PQ; Group 5: 45 mg/kg PQ; Group 6: 15 mg/kg PQ+CAPE; Group 7: 30 mg/kg PQ+CAPE; Group 8: 45 mg/kg PQ+CAPE. PQ and CAPE were injected intraperitoneally. The levels of the total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined in the supernatants of the excised left kidney. Right kidney tissue of each rat was removed to obtain a histologic score. When PQ-administrated (15, 30, 45) groups compared with other groups, TOS values were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.01). PQ (15, 30, 45) groups had significantly diminished values of TAS than the other groups (p < 0.001). Of histologic score evaluation, only the PQ45 group had a significantly higher value than the sham, and CAPE groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, in CAPE+PQ45 group, the level of histologic score was decreased compared to PQ45 group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the evaluation of the data suggests that CAPE can be used to prevent the acute effects of PQ nephrotoxicity.
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Zhang ZJ, Peng LB, Luo YJ, Zhou CY. Prospective experimental studies on the renal protective effect of ulinastatin after paraquat poisoning. World J Emerg Med 2014; 3:299-304. [PMID: 25215081 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraquat (PQ) is an effective herbicide and is widely used in agricultural production, but PQ poisoning is frequently seen in humans with the lung as the target organ. Currently, there are many studies on lung injury after PQ poisoning. But the kidney as the main excretory organ after PQ poisoning is rarely studied and the mechanisms of this poisoning is not very clear. In this study, we observed the expression of caspase-3 and livin protein in rat renal tissue after PQ poisoning as well as the therapeutic effects of ulinastatin. METHODS Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups: control group (group A), paraquat poisoning group (group B) and ulinastatin group (group C), with 18 rats in each group. Rats in group B and group C were administered intragastrically with 80 mg/kg PQ, rats in group C were injected peritoneally with 100 000 U/kg ulinastatin once a day, while rats in group A were administered intragastrically with the same volume of saline as PQ. At 24, 48, 72 hours after poisoning, the expression of livin in renal tissue was detected by Westen blotting, the expression of caspase-3 was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the rate of renal cell apoptosis was tested by TUNEL detection. The histopathological changes were observed at the same time. RESULTS Compared to group A, the expression of caspase-3 in the renal tissue of rats in groups B and C increased significantly at any time point. Compared with group B, the expression of caspase-3 in renal tissue of rats in group C decreased. Compared with group A, the expression of livin in renal tissue in rats of groups B and C increased significantly at any time point (P<0.01), especially in group C (P<0.01). TUNEL method showed that the rate of renal cell apoptosis index was higher in group B at corresponding time points than in group A (P<0.01), and was lower in group C at corresponding time points than in group B (P<0.01). CONCLUSION UTI has a protective effect on the renal tissue of rats after paraquat poisoning through up-regulating the expression of livin and down-regulating the expression of caspase-3, but the regulation path still needs a further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Zhang
- ICU, Banan District People's Hospital, Chongqing 401320, China
| | - Li-Bo Peng
- ICU, Banan District People's Hospital, Chongqing 401320, China
| | - Ya-Juan Luo
- Emergemcy Medical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Cong-Yang Zhou
- Emergemcy Medical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Fukushima T, Tanaka K, Lim H, Moriyama M. Mechanism of cytotoxicity of paraquat. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 7:89-94. [PMID: 21432289 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.2002.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2002] [Accepted: 03/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute paraquat poisoning seems to be very complex because many possible mechanisms of paraquat cytotoxicity have been reported. Some may not be the cause of paraquat poisoning but the result or an accompanying phenomenon of paraquat action. The mechanism critical for cell damage is still unknown. Paraquat poisoning is probably a combination of several paraquat actions. Arguing which mechanism is more critical may not be important, and these clarified mechanisms should be connected and utilized in the development of treatment for paraquat poisoning. Many people still die of pulmonary fibrosis after paraquat exposure. The next target of study will be to verify the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis by paraquat on the basis of the outcome of studies such as this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhito Fukushima
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, 814-0180, Fukuoka, Japan,
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Djukic MM, Jovanovic MD, Ninkovic M, Stevanovic I, Ilic K, Curcic M, Vekic J. Protective role of glutathione reductase in paraquat induced neurotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 199:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Renal oxygenation suppresses VHL loss-induced senescence that is caused by increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:4595-603. [PMID: 20679489 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01618-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor is regarded as an initiating event in the development of clear-cell renal carcinoma. Surprisingly, loss of VHL induces senescence in mouse fibroblasts in vitro, a response that would restrict development of renal carcinoma in vivo. Typical in vitro cell culture levels of oxygen, however, are significantly higher than physiological levels of oxygen, which have been shown to abrogate senescence induced by many stimuli. Therefore, we investigated the oxygen dependence of VHL loss-induced senescence. Using mouse fibroblasts and primary renal epithelial cells in vitro, we found that VHL loss leads to senescence under atmospheric conditions (21% O(2)), partly through increasing p27 levels, but not under physiological oxygenation (2% to 5% O(2)), despite maintaining increased p27 expression. This suggests that VHL inactivation sensitizes cells to oxidative stress. In support of this concept, senescence following VHL loss depends on p53 activity, which decreases under the less stressful conditions of mild hypoxia. We confirmed these observations in vivo by treating kidney-specific VHL knockout animals with the potent oxidizer paraquat and observed a robust induction of cellular senescence. Together, these data demonstrate that in vivo oxygenation promotes tolerance of VHL loss in renal epithelia, which may promote the development of renal carcinoma.
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Mohammadi-Bardbori A, Ghazi-Khansari M. Alternative electron acceptors: Proposed mechanism of paraquat mitochondrial toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 26:1-5. [PMID: 21783880 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a relatively safe and effective herbicide used all over the world. PQ is very toxic to all living organisms; and many cases of acute poisoning and death have been reported over the past decade. The main suggested potential mechanism for PQ toxicity is the production of superoxide radicals from the metabolism of the PQ by microsomal enzyme systems, and by inducing mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondria are considered to be a major source of reactive oxygen species in cells and according to this hypothesis, PQ, through suitable oxidation and reduction processes, is able to participate in the redox system in mitochondria. The potential ability of PQ to accept electrons from complex (I, II, III, IV) leads to rapid reaction with molecular oxygen to yield superoxide anion which can lead to the formation of more toxic reactive oxygen species, e.g., hydroxyl radical, often taken as the main toxicant. Lipid peroxidation due to PQ has been implicated in a number of deleterious effects such as increased membrane rigidity, osmotic fragility, decreased mitochondrial components, reduced mitochondrial survival and lipid fluidity. The biological effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is controlled by a wide spectrum of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms such as superoxide dismutas (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione. According to this hypothesis, the chemical cascades lead to the reduction of PQ, which reacts quite rapidly with molecular oxygen to yield superoxide anion. The generation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation are the main factors that lead to mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammadi-Bardbori
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, P. O. Box 13145-784, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Samai M, Hague T, Naughton DP, Gard PR, Chatterjee PK. Reduction of paraquat-induced renal cytotoxicity by manganese and copper complexes of EGTA and EHPG. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:711-21. [PMID: 18067869 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide anion generation plays an important role in the development of paraquat toxicity. Although superoxide dismutase mimetics (SODm) have provided protection against organ injury involving generation of superoxide anions, they often suffer problems, e.g., regarding their bioavailability or potential pro-oxidant activity. The aim here was to investigate and compare the therapeutic potential of two novel SODm, manganese(II) and copper(II) complexes of the calcium chelator ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and of the contrast agent ethylenebis(hydroxyphenylglycine) (EHPG), against paraquat-induced renal toxicity in vitro. Incubation of renal NRK-52E cells with paraquat (1 mM) for 24 h produced submaximal, yet significant, reduction in cellular viability and cell death and produced significant increases in superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical generation. Manganese and copper complexes of EGTA (10-100 microM) and EHPG (30-100 microM) reduced paraquat-induced renal cell toxicity and reduced superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical generation significantly. Manganese complexes displayed greater efficacy than copper complexes and, at equivalent concentrations, manganese complexed with EHPG provided the greatest protection. Furthermore, these metal complexes did not interfere with the uptake of [methyl-(14)C]paraquat into NRK-52E cells, suggesting that they provided protection against paraquat cytotoxicity via intracellular mechanisms. These complexes did not display cytotoxicity at the concentrations examined. Together, these results suggest that manganese and copper complexes of EGTA and EHPG, and especially the manganese-EHPG complex, could provide benefit against paraquat nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
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Samai M, Sharpe MA, Gard PR, Chatterjee PK. Comparison of the effects of the superoxide dismutase mimetics EUK-134 and tempol on paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:528-34. [PMID: 17640563 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity involves severe renal cell damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically via increasing concentrations of superoxide anions in the kidney. Recently, superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics (SODm) have been developed that display safe SOD activities but which also possess additional antioxidant enzyme (e.g., catalase) or ROS-scavenging activities. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two such SODm, specifically, EUK-134, a SODm with catalase activity, and tempol, a SODm with ROS-scavenging properties, on paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity of renal NRK-52E cells. Incubation with paraquat (1 mM) for 24 h reduced cell viability and increased necrosis significantly. Paraquat also generated significant quantities of superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. Both EUK-134 (10-300 microM) and tempol (0.3-1.0 mM) were able to improve cell viability and reduced paraquat-induced cell death significantly via dismutation or scavenging of superoxide anions and reduced hydroxyl radical generation. The data presented here suggest that SODm such as EUK-134 and tempol, which possess additional catalase and/or ROS-scavenging activities, can significantly reduce renal cell damage caused by paraquat. These effects were evident at concentrations which avoid the pro-oxidant activities associated with higher concentrations of SOD. Such SODm could therefore prove to be beneficial as therapies for paraquat nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, East Sussex, UK
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Chen CM, Chou HC, Hsu HH, Wang LF. Transforming growth factor-β1 upregulation is independent of angiotensin in paraquat-induced lung fibrosis. Toxicology 2005; 216:181-7. [PMID: 16182431 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) contributes to the fibrosis of injured organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an inducer of TGF-beta1 in cells of the heart and kidneys, and the regulation of TGF-beta1 by Ang II has not yet been confirmed in lung tissue. We evaluated the role of TGF-beta1 and its relationship with Ang II in paraquat-induced lung fibrosis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with paraquat (20mg/kg) or saline in the control group. On days 1, 3, 7, and 21 after paraquat treatment, TGF-beta1 and collagen gene expressions, TGF-beta1 protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, Ang II, and hydroxyproline contents were measured in lung tissue. Lung TGF-beta1 mRNA expression progressively increased and reached a peak on day 7 after paraquat treatment. Increases in TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and TGF-beta1 levels preceded the onset of increased collagen I mRNA expression and hydroxyproline contents. c-myc mRNA expressions were inversely correlated with TGF-beta1 protein levels in paraquat-treated lungs. Lung ACE activity decreased after paraquat administration and the decrement was maximal on day 7. Lung Ang II concentrations immediately decreased after paraquat administration and the values were not related to TGF-beta1 levels. We conclude that TGF-beta1 is upregulated and contribute to the paraquat-induced lung fibrosis and this effect is independent of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nowak G, Carter CA, Schnellmann RG. Ascorbic acid promotes recovery of cellular functions following toxicant-induced injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 167:37-45. [PMID: 10936077 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.8986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) recover cellular functions following sublethal injury induced by the oxidant t-butylhydroperoxide but not by the nephrotoxic cysteine conjugate dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (DCVC). This study investigated whether L-ascorbic acid phosphate (AscP) promotes recovery of RPTC functions following DCVC-induced injury. DCVC exposure (200 microM; 100 min) resulted in 60% RPTC death and loss from the monolayer at 24 h independent of physiological (50 microM) or pharmacological (500 microM) AscP concentrations. Likewise, the DCVC-induced decrease in mitochondrial function (54%), active Na(+) transport (66%), and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity (77%) was independent of the AscP concentration. Analysis of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase protein expression and distribution in the plasma membrane using immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the loss of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase protein from the basolateral membrane of RPTC treated with DCVC. DCVC-injured RPTC cultured in the presence of 50 microM AscP did not proliferate nor recover their physiological functions over time. In contrast, RPTC cultured in the presence of 500 microM AscP proliferated, recovered all examined physiological functions, and the basolateral membrane expression of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase by day 4 following DCVC injury. These results demonstrate that pharmacological concentrations of AscP do not prevent toxicant-induced cell injury and death but promote complete recovery of mitochondrial function, active Na(+) transport, and proliferation following toxicant-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, USA
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Mølck AM, Friis C. Transport of paraquat by isolated renal proximal tubular segments from rabbits. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1998; 83:208-13. [PMID: 9834969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat is a non-selective herbicide, which induces lung, liver and kidney damage in mammalian species. Because paraquat is mainly eliminated by the kidneys, the induced kidney damage may suppress excretion and enhance toxicity of paraquat in other organs. Since proximal tubules appear to be the target segment of the nephron, this study focuses on transport of paraquat by isolated proximal tubular segments from rabbits. Proximal tubules were isolated using a combined magnetic iron perfusion and collagenase method. Incubations were carried out at 25 degrees under 100% oxygen or nitrogen for varying times at different concentrations of paraquat. Proximal tubules accumulated paraquat by a slow process, which was non-saturable in the concentration range (0.1-5 microM) examined. Tubular excretion of cations involves transport across both basolateral and luminal membranes of the cell. The basolateral uptake of paraquat was inhibited by low temperature, low medium pH and quinine. In contrast to quinine, tetraethylammonium enhanced paraquat accumulation probably by trans-stimulating the basolateral uptake. Incubation under nitrogen enhanced paraquat accumulation possibly by reducing the transport out of the cell at the luminal membrane. Thus, this study shows that proximal tubules accumulate paraquat by an active process related to the cation transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mølck
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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