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Yang FC, Xu F, Wang TN, Chen GX. Roles of vitamin A in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:4506-4519. [PMID: 34222419 PMCID: PMC8223857 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i18.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary macronutrients and micronutrients play important roles in human health. On the other hand, the excessive energy derived from food is stored in the form of triacylglycerol. A variety of dietary and hormonal factors affect this process through the regulation of the activities and expression levels of those key player enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid elongases, and desaturases. As a micronutrient, vitamin A is essential for the health of humans. Recently, vitamin A has been shown to play a role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarizes recent research progresses about the roles of vitamin A in fatty acid synthesis. It focuses on the effects of vitamin A on the activities and expression levels of mRNA and proteins of key enzymes for fatty acid synthesis in vitro and in vivo. It appears that vitamin A status and its signaling pathway regulate the expression levels of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Yang
- Food College, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical College, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Tian-Nan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37909, United States
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37909, United States
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Sheeley MP, Andolino C, Kiesel VA, Teegarden D. Vitamin D regulation of energy metabolism in cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2890-2905. [PMID: 33651382 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D exerts anti-cancer effects in recent clinical trials and preclinical models. The actions of vitamin D are primarily mediated through its hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D). Previous literature describing in vitro studies has predominantly focused on the anti-tumourigenic effects of the hormone, such as proliferation and apoptosis. However, recent evidence has identified 1,25(OH)2 D as a regulator of energy metabolism in cancer cells, where requirements for specific energy sources at different stages of progression are dramatically altered. The literature suggests that 1,25(OH)2 D regulates energy metabolism, including glucose, glutamine and lipid metabolism during cancer progression, as well as oxidative stress protection, as it is closely associated with energy metabolism. Mechanisms involved in energy metabolism regulation are an emerging area in which vitamin D may inhibit multiple stages of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline P Sheeley
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chaylen Andolino
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Violet A Kiesel
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Dorothy Teegarden
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Zhang P, Schatz A, Adeyemi B, Kozminski D, Welsh J, Tenniswood M, Wang WLW. Vitamin D and testosterone co-ordinately modulate intracellular zinc levels and energy metabolism in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:248-258. [PMID: 30664926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 and its receptor are responsible for controlling energy expenditure in adipocytes and have direct roles in the transcriptional regulation of energy metabolic pathways. This phenomenon also has a significant impact on the etiology of prostate cancer (PCa). Using several in vitro models, the roles of vitamin D3 on energy metabolism and its implication in primary, early, and late invasive PCa were investigated. BODIPY staining and qPCR analyses show that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) up-regulates de novo lipogenesis in PCa cells by orchestrating transcriptional regulation that affects cholesterol and lipid metabolic pathways. This lipogenic effect is highly dependent on the interaction of several nuclear receptors and their corresponding ligands, including androgen receptor (AR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and retinoid X receptor (RXR). In contrast, inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) signaling blocks the induction of the lipogenic phenotype induced by these receptors. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2D3, T, and 9 cis-retinoic acid (9-cis RA) together redirect cytosolic citrate metabolism toward fatty acid synthesis by restoring normal prostatic zinc homeostasis that functions to truncate TCA cycle metabolism. 1,25(OH)2D3, T, and 9-cis RA also exert additional control of TCA cycle metabolism by down-regulating SLC25A19, which limits the availability of the co-factor thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) that is required for enzymatic catalyzation of citrate oxidation. This extensive metabolic reprogramming mediated by 1,25(OH)2D3, T, and 9-cis RA is preserved in all in vitro cell lines investigated. These data suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 and T are important regulators of normal prostatic energy metabolism. Based on the close association between energy metabolism and cancer progression, supplementation of vitamin D3 and testosterone can restrict the energy production that is required to drive PCa progression by maintaining proper zinc homeostasis and inhibiting TCA cycle activity in PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Adam Schatz
- Department of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, United States
| | - Babatunde Adeyemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, United States
| | - David Kozminski
- Department of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, United States
| | - JoEllen Welsh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States
| | - Martin Tenniswood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States
| | - Wei-Lin Winnie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States.
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Wang WLW, Tenniswood M. Vitamin D, intermediary metabolism and prostate cancer tumor progression. Front Physiol 2014; 5:183. [PMID: 24860512 PMCID: PMC4030193 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data have demonstrated an inverse association between serum vitamin D3 levels, cancer incidence and related mortality. However, the effects of vitamin D on prostate cancer biology and its utility for prevention of prostate cancer progression are not as well-defined. The data are often conflicting: some reports suggest that vitamin D3 induces apoptosis in androgen dependent prostate cancer cell lines, while others suggest that vitamin D3 only induces cell cycle arrest. Recent molecular studies have identified an extensive synergistic crosstalk between the vitamin D- and androgen-mediated mRNA and miRNA expression, adding an additional layer of post-transcriptional regulation to the known VDR- and AR-regulated gene activation. The Warburg effect, the inefficient metabolic pathway that converts glucose to lactate for rapid energy generation, is a phenomenon common to many different types of cancer. This process supports cell proliferation and promotes cancer progression via alteration of glucose, glutamine and lipid metabolism. Prostate cancer is a notable exception to this general process since the metabolic switch that occurs early during malignancy is the reverse of the Warburg effect. This "anti-Warburg effect" is due to the unique biology of normal prostate cells that harbor a truncated TCA cycle that is required to produce and secret citrate. In prostate cancer cells, the TCA cycle activity is restored and citrate oxidation is used to produce energy for cancer cell proliferation. 1,25(OH)2D3 and androgen together modulates the TCA cycle via transcriptional regulation of zinc transporters, suggesting that 1,25(OH)2D3 and androgen maintain normal prostate metabolism by blocking citrate oxidation. These data demonstrate the importance of androgens in the anti-proliferative effect of vitamin D in prostate cancer and highlight the importance of understanding the crosstalk between these two signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin W Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY, USA
| | - Martin Tenniswood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY, USA
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Dulińska J, Gil D, Zagajewski J, Hartwich J, Bodzioch M, Dembińska-Kieć A, Langmann T, Schmitz G, Laidler P. Different effect of beta-carotene on proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:189-201. [PMID: 15949686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It was shown that high doses of beta-carotene (>30 microM) decrease proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro. However, it is rather doubtful whether such concentration of beta-carotene is really accessible at cellular level. We studied the effect of 3 and 10 microM beta-carotene on proliferation and gene expression in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. Beta-carotene--more efficiently absorbed from medium by androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells--increased proliferation of LNCaP cells whereas it had weaker effect on PC-3 cells. Initial global analysis of expression of genes in both cell lines treated with 10 microM beta-carotene (Affymetrix HG-U133A) showed remarkable differences in number of responsive genes. Their recognition allows for conclusion that differences between prostate cancer cell lines in response to beta-carotene treatment are due to various androgen sensitivities of LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Detailed analysis of expression of selected genes in beta-carotene treated LNCaP cells at the level of mRNA and protein indicated that the observed increase of proliferation could have been the result of slight induction of a few genes affecting proliferation (c-myc, c-jun) and apoptosis (bcl-2) with no significant effect on major cell cycle control genes (cdk2, RB, E2F-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dulińska
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. M. Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
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Milkevitch M, Shim H, Pilatus U, Pickup S, Wehrle JP, Samid D, Poptani H, Glickson JD, Delikatny EJ. Increases in NMR-visible lipid and glycerophosphocholine during phenylbutyrate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1734:1-12. [PMID: 15866478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DU145 human prostatic carcinoma cells were treated with the differentiating agents phenylacetate (PA) and phenylbutyrate (PB) and examined in perfused cultures by diffusion-weighted 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). PA and PB (10 mM) induced significant (>3-fold) time-dependent increases in the level of NMR-visible lipids and total choline in 1H spectra, and glycerophosphocholine levels in the 31P spectra, with the increases being greater for PB. These effects were accompanied by significant increases in cytoplasmic lipid droplets and intracellular lipid volume fraction as observed by morphometric analysis of Oil Red O-stained cells. PB treatment caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and induction of apoptosis. In contrast, PA-treated DU145 cells showed an accumulation of cells in G2/M and no evidence of apoptosis. These results demonstrate that significant differences exist in the mechanism of PA and PB activity, although both compounds cause similar, but graded alterations in lipid metabolism. The simultaneous accumulation of mobile lipid and glycerophosphocholine suggests that PB and PA induce phospholipid catabolism via a phospholipase-mediated pathway. The mobile lipid accumulation following the induction of either apoptosis and cytostasis by related differentiating agents indicate that the presence of NMR-visible lipids may not be a specific event causally resulting from the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Milkevitch
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, B6 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Xu Y, Iyengar S, Roberts RL, Shappell SB, Peehl DM. Primary culture model of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2003; 196:131-43. [PMID: 12767049 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BRL 49653 (rosiglitazone) is a thiazolidinedione anti-diabetic drug that activates the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Pilot clinical trials have shown evidence of therapeutic activity of PPARgamma agonists against prostate cancer. To more effectively use PPARgamma ligands to treat this common and generally chemo-resistant type of cancer, it will be necessary to better understand the nature of PPARgamma activity in prostate cancer cells. Tumor suppressor effects of activation of PPARgamma may include suppression of growth and/or induction of differentiation or apoptosis. We investigated responses of primary cultures of human prostatic cancer cells to BRL 49653. PPARgamma was expressed in all of the cell strains examined. BRL 49653 caused dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition that was associated with increased expression of the transcription repressor, transforming growth factor beta-stimulated clone 22 (TSC-22), and markedly increased expression of the secretory differentiation-associated gene adipophilin. Adipocyte-type fatty acid binding protein (aFABP), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), glycerol kinase (GyK), and beta-catenin, which are regulated by PPARgamma ligands in certain other types of cells, were not regulated by BRL 49653 in prostate cells. Upregulation of adipophilin coincided with morphological changes and the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles with ultrastructural features of secondary lysosomes. These results extend previous studies with established cancer cell lines and show that PPARgamma agonists can inhibit proliferation and modulate expression of secretory-associated genes in primary cultures of prostate cancer cells, further warranting consideration of these agents as pro-differentiating chemotherapeutic or chemoprevention agents for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Abstract
The discovery of the oncogene and the mechanism by which these genetic changes create malignant transformation has provided new opportunities for drug development. Suramin is the first drug shown to exert its anticancer activity by blocking autocrine loops involved in malignant transformation. Phenylacetate and related aromatic fatty acids are potent inducers of differentiation in normal and malignant cells. Arachidonate, a fatty acid, plays a role in prostate cancer survival, growth, invasiveness, and immunosuppression. The actions of arachidonic acid can be moderated by diet or blocked by pharmacologic agents. Other agents that promise low toxicity include vitamin D and its analogs, genistein and related isoflavones, green tea polyphonols, and retinoic acid analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Myers
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
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