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Matsuo K, Uehara R, Kikukawa T, Waku T, Kobori A, Tamaoki N. Spatiotemporal regulation of CENP-E-guided chromosomes using a fast-relaxing arylazopyrazole photoswitch. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6611-6614. [PMID: 38845591 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
We developed a centromere-associated protein E (CENP-E) inhibitor employing trans to cis photoisomerization with 405 nm visible light illumination and fast thermal relaxation. This photoswitching characteristic of the inhibitor enabled selective blockage or release of the motion of particular chromosomes within a single mitotic cell. Using this technique, we successfully demonstrated targeted chromosome gain and loss in daughter cells by introducing asymmetric chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Matsuo
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ryota Uehara
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomonori Waku
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Akio Kobori
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
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Amrutha AS, Kumar KRS, Kikukawa T, Tamaoki N. Targeted Activation of Molecular Transportation by Visible Light. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12292-12301. [PMID: 29125732 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulated transportation of nanoscale objects with a high degree of spatiotemporal precision is a prerequisite for the development of targeted molecular delivery. In vitro integration of the kinesin-microtubule motor system with synthetic molecules offers opportunities to develop controllable molecular shuttles for lab-on-a-chip applications. We attempted a combination of the kinesin-microtubule motor system with push-pull type azobenzene tethered inhibitory peptides (azo-peptides) through which reversible, spatiotemporal control over the kinesin motor activity was achieved locally by a single, visible wavelength. The fast thermal relaxation of the cis-isomers of azo-peptides offered us quick and complete resetting of the trans-state in the dark, circumventing the requirement of two distinct wavelengths for two-way switching of kinesin-driven microtubule motility. Herein, we report the manipulation of selected, single microtubule movement while keeping other microtubules at complete rest. The photoresponsive inhibitors discussed herein would help in realizing complex bionanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammathnadu S Amrutha
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - K R Sunil Kumar
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
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Inoue K, Tsukamoto T, Sudo Y. Molecular and evolutionary aspects of microbial sensory rhodopsins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:562-77. [PMID: 23732219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinal proteins (~rhodopsins) are photochemically reactive membrane-embedded proteins, with seven transmembrane α-helices which bind the chromophore retinal (vitamin A aldehyde). They are widely distributed through all three biological kingdoms, eukarya, bacteria and archaea, indicating the biological significance of the retinal proteins. Light absorption by the retinal proteins triggers a photoisomerization of the chromophore, leading to the biological function, light-energy conversion or light-signal transduction. This article reviews molecular and evolutionary aspects of the light-signal transduction by microbial sensory receptors and their related proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Retinal Proteins - You can teach an old dog new tricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Inoue
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan; Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan.
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Tateishi Y, Abe T, Tamogami J, Nakao Y, Kikukawa T, Kamo N, Unno M. Spectroscopic Evidence for the Formation of an N Intermediate during the Photocycle of Sensory Rhodopsin II (Phoborhodopsin) from Natronobacterium pharaonis. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2135-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1019572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tateishi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jun Tamogami
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8578, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8578, Japan
| | - Masashi Unno
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Nakao Y, Kikukawa T, Shimono K, Tamogami J, Kimitsuki N, Nara T, Unno M, Ihara K, Kamo N. Photochemistry of a putative new class of sensory rhodopsin (SRIII) coded by xop2 of Haloarcular marismortui. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 102:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Suzuki D, Irieda H, Homma M, Kawagishi I, Sudo Y. Phototactic and chemotactic signal transduction by transmembrane receptors and transducers in microorganisms. SENSORS 2010; 10:4010-39. [PMID: 22319339 PMCID: PMC3274258 DOI: 10.3390/s100404010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms show attractant and repellent responses to survive in the various environments in which they live. Those phototaxic (to light) and chemotaxic (to chemicals) responses are regulated by membrane-embedded receptors and transducers. This article reviews the following: (1) the signal relay mechanisms by two photoreceptors, Sensory Rhodopsin I (SRI) and Sensory Rhodopsin II (SRII) and their transducers (HtrI and HtrII) responsible for phototaxis in microorganisms; and (2) the signal relay mechanism of a chemoreceptor/transducer protein, Tar, responsible for chemotaxis in E. coli. Based on results mainly obtained by our group together with other findings, the possible molecular mechanisms for phototaxis and chemotaxis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan; E-Mails: (D.S.); (H.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Hiroki Irieda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan; E-Mails: (D.S.); (H.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Michio Homma
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan; E-Mails: (D.S.); (H.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Ikuro Kawagishi
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan; E-Mail: (I.K.)
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan; E-Mails: (D.S.); (H.I.); (M.H.)
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-52-789-2993; Fax: +81-52-789-3001
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Verhoefen MK, Lenz MO, Amarie S, Klare JP, Tittor J, Oesterhelt D, Engelhard M, Wachtveitl J. Primary Reaction of Sensory Rhodopsin II Mutant D75N and the Influence of Azide. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9677-83. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901197c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirka-Kristin Verhoefen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max von Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin O. Lenz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max von Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sergiu Amarie
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max von Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johann P. Klare
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jörg Tittor
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dieter Oesterhelt
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Engelhard
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max von Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Iwamoto M, Sudo Y, Shimono K, Kamo N. Illumination Accelerates the Decay of the O-intermediate of pharaonis Phoborhodopsin (Sensory Rhodopsin II)¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760462iatdot2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Roy S, Kikukawa T, Sharma P, Kamo N. All-Optical Switching in Pharaonis Phoborhodopsin Protein Molecules. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2006; 5:178-87. [PMID: 16999243 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2006.880828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low-power all-optical switching with pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR) protein is demonstrated based on nonlinear excited-state absorption at different wavelengths. A modulating pulsed 532-nm laser beam is shown to switch the transmission of a continuous-wave signal light beam at: 1) 390 nm; 2) 500 nm; 3) 560 nm; and 4) 600 nm, respectively. Simulations based on the rate equation approach considering all seven states in the ppR photocycle are in good agreement with experimental results. It is shown that the switching characteristics at 560 and 600 nm, respectively, can exhibit negative to positive switching. The switching characteristics at 500 nm can be inverted by increasing the signal beam intensity. The profile of switched signal beam is also sensitive to the modulating pulse frequency and signal beam intensity and wavelength. The switching characteristics are also shown to be sensitive to the lifetimes of ppR(M) and ppR(O) intermediates. The results show the applicability of ppR as a low-power wavelength tunable all-optical switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdev Roy
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Deemed University, Agra 282 005, India.
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Iwamoto M, Sudo Y, Shimono K, Araiso T, Kamo N. Correlation of the O-intermediate rate with the pKa of Asp-75 in the dark, the counterion of the Schiff base of Pharaonis phoborhodopsin (sensory rhodopsin II). Biophys J 2004; 88:1215-23. [PMID: 15533927 PMCID: PMC1305124 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.045583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR), also called pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II, NpSRII, is a photoreceptor of negative phototaxis in Natronomonas (Natronobacterium) pharaonis. The photocycle rate of ppR is slow compared to that of bacteriorhodopsin, despite the similarity in their x-ray structures. The decreased rate of the photocycle of ppR is a result of the longer lifetime of later photo-intermediates such as M- (ppR(M)) and O-intermediates (ppR(O)). In this study, mutants were prepared in which mutated residues were located on the extracellular surface (P182, P183, and V194) and near the Schiff base (T204) including single, triple (P182S/P183E/V194T), and quadruple mutants. The decay of ppR(O) of the triple mutant was accelerated approximately 20-times from 690 ms for the wild-type to 36 ms. Additional mutation resulting in a triple mutant at the 204th position such as T204C or T204S further decreased the decay half-time to 6.6 or 8 ms, almost equal to that of bacteriorhodopsin. The decay half-times of the ppR(O) of mutants (11 species) and those of the wild-type were well-correlated with the pK(a) value of Asp-75 in the dark for the respective mutants as spectroscopically estimated, although there are some exceptions. The implications of these observations are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Iwamoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems, Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Hein M, Wegener AA, Engelhard M, Siebert F. Time-resolved FTIR studies of sensory rhodopsin II (NpSRII) from Natronobacterium pharaonis: implications for proton transport and receptor activation. Biophys J 2003; 84:1208-17. [PMID: 12547800 PMCID: PMC1302696 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocycle of the photophobic receptor from Natronobacterium pharaonis, NpSRII, is studied by static and time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Both low-temperature static and time-resolved spectra resolve a K-like intermediate, and the corresponding spectra show little difference within the noise of the time-resolved data. As compared to intermediate K of bacteriorhodopsin, relatively large amide I bands indicate correspondingly larger distortions of the protein backbone. The time-resolved spectra identify an intermediate L-like state with surprisingly small additional molecular alterations. With the formation of intermediate M, the Schiff-base proton is transferred to the counterion Asp-75. This state is characterized by larger amide bands indicating larger distortions of the protein. We can identify a second M state that differs only in small-protein bands. Reisomerization of the chromophore to all-trans occurs with the formation of intermediate O. The accelerated decay of intermediate M caused by azide results in another red-shifted intermediate with a protonated Schiff base. The chromophore in this state, however, still has 13-cis geometry. Nevertheless, the reisomerization is still as slow as under the conditions without azide. The results are discussed with respect to mechanisms of the observed proton pumping and the possible roles of the intermediates in receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hein
- Sektion Biophysik, Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert Ludwigs Universität, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Iwamoto M, Sudo Y, Shimono K, Kamo N. Illumination accelerates the decay of the O-intermediate of pharaonis phoborhodopsin (sensory rhodopsin II). Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:462-6. [PMID: 12405157 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0462:iatdot>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR, also called pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II [psRII]) is a member of the archaeal rhodopsin family and acts as a repellent phototaxis receptor of Natronobacterium pharaonis. Upon illumination, ppR is excited and undergoes a linear cyclic photoreaction, namely, a photocycle that constitutes photointermediates such as M- and O-intermediates (ppRM and ppRO, respectively). Under a constant background illumination (>600 nm) that irradiates ppRO, the decay rate of the flash-induced ppRO increased with an increase in the background light intensity, indicating the photoreactivity of ppRO. Azide did not influence the light-accelerated ppRO decay, but the time required for the cycle to be completed became shortened in an azide concentration-dependent manner because of acceleration of ppRM decay. Hence, the turnover rate of photocycling increased appreciably in the presence of both the background illumination and the azide. The observation reported previously (Schmies, G. et al. 2000, Biophys. J. 78:967-976) is discussed in connection with the present observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Iwamoto
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Klare JP, Schmies G, Chizhov I, Shimono K, Kamo N, Engelhard M. Probing the proton channel and the retinal binding site of Natronobacterium pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II. Biophys J 2002; 82:2156-64. [PMID: 11916871 PMCID: PMC1302009 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory rhodopsin II from Natronobacterium pharaonis (NpSRII) was mutated to try to create functional properties characteristic of bacteriorhodopsin (BR), the proton pump from Halobacterium salinarum. Key residues from the cytoplasmic and extracellular proton transfer channel of BR as well as from the retinal binding site were chosen. The single site mutants L40T, F86D, P183E, and T204A did not display altered function as determined by the kinetics of their photocycles. However, the photocycle of each of the subsequent multisite mutations L40T/F86D, L40T/F86D/P183E, and L40T/F86D/P183E/T204A was quite different from that of the wild-type protein. The reprotonation of the Schiff base could be accelerated approximately 300- to 400-fold, to approximately two to three times faster than the corresponding reaction in BR. The greatest effect is observed for the quadruple mutant in which Thr-204 is replaced by Ala. This result indicates that mutations affecting conformational changes of the protein might be of decisive importance for the creation of BR-like functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann P Klare
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Sudo Y, Iwamoto M, Shimono K, Kamo N. Association of pharaonis phoborhodopsin with its cognate transducer decreases the photo-dependent reactivity by water-soluble reagents of azide and hydroxylamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1558:63-9. [PMID: 11750265 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(01)00423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR; also pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II, psRII) is a receptor of the negative phototaxis of Natronobacterium pharaonis. In halobacterial membrane, ppR forms a complex with its transducer pHtrII, and this complex transmits the light signal to the sensory system in the cytoplasm. In the present work, the truncated transducer, t-Htr, was used which interacts with ppR [Sudo et al. (2001) Photochem. Photobiol. 74, 489-494]. Two water-soluble reagents, hydroxylamine and azide, reacted both with the transducer-free ppR and with the complex ppR/t-Htr (the complex between ppR and its truncated transducer). In the dark, the bleaching rates caused by hydroxylamine were not significantly changed between transducer-free ppR and ppR/t-Htr, or that of the free ppR was a little slower. Illumination accelerated the bleach rates, which is consistent with our previous conclusion that the reaction occurs selectively at the M-intermediate, but the rate of the complex was about 7.4-fold slower than that of the transducer-free ppR. Azide accelerated the M-decay, and its reaction rate of ppR/t-Htr was about 4.6-fold slower than free ppR. These findings suggest that the transducer binding decreases the water accessibility around the chromophore at the M-intermediate. Its implication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sudo
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Iwamoto M, Sudo Y, Shimono K, Kamo N. Selective reaction of hydroxylamine with chromophore during the photocycle of pharaonis phoborhodopsin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1514:152-8. [PMID: 11513812 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(01)00380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phoborhodopsin (pR; also called sensory rhodopsin II, sRII) is a receptor of negative phototaxis of Halobacterium salinarum, and pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR; also pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II, psRII) is a corresponding protein of Natronobacterium pharaonis. These receptors contain retinal as a chromophore which binds to a lysine residue via Schiff base. This Schiff base can be cleaved with hydroxylamine to loose their color (bleaching). In dark, the bleaching rate of ppR was very slow whereas illumination accelerated considerably the bleaching rate. Addition of azide accelerated the decay of the M-intermediate while its formation (decay of the L-intermediate) is not affected. The bleaching rate of ppR under illumination was decreased by addition of azide. Essentially no reactivity with hydroxylamine under illumination was observed in the case of D75N mutant which lacks the M-intermediate in its photocycle. Moreover, we provided illumination by flashes to ppR in the presence of varying concentrations of azide to measure the bleaching rate per one flash. A good correlation was obtained between the rate and the mean residence time, MRT, which was calculated from flash photolysis data of the M-decay. These findings reveal that water-soluble hydroxylamine reacts selectively with the M-intermediate and its implication was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwamoto
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Sudo Y, Iwamoto M, Shimono K, Sumi M, Kamo N. Photo-induced proton transport of pharaonis phoborhodopsin (sensory rhodopsin II) is ceased by association with the transducer. Biophys J 2001; 80:916-22. [PMID: 11159458 PMCID: PMC1301289 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)76070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoborhodopsin (pR; also sensory rhodopsin II, sRII) is a retinoid protein in Halobacterium salinarum and works as a receptor of negative phototaxis. Pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR; also pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II, psRII) is a corresponding protein of Natronobacterium pharaonis. In bacterial membrane, ppR forms a complex with its transducer pHtrII, and this complex transmits the light signal to the sensory system in the cytoplasm. We expressed pHtrII-free ppR or ppR-pHtrII complex in H. salinarum Pho81/wr(-) cells. Flash-photolysis experiments showed no essential changes between pHtrII-free ppR and the complex. Using SnO2 electrode, which works as a sensitive pH electrode, and envelope membrane vesicles, we showed the photo-induced outward proton transport. This membranous proton transport was also shown using membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli in which ppR was functionally expressed. On the other hand, the proton transport was ceased when ppR formed a complex with pHtrII. Using membrane sheet, it was shown that the complex undergoes first proton uptake and then release during the photocycle, the same as pHtrII-free ppR, although the net proton transport ceases. Taking into consideration that the complex of sRII (pR) and its transducer undergoes extracellular proton circulation (J. Sasaki and J. L., Biophys. J. 77:2145-2152), we inferred that association with pHtrII closes a cytoplasmic channel of ppR, which lead to the extracellular proton circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sudo
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Abstract
The retinal protein phoborhodopsin (pR) (also called sensory rhodopsin II) is a specialized photoreceptor pigment used for negative phototaxis in halobacteria. Upon absorption of light, the pigment is transformed into a short-wavelength intermediate, M, that most likely is the signaling state (or its precursor) that triggers the motility response of the cell. The M intermediate thermally decays into the initial pigment, completing the cycle of transformations. In this study we attempted to determine whether M can be converted into the initial state by light. The M intermediate was trapped by the illumination of a water glycerol suspension of phoborhodopsin from Natronobacterium pharaonis called pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR) with yellow light (>450 nm) at -50 degrees C. The M intermediate absorbing at 390 nm is stable in the dark at this temperature. We found, however, that M is converted into the initial (or spectrally similar) state with an absorption maximum at 501 nm upon illumination with 380-nm light at -60 degrees C. The reversible transformations ppR if M are accompanied by the perturbation of tryptophan(s) and probably tyrosine(s) residues, as reflected by changes in the UV absorption band. Illumination at lower temperature (-160 degrees C) reveals two intermediates in the photoconversion of M, which we termed M' (or M'(404)) and ppR' (or ppR'(496)). A third photoproduct, ppR'(504), is formed at -110 degrees C during thermal transformations of M'(404) and ppR'(496). The absorption spectrum of M'(404) (maximum at 404 nm) consists of distinct vibronic bands at 362, 382, 404, and 420 nm that are different from the vibronic bands of M at 348, 368, 390, and 415 nm. ppR'(496) has an absorption band that is shifted to shorter wavelengths by 5 nm compared to the initial ppR, whereas ppR'(504) is redshifted by at least 3 nm. As in bacteriorhodopsin, photoexcitation of the M intermediate of ppR and, presumably, photoisomerization of the chromophore during the M --> M' transition result in a dramatic increase in the proton affinity of the Schiff base, followed by its reprotonation during the M' --> ppR' transition. Because the latter reaction occurs at very low temperature, the proton is most likely taken from the counterion (Asp(75)) rather than from the bulk. The phototransformation of M reveals a certain heterogeneity of the pigment, which probably reflects different populations of M or its photoproduct M'. Photoconversion of the M intermediate provides a possible pathway for photoreception in halobacteria and a useful tool for studying the mechanisms of signal transduction by phoborhodopsin (sensory rhodopsin II).
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Balashov
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA.
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Schmies G, Lüttenberg B, Chizhov I, Engelhard M, Becker A, Bamberg E. Sensory rhodopsin II from the haloalkaliphilic natronobacterium pharaonis: light-activated proton transfer reactions. Biophys J 2000; 78:967-76. [PMID: 10653809 PMCID: PMC1300699 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work the light-activated proton transfer reactions of sensory rhodopsin II from Natronobacterium pharaonis (pSRII) and those of the channel-mutants D75N-pSRII and F86D-pSRII are investigated using flash photolysis and black lipid membrane (BLM) techniques. Whereas the photocycle of the F86D-pSRII mutant is quite similar to that of the wild-type protein, the photocycle of D75N-pSRII consists of only two intermediates. The addition of external proton donors such as azide, or in the case of F86D-pSRII, imidazole, accelerates the reprotonation of the Schiff base, but not the turnover. The electrical measurements prove that pSRII and F86D-pSRII can function as outwardly directed proton pumps, whereas the mutation in the extracellular channel (D75N-pSRII) leads to an inwardly directed transient current. The almost negligible size of the photostationary current is explained by the long-lasting photocycle of about a second. Although the M decay, but not the photocycle turnover, of pSRII and F86D-pSRII is accelerated by the addition of azide, the photostationary current is considerably increased. It is discussed that in a two-photon process a late intermediate (N- and/or O-like species) is photoconverted back to the original resting state; thereby the long photocycle is cut short, giving rise to the large increase of the photostationary current. The results presented in this work indicate that the function to generate ion gradients across membranes is a general property of archaeal rhodopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schmies
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Iwamoto M, Shimono K, Sumi M, Koyama K, Kamo N. Light-Induced Proton Uptake and Release of pharaonis Phoborhodopsin Detected by a Photoelectrochemical Cell. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Iwamoto
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Ashigara Research Laboratories, Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Kazumi Shimono
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Ashigara Research Laboratories, Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Masato Sumi
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Ashigara Research Laboratories, Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Koichi Koyama
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Ashigara Research Laboratories, Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamo
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and Ashigara Research Laboratories, Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minamiashigara, Japan
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