1
|
Optimizing plant density and balancing NPK inputs in combination with innovative fertilizer product for sustainable maize production in North China Plain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10279. [PMID: 35717410 PMCID: PMC9206663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive NPK inputs but low grain yield and high environmental impact are common issues in maize production in North China Plain (NCP). The objective of our study was to test whether a combined strategy of optimizing plant density, balancing NPK input, and innovating one-time fertilizer products could achieve a more sustainable maize production in NCP. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at Luanna County NCP with the treatments of unfertilized control (CK), farmer practice (FP, conventional plant density and NPK input), conventional one-time urea-based coated fertilizer (CF, optimized plant density and NPK input), and five newly designed innovative one-time NPK fertilizers of ammonium sulphate and urea synergy (IF, optimized plant density and NPK input), innovative fertilizer with various additives of urea inhibitors (IF + UI), double inhibitors (IF + DI), micro-organisms (IF + MI), and trace elements (IF + TE). The grain yield, N sustainability indicators (N use efficiency NUE, partial factor productivity of N PFPN, and N surplus), and cost-benefits analysis were examined over the maize growing season of 2020. Results had shown that on average the five innovative fertilizers (IF, IF + UI, IF + DI, IF + MI, and IF + TE) and CF that had optimized plant density and NPK input achieved 13.5%, 98.6%, 105.9%, 37.4% higher yield, PFPN, NUE, net-benefits as well as 207.1% lower N surplus compared with FP respectively. Notably, the innovative fertilizer with various effective additives (IF + UI, IF + DI, IF + MI, and IF + TE) which can be commonly found in the fertilizer market hadn’t resulted in a significant improvement in yield and NUE rather a greater cost and lower net benefits in comparison to IF. In summary, our study highlighted the effectiveness of the combined strategy of optimized plant density, balancing NPK input, and innovative NPK fertiliser on sustainable maize production in NCP, however, the innovative fertilisers with effective additives should be properly selected for better economic benefits.
Collapse
|
2
|
Arndt C, Misselbrook TH, Vega A, Gonzalez-Quintero R, Chavarro-Lobo JA, Mazzetto AM, Chadwick DR. Measured ammonia emissions from tropical and subtropical pastures: A comparison with 2006 IPCC, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC, and EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme and European Environmental Agency) inventory estimates. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6706-6715. [PMID: 32448577 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture is the largest source of ammonia (NH3) emissions. As NH3 is an indirect greenhouse gas, NH3 measurements are crucial to improving greenhouse gas emission inventory estimates. Moreover, NH3 emissions have wider implications for environmental and human health. Only a few studies have measured NH3 emissions from pastures in the tropics and subtropics and none has compared emissions to inventory estimates. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure NH3 emissions from dairy pastures in tropical and subtropical regions; (2) calculate NH3 emissions factors (EF) for each campaign; and (3) compare measured EF with those based on the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Tier 1, and the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environmental Agency (EMPE/EEA) Tier 2 inventory estimates. Pasture NH3 emissions were measured on 3 dairy farms in Costa Rica. On each dairy, NH3 emissions were measured twice during the wet season and once during the dry season using a micrometeorological integrated horizontal-flux mass-balance method. Emissions were measured from excreta (dung and urine) deposited by grazing cattle and the subsequent application of organic (slurry) or synthetic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate or urea). Measured EF for all campaigns [from grazing cattle excreta and any subsequent slurry or fertilizer application; 4.9 ± 0.9% of applied nitrogen (mean ± SE)] were similar to those of the EMEP/EEA Tier 2 approach (6.1 ± 0.9%; mean ± SE) and 4 times lower than 2006 IPCC and 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC Tier 1 default estimates (17.7 ± 1.4 and 18.2 ± 0.9%, respectively; mean ± SE). Measured EF for excreta deposited on pasture and excreta both deposited on pasture and slurry application [3.9 ± 2.1 and 4.2 ± 2.1% (mean ± 95% CI), respectively] were 5 times lower than default EF assumed by 2006 IPCC and 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC methodology (both 20 and 21%, respectively), whereas EMEP/EAA estimates were similar [6.0 and 4.6 ± 0.3% (mean ± 95% CI), respectively]. This suggests an overestimation of EF from excreta deposited on pasture and slurry applications in tropical and subtropical regions by IPCC methodologies. Furthermore, rainfall, which is not included as a parameter in the current EMEP/EEA Tier 2 methodology, appeared to reduce NH3 emissions, suggesting that accounting for this in the inventory methodologies could improve inventory estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arndt
- Programa de Agricultura, Ganadería y Agroforestería, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Cartago, 30501, Costa Rica; Grupo de investigación: Cambio climático y ganadería, Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, 15025, Peru.
| | - Tom H Misselbrook
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Vega
- Programa de Agricultura, Ganadería y Agroforestería, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Cartago, 30501, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Andre M Mazzetto
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwnedd, LL59 5TH, United Kingdom; AgResearch, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7674, New Zealand
| | - Dave R Chadwick
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwnedd, LL59 5TH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aarons SR, Gourley CJP, Powell JM. Nutrient Intake, Excretion and Use Efficiency of Grazing Lactating Herds on Commercial Dairy Farms. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030390. [PMID: 32121042 PMCID: PMC7143236 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Excess nutrients on dairy farms can affect soil and animal health and have negative impacts on the environment. More nutrients are usually brought onto farms in animal feed than in fertilizer and, as dairy cows do not efficiently use feed nutrients to produce milk, most consumed nutrients are excreted in dung and urine. Estimating nutrients excreted by cows relies on measuring feed and nutrient intake. However, measuring pasture nutrients consumed by cows that graze on commercial farms is complicated. We modified the ‘Feeding Standards’ approach to estimate daily pasture dry matter and nutrient intake and nutrients excreted using data and samples readily available on commercial dairy farms. These data were collected on five visits in different seasons from 43 grazing system farms located in diverse climatic zones. Although these herds graze daily, the lactating cows only obtained slightly more than half their dry matter intake from pasture. Each day, on average, we estimated that a grazing cow excretes 433 g nitrogen, 61 g phosphorus, 341 g potassium, 44 g sulphur, 92 g calcium and 52 g magnesium on these farms. Using this approach to estimate nutrients excreted by grazing animals on dairy farms can assist farmers improve nutrient distribution and fertilizer requirements. Abstract Estimating excreted nutrients is important for farm nutrient management, but seldom occurs on commercial grazing system farms due to difficulties in quantifying pasture intake. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) intake, excretion and use efficiency of 43 commercial dairy herds grazing pasture were calculated to understand the range in nutrient intake and excretion in these systems. Milk production, feed (grazed and supplement), as well as farm and herd management data were collected quarterly on representative farms located in temperate, arid, subtropical and tropical regions of Australia. Lactating herd sizes on these farms averaged 267 (30 to 1350) cows, with an average daily milk yield of 22 (9 to 36) kg/cow per day and the herds walked from <0.01 to 4 km/day on a variety of terrains. The mean total metabolizable energy (ME) required by cows in the herds was estimated to be 195 (116 to 289) MJ/cow per day. Although these farms are considered grazing systems, feeding strategies ranged from total dependence on pasture to total mixed rations (TMRTMR) and consisted of a wide variety of nutrient and energy contents. Mean pasture dry matter intake (DMI) (9 kg/cow per day, from 0.1 to 22 kg/cow per day) was just over half of total DMI. Dietary concentration of crude protein, P, K, S, Ca and Mg concentrations were, on average, 19%, 0.45%, 2.1%, 0.29%, 0.65%, and 0.3%, respectively, for all herds and, except for N, supplement nutrient concentrations were always more variable than pasture. Approximately 72% and 88% of diets provided greater than recommended P and N intakes, respectively. Calculated mean N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg excretions were 433, 61, 341, 44, 92 and 52 g/cow per day, respectively. Of the farm characteristics examined, residual maximum likelihood (REML) analysis indicated that daily excreted N, P and S were significantly related to per ha milk production, and excreted P, K and Mg were related to percentage of herd DMI provided as supplement. Mean use efficiencies by cows of N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg were 21%, 25%, 9%, 16%, 23% and 4%, respectively. These estimates of nutrient excretion and feed nutrient use efficiencies can be used to improve nutrient management on grazing system commercial dairy farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Aarons
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Ellinbank Dairy Centre, Victorian Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-4-1703-6998
| | - Cameron J. P. Gourley
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Ellinbank Dairy Centre, Victorian Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia;
| | - J. Mark Powell
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1925 Linden Drive West, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Bosma PM, Lantinga EA, Reijs JW. Modeling the Effect of Nutritional Strategies for Dairy Cows on the Composition of Excreta Nitrogen. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
5
|
Gaillard C, Bhatti HS, Novoa-Garrido M, Lind V, Roleda MY, Weisbjerg MR. Amino acid profiles of nine seaweed species and their in situ degradability in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
6
|
Ahmed A, Sohi R, Roohi R, Jois M, Raedts P, Aarons SR. Spatially and temporally variable urinary N loads deposited by lactating cows on a grazing system dairy farm. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 215:166-176. [PMID: 29571097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Feed nitrogen (N) intakes in Australian grazing systems average 545 g cow-1 day-1, indicating that urinary N is likely to be the dominant form excreted. Grazing animals spend disproportionate amounts of time in places on dairy farms where N accumulation is likely to occur. We attached to grazing cows sensors that measure urine volume and N concentration, as well as global positioning systems sensors used to monitor the times the cows spent in different places on a farm and the location of urination events. The cows were monitored for up to 72 h in each of two seasons. More urination events and greater urine volumes per event were recorded in spring 2014 (3.1 L) compared with winter 2015 (1.4 L), most likely influenced by environmental conditions and the greater spring rainfall observed. Mean (range) N concentration (0.71%; 0.02 to 1.52%) and N load (12.8 g cow-1 event-1; 0.3 to 64.5 g cow-1 event-1) did not differ over the two monitoring periods. However, mean (range) daily N load was greater in spring (277 g cow-1 day-1; 200 to 346 g cow-1 day-1) than in winter (90 g cow-1 day-1; 44 to 116 g cow-1 day-1) due to the influence of urine volume. Relatively greater time was spent in paddocks overnight (13.3 h) than in paddocks between morning and evening milking (6.4 h), compared with the mean numbers of urinations in these places (6.4 and 3.8 respectively). The mean N load deposited overnight in paddocks (89.6 g cow-1) was more than twice that deposited in paddocks during the day (43.8 g cow-1), due to the greater N load per event overnight, and was more closely linked to the relative difference in time spent in paddocks than in the number of urination events. These data suggest that routinely holding cows in the same paddocks overnight will lead to high urinary N depositions, increasing the potential for N losses from these places. Further research using this technology is required to acquire farm and environment specific urinary data to improve N management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awais Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Rajneet Sohi
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Rakhshan Roohi
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Markandeya Jois
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Peter Raedts
- Dairy Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Cradle Coast Campus, 16-20 Mooreville Road, Box 3523, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia
| | - Sharon R Aarons
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cônsolo N, Gandra J, Gardinal R, Freitas Júnior J, Takiya C, Rennó F, Pereira A. Effect of different dietary inclusion levels of whole raw soyabean
on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization in Nelore steers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/80904/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Nudda A, Correddu F, Atzori A, Marzano A, Battacone G, Nicolussi P, Bonelli P, Pulina G. Whole exhausted berries of Myrtus communis L. supplied to dairy ewes: Effects on milk production traits and blood metabolites. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Segato S, Marchesini G, Andrighetto I. A comparison of nitrogen use efficiency and surplus in two dairy farms typologies. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s3.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Xiccato G, Schiavon S, Gallo L, Bailoni L, Bittante G. Nitrogen excretion in dairy cow, beef and veal cattle, pig, and rabbit farms in Northern Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2005.3s.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Alstrup L, Weisbjerg M, Hymøller L, Larsen M, Lund P, Nielsen M. Milk production response to varying protein supply is independent of forage digestibility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4412-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Hymøller L, Alstrup L, Larsen M, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. High-quality forage can replace concentrate when cows enter the deposition phase without negative consequences for milk production. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4433-43. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Helander C, Nørgaard P, Arnesson A, Nadeau E. Effects of chopping grass silage and of mixing silage with concentrate on feed intake and performance in pregnant and lactating ewes and in growing lambs. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
15
|
Kebreab E, Moraes L, Strathe A, Fadel J. Technological innovations in animal production related to environmental sustainability. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402012000400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to FAO, meat production will double by 2050 to meet the demand of growing and more affluent population. The soaring demand presents an environmental challenge for intensive animal production. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), particularly methane (CH4) increases as animal numbers increase, however, mitigation strategies such as dietary manipulation (e.g., lipid supplementation), ionophores, defaunation and biotechnologies can be used to reduce emissions per animal. Emissions from manure storage can also be reduced using biological and thermochemical conversion technologies with added benefit of producing bio-energy while treating livestock wastes. At the animal level, reduction of overfeeding protein and balancing the amounts of protein degraded in rumen and those allowed to bypass the rumen will reduce N excretion. Synchronizing energy and protein supply to animals also offers better utilization of nutrients with concomitant decrease in urine N, which contains high levels of urea that can be converted into ammonia when mixed with feces. Phosphorus in manure represents a significant renewable resource and there are several technologies that remove and recover P from manure including chemical precipitation, biological P removal and crystallization. The development of technologies for GHG and nutrient reduction offers the opportunity for environmental sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Moraes
- University of California, United States of America
| | | | - James Fadel
- University of California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo K, Liu F, Xu X, Xu J, Zoccarato I. Study of the Assessment Method for N Excretion in Sustainable Heavy Pigs Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
Sheppard S, Bittman S, Swift M, Tait J. Modelling monthly NH3 emissions from dairy in 12 Ecoregions of Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2010-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sheppard, S. C., Bittman, S., Swift, M. L. and Tait, J. 2011. Modelling monthly NH 3 emissions from dairy in 12 Ecoregions of Canada. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 649–661. Ammonia (NH3) from livestock manure is emitted from barns, storages and manured land, and is a loss to the farm operations, while atmospheric NH3 has potential impacts beyond the farm, including human health and ecological damage. Models are used to estimate the intensity and spatial extent of NH3 emissions, and this paper reports a recent model developed for quantifying emissions from the dairy sector in Canada. The estimated overall average emission to the atmosphere in Canada in 2006 was 42.4±9.0 kg NH3 cow−1 yr−1 from a lactating cow, and total emission from the Canadian dairy sector was 56000 t NH3. On many farms the NH3 emissions may have been a significant portion of the N requirements of their crops. The emission estimates in the 12 Ecoregions were proportional to the animal census. Emissions generally peaked in May, mainly because of landspreading of manure. There were also differences in emissions per animal among the Ecoregions related to the specific practices, such as amount of grazing and injection of slurry. The sensitivity analysis suggested that a shift from the present 14% injection of slurry manure into soil to 80% may be effective overall, potentially decreasing annual emissions by 13% and emissions in May by 27%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sheppard
- ECOMatters Inc., Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada R0E 1L0
| | - S. Bittman
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 1000, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - M. Swift
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 5030-50th Street, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W8
| | - J. Tait
- ECOMatters Inc., Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada R0E 1L0
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Røjen B, Theil P, Kristensen N. Effects of nitrogen supply on inter-organ fluxes of urea-N and renal urea-N kinetics in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2532-44. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
De Campeneere S, De Boever JL, Vanacker JM, Messens W, De Brabander DL. Feeding measures to reduce nitrogen excretion in dairy cattle. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:87-103. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390902723919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
van der Stelt B, van Vliet P, Reijs J, Temminghoff E, van Riemsdijk W. Effects of Dietary Protein and Energy Levels on Cow Manure Excretion and Ammonia Volatilization. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:4811-21. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Borucki Castro SI, Phillip LE, Lapierre H, Jardon PW, Berthiaume R. The relative merit of ruminal undegradable protein from soybean meal or soluble fiber from beet pulp to improve nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3947-57. [PMID: 18832219 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Early lactating dairy cows were used to determine whether the replacement of solvent-extracted soybean meal [SSBM; a source of rumen-degradable protein (RDP)] with expeller soybean meal (ESBM; a source of rumen-undegradable protein), or the replacement of high-moisture shelled corn (HMSC) with beet pulp (a source of soluble fiber) would be effective in improving efficiency of N usage for milk production. The study was designed as a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with 21-d periods. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were fed, ad libitum, the following diets, which were based on alfalfa silage and HMSC, and formulated to be isocaloric: 1) basal diet without a protein supplement (negative control diet: NC); 2) NC supplemented with solvent-extracted SBM (diet SSBM); 3) NC supplemented with expeller SBM (diet ESBM); 4) SSBM in which unmolassed dried beet pulp replaced half of the HMSC (diet SSBMBP). Compared with diet NC, protein supplementation increased intake of organic matter and dry matter. Milk and milk protein yields were lower with NC but this diet resulted in the greatest efficiency of N usage for milk production (30% milk N/N intake). Supplementation with ESBM, a proven source of RUP, increased plasma concentrations of histidine and branched-chain amino acids, and reduced milk urea N concentration, but failed to improve the yields of milk or milk protein. Milk fat yield tended to decrease with RUP supplementation. Replacing part of HMSC with soluble fiber from beet pulp (SSBMBP) tended to decrease milk production compared with SSBM; the effect was due to a reduction in dry matter intake. There were no differences among diets SSBM, ESBM, or SSBMBP in urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Neither substitution of ESBM for SSBM nor partial replacement of HMSC with beet pulp altered the efficiency of N usage for milk production or manure N excretion.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hessle A, Eriksson M, Nadeau E, Turner T, Johansson B. Cold-pressed hempseed cake as a protein feed for growing cattle. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700802452192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Huhtanen P, Nousiainen J, Rinne M, Kytölä K, Khalili H. Utilization and Partition of Dietary Nitrogen in Dairy Cows Fed Grass Silage-Based Diets. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3589-99. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Valkeners D, Théwis A, Van Laere M, Beckers Y. Effect of rumen-degradable protein balance deficit on voluntary intake, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen metabolism in growing double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls fed corn silage-based diet1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:680-90. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
25
|
Urea and short-chain fatty acids metabolism in Holstein cows fed a low-nitrogen grass-based diet. Animal 2008; 2:500-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108001547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
26
|
van Vliet P, Reijs J, Bloem J, Dijkstra J, de Goede R. Effects of Cow Diet on the Microbial Community and Organic Matter and Nitrogen Content of Feces. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5146-58. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
Nadeau E, Englund JE, Gustafsson AH. Nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows as affected by diet and milk yield. Livest Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Johansson B, Nadeau E. Performance of dairy cows fed an entirely organic diet containing cold-pressed rapeseed cake. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700701216912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
29
|
Yan T, Frost JP, Agnew RE, Binnie RC, Mayne CS. Relationships Among Manure Nitrogen Output and Dietary and Animal Factors in Lactating Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:3981-91. [PMID: 16960074 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A large data set derived from total diet digestibility assessments on lactating dairy cows (535 Holstein-Friesian and 29 Norwegian) was used to examine effects of dietary and animal factors on manure (feces and urine) nitrogen (N) output and to develop mitigation strategies and prediction equations for manure N output in lactating dairy cows. Manure N output was positively and significantly related to live weight, milk yield, dietary crude protein (CP) concentration, dry matter intake, and N intake. Reducing the dietary CP concentration or increasing the milk yield decreased manure N output per kilogram of milk yield. Prediction equations for manure N output using live weight and milk yield, either alone or combined, had relatively low R2 (0.227 to 0.474) and large standard error (70.6 to 85.6) values. Addition of dietary CP concentration to these relationships considerably increased R2 to 0.754 and reduced the standard error to 48.2. Relating manure N output to N intake produced a very high r2 (0.901) and a very low standard error (30.6). The addition of live weight and milk yield to this relationship as supporting predictors only marginally increased R2 to 0.910 and reduced the standard error to 29.3. The internal validation of these equations revealed that use of N intake as the primary predictor produced a very accurate prediction of manure N output. In situations in which data on N intake are not available, prediction equations based on dietary CP concentration, live weight, and milk yield together can produce a relatively accurate assessment of manure N output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hristov AN, Hazen W, Ellsworth JW. Efficiency of Use of Imported Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium and Potential for Reducing Phosphorus Imports on Idaho Dairy Farms. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:3702-12. [PMID: 16899707 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eight commercial dairies from south central Idaho were surveyed to estimate the whole-farm surpluses of N, P, and K and to investigate the possibility of reducing P excretions through dietary manipulation. Nitrogen, P, and K imports and exports were monitored in a 12-mo period, and samples from the diets, feeds, feces, urine, and manure were collected at regular farm visits. Soils from manure-amended fields were sampled in the spring and fall. In all cases, the largest import of N, P, and K to the dairy was with purchased feeds. Major nutrient export items were milk and manure and forages, in the case of a dairy with a large land base (dairy F). Whole-farm N surplus varied from 90 to 599 t/yr (91 to 222 kg/yr per cow). The efficiency of use of imported N varied from 25 to 64%, with dairy F having the greatest efficiency of imported N use. Phosphorus and K surpluses were also significant (average of 29 and 182 t/yr and 12 and 76 kg per cow per year, respectively). During the study period, dairy F was a net exporter of K. The average efficiency of use of imported P and K was 66 and 58%, respectively. Soil P levels in the 30-cm layer were above state threshold standards, most likely from overapplication of manure. Soil nitrate-N concentrations were also high, but K concentrations were within the accepted range. Average P content of the lactating cow diets at the start of the study was 0.49% and was reduced to 0.38%. The estimated reduction in imported P due to the reduced dietary P levels was from 5.7 to 61.4 t/yr per farm, or on average 12 kg per cow per year. This study demonstrated that in addition to exports with milk and manure, export of nutrients with forages produced on the farm (dairy F) is a major factor in reducing whole-farm N, P, and K surpluses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Evolution of farm management, nitrogen efficiency and economic performance on Dutch dairy farms reducing external inputs. Livest Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Halberg N, van der Werf HM, Basset-Mens C, Dalgaard R, de Boer IJ. Environmental assessment tools for the evaluation and improvement of European livestock production systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
|