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Hofer M, Sneppen K. Diversity and ecotones in a model ecosystems of sessile species. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024309. [PMID: 38491630 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Sessile species compete for space and accessible light, with directed interactions evident in one species overgrowing another and with multispecies systems characterized by nontransitive relationships. Such patterns are observed in coral reefs or lichens on rock surfaces. Open systems with episodic invasions of such species have been predicted to exhibit a stable high-diversity state when the interaction probability is below a certain critical threshold. Here, we explore this metastable high-diversity state and find that the diversity in the high-diversity state scales with the square root of the system area. When introducing two different environments, we predict a hugely increased diversity along mutual environment border. Further, the presence of spatially segregated environments is predicted to allow for increased robustness of the high-diversity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hofer
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Data Science, Section for the Science of Complex Systems, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädter Strasse 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kim Sneppen
- Copenhagen University, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Factors affecting functional diversity of grassland vegetations. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Zhang W, Ren H, Sun F, Shen T, Yuan S, Gao X, Tan Y. Evaluation of the Toxicity of Chemical and Biogenic Insecticides to Three Outbreaking Insects in Desert Steppes of Northern China. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080546. [PMID: 36006208 PMCID: PMC9412978 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The locusts Oedales asiaticus (Bey-Bienko) and Myrmeleotettix palpalis (Zubovski) (Orthoptera Acrididae) and the leaf beetle Galeruca daurica (Joannis) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) are economically devastating insect species in the desert steppes of Northern China. Control is mainly and frequently dependent on highly toxic chemicals. To date, there have been no complete and comprehensive reports of insecticide applications to these key pests. In this study, laboratory bioassays were carried out to determine and compare the toxicity of twelve insecticides to three outbreaking insects, O. asiaticus, M. palpalis, and G. daurica, from three typical desert steppe regions, SZWQ, XHQ and WLTQQ, respectively. The responses of the two locust species and the leaf beetle were evaluated by topical application and leaf dip bioassay techniques across a range of concentrations to develop dosage–mortality regressions. The insecticides tested included six chemical insecticides (β-cypermethrin, imidacloprid, phoxim, λ-cyhalothrin, methomyl, chlorantraniliprole) and six biogenic insecticides (spinosad, avermectin, rotenone, matrine, azadiracthin, and methoxyfenozide). The results showed that phoxim, λ-cyhalothrin, β-cypermethrin and spinosad showed highly toxic activity to O.asiaticus, M. palpalis, and G. daurica, while methonyl, chlorantraniliprole, and rotenone were moderately toxic to both locust species and the leaf beetle. The LC50 values of matrine, azadiractin, and avermectin were more than 1 μg a.i./adult for O. asiaticus and M. palpalis, the LC50 values of which were higher 2 g/L for G. daurica. Our findings complement information from previous similar studies and will inform future studies relating to the control of outbreaking insects, such as O.asiaticus, M. palpalis, and G. daurica in desert steppes of northern China. This study is also expected to provide basic data on the use of chemical and biogenic insecticides for application in desert steppes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Hao Ren
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Feilong Sun
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Tingting Shen
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yao Tan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Hohhot 010010, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-157-3471-5085
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4
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Ladwig LM, Bell-Dereske LP, Bell KC, Collins SL, Natvig DO, Taylor DL. Soil fungal composition changes with shrub encroachment in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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5
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Jobe JGD, Gedan K. Species-specific responses of a marsh-forest ecotone plant community responding to climate change. Ecology 2021; 102:e03296. [PMID: 33556188 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ecotones are responsive to environmental change and pave a path for succession as they move across the landscape. We investigated the biotic and abiotic filters to species establishment on opposite ends of a tidal marsh-forest ecotone that is moving inland in response to sea level rise. We transplanted four plant species common to the ecotone to the leading or trailing edge of the migrating ecotone, with and without caging to protect them from ungulate herbivores. We found that species exhibited an individualistic response to abiotic and biotic pressures in this ecotone; three species performed better at the leading edge of the ecotone in the coastal forest, whereas one performed better at the trailing edge in the marsh. Specifically, grass species Phragmites australis and Panicum virgatum grew more in the low light and low salinity conditions of the leading edge of the ecotone (forest), whereas the shrub Iva frutescens grew better in the high light, high salinity conditions of the trailing edge of the ecotone (marsh). Furthermore, of the four species, only P. australis was affected by the biotic pressure of herbivory by an introduced ungulate, Cervus nippon, which greatly reduced its biomass and survival at the leading edge (forest). P. australis is an aggressive invasive species and has been observed to dominate in the wake of migrating marsh-forest ecotones. Our findings detail the role of lower salinity stress to promote and herbivory pressure to inhibit the establishment of P. australis during shifts of this ecotone, and also highlight an interaction between two nonnative species, P. australis and C. nippon. Understanding migration of the marsh-forest ecotone and the factors controlling P. australis establishment are critical for marsh conservation in the face of sea level rise. More generally, our findings support the conclusion that the abiotic and biotic filters of a migrating ecotone shape the resulting community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keryn Gedan
- The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
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6
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Zhang B, DeAngelis DL. An overview of agent-based models in plant biology and ecology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:539-557. [PMID: 32173742 PMCID: PMC7489105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agent-based modelling (ABM) has become an established methodology in many areas of biology, ranging from the cellular to the ecological population and community levels. In plant science, two different scales have predominated in their use of ABM. One is the scale of populations and communities, through the modelling of collections of agents representing individual plants, interacting with each other and with the environment. The other is the scale of the individual plant, through the modelling, by functional-structural plant models (FSPMs), of agents representing plant building blocks, or metamers, to describe the development of plant architecture and functions within individual plants. The purpose of this review is to show key results and parallels in ABM for growth, mortality, carbon allocation, competition and reproduction across the scales from the plant organ to populations and communities on a range of spatial scales to the whole landscape. Several areas of application of ABMs are reviewed, showing that some issues are addressed by both population-level ABMs and FSPMs. Continued increase in the relevance of ABM to environmental science and management will be helped by greater integration of ABMs across these two scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Donald L DeAngelis
- U. S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Davie, FL, USA
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7
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Berzaghi F, Wright IJ, Kramer K, Oddou-Muratorio S, Bohn FJ, Reyer CPO, Sabaté S, Sanders TGM, Hartig F. Towards a New Generation of Trait-Flexible Vegetation Models. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:191-205. [PMID: 31882280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant trait variability, emerging from eco-evolutionary dynamics that range from alleles to macroecological scales, is one of the most elusive, but possibly most consequential, aspects of biodiversity. Plasticity, epigenetics, and genetic diversity are major determinants of how plants will respond to climate change, yet these processes are rarely represented in current vegetation models. Here, we provide an overview of the challenges associated with understanding the causes and consequences of plant trait variability, and review current developments to include plasticity and evolutionary mechanisms in vegetation models. We also present a roadmap of research priorities to develop a next generation of vegetation models with flexible traits. Including trait variability in vegetation models is necessary to better represent biosphere responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Berzaghi
- Laboratory for Sciences of Climate and Environment (LSCE) - UMR CEA/CNRS/UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2022, Australia; Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy.
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2022, Australia
| | - Koen Kramer
- Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalse steeg 4, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Friedrich J Bohn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Christopher P O Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 60 12 03, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Santiago Sabaté
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona 08028, Spain; CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Tanja G M Sanders
- Thuenen Institut of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 3, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Cipriotti PA, Aguiar MR, Wiegand T, Paruelo JM. Combined effects of grazing management and climate on semi‐arid steppes: Hysteresis dynamics prevent recovery of degraded rangelands. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Cipriotti
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisiología y Ecología vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA) Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Martín R. Aguiar
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisiología y Ecología vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA) Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling (ÖSA) Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - José M. Paruelo
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisiología y Ecología vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA) Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía – IFEVA Laboratorio de Análisis Regional y Teledetección, Universidad de Buenos Aires / CONICET Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
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9
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Palmquist KA, Bradford JB, Martyn TE, Schlaepfer DR, Lauenroth WK. STEPWAT
2: an individual‐based model for exploring the impact of climate and disturbance on dryland plant communities. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Palmquist
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - John B. Bradford
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - Trace E. Martyn
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Daniel R. Schlaepfer
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
| | - William K. Lauenroth
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
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10
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Modelling vegetation dynamics in managed grasslands: Responses to drivers depend on species richness. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Browning DM, Maynard JJ, Karl JW, Peters DC. Breaks in MODIS time series portend vegetation change: verification using long-term data in an arid grassland ecosystem. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1677-1693. [PMID: 28423459 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Frequency and severity of extreme climatic events are forecast to increase in the 21st century. Predicting how managed ecosystems may respond to climatic extremes is intensified by uncertainty associated with knowing when, where, and how long effects of extreme events will be manifest in an ecosystem. In water-limited ecosystems with high inter-annual variability in rainfall, it is important to be able to distinguish responses that result from seasonal fluctuations in rainfall from long-term directional increases or decreases in precipitation. A tool that successfully distinguishes seasonal from directional biomass responses would allow land managers to make informed decisions about prioritizing mitigation strategies, allocating human resource monitoring efforts, and mobilizing resources to withstand extreme climatic events. We leveraged long-term observations (2000-2013) of quadrat-level plant biomass at multiple locations across a semiarid landscape in southern New Mexico to verify the use of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series derived from 250-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data as a proxy for changes in aboveground productivity. This period encompassed years of sustained drought (2000-2003) and record-breaking high rainfall (2006 and 2008) followed by subsequent drought years (2011 through 2013) that resulted in a restructuring of plant community composition in some locations. Our objective was to decompose vegetation patterns derived from MODIS NDVI over this period into contributions from (1) the long-term trend, (2) seasonal cycle, and (3) unexplained variance using the Breaks for Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) model. BFAST breakpoints in NDVI trend and seasonal components were verified with field-estimated biomass at 15 sites that differed in species richness, vegetation cover, and soil properties. We found that 34 of 45 breaks in NDVI trend reflected large changes in mean biomass and 16 of 19 seasonal breaks accompanied changes in the contribution to biomass by perennial and/or annual grasses. The BFAST method using satellite imagery proved useful for detecting previously reported ground-based changes in vegetation in this arid ecosystem. We demonstrate that time series analysis of NDVI data holds potential for monitoring landscape condition in arid ecosystems at the large spatial scales needed to differentiate responses to a changing climate from responses to seasonal variability in rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Browning
- USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30003, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
- Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Station, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30003, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Jonathan J Maynard
- USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30003, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Jason W Karl
- USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30003, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
| | - Debra C Peters
- USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30003, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
- Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Station, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30003, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA
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12
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Kulmatiski A, Adler PB, Stark JM, Tredennick AT. Water and nitrogen uptake are better associated with resource availability than root biomass. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resources Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Peter B. Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - John M. Stark
- Department of Biology Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Andrew T. Tredennick
- Department of Wildland Resources Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
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Experimental Manipulation of Precipitation Affects Soil Nitrogen Availability in Semiarid Mongolian Pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) Plantation. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Emergence of Distinct Spatial Patterns in Cellular Automata with Inertia: A Phase Transition-Like Behavior. ENTROPY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/e19030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Moreno-de las Heras M, Turnbull L, Wainwright J. Seed-bank structure and plant-recruitment conditions regulate the dynamics of a grassland-shrubland Chihuahuan ecotone. Ecology 2016; 97:2303-2318. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Moreno-de las Heras
- Department of Geography; Durham University; South Road Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA); Spanish Research Council (CSIC); Jordi Girona 18 Barcelona 08034 Spain
| | - Laura Turnbull
- Department of Geography; Durham University; South Road Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
| | - John Wainwright
- Department of Geography; Durham University; South Road Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
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Chung YA, Rudgers JA. Plant-soil feedbacks promote negative frequency dependence in the coexistence of two aridland grasses. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160608. [PMID: 27466448 PMCID: PMC4971199 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of species coexistence is key to predicting patterns of species diversity. Historically, the ecological paradigm has been that species coexist by partitioning resources: as a species increases in abundance, self-limitation kicks in, because species-specific resources decline. However, determining coexistence mechanisms has been a particular puzzle for sedentary organisms with high overlap in their resource requirements, such as plants. Recent evidence suggests that plant-associated microbes could generate the stabilizing self-limitation (negative frequency dependence) that is required for species coexistence. Here, we test the key assumption that plant-microbe feedbacks cause such self-limitation. We used competition experiments and modelling to evaluate how two common groups of soil microbes (rhizospheric microbes and biological soil crusts) influenced the self-limitation of two competing desert grass species. Negative feedbacks between the dominant plant competitor and its rhizospheric microbes magnified self-limitation, whereas beneficial interactions between both plant species and biological soil crusts partly counteracted this stabilizing effect. Plant-microbe interactions have received relatively little attention as drivers of vegetation dynamics in dry land ecosystems. Our results suggest that microbial mechanisms can contribute to patterns of plant coexistence in arid grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Anny Chung
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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17
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Vincenot CE, Carteni F, Mazzoleni S, Rietkerk M, Giannino F. Spatial Self-Organization of Vegetation Subject to Climatic Stress-Insights from a System Dynamics-Individual-Based Hybrid Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:636. [PMID: 27252707 PMCID: PMC4877523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In simulation models of populations or communities, individual plants have often been obfuscated in favor of aggregated vegetation. This simplification comes with a loss of biological detail and a smoothing out of the demographic noise engendered by stochastic individual-scale processes and heterogeneities, which is significant among others when studying the viability of small populations facing challenging fluctuating environmental conditions. This consideration has motivated the development of precise plant-centered models. The accuracy gained in the representation of plant biology has then, however, often been balanced by the disappearance in models of important plant-soil interactions (esp. water dynamics) due to the inability of most individual-based frameworks to simulate complex continuous processes. In this study, we used a hybrid modeling approach, namely integrated System Dynamics (SD)-Individual-based (IB), to illustrate the importance of individual plant dynamics to explain spatial self-organization of vegetation in arid environments. We analyzed the behavior of this model under different parameter sets either related to individual plant properties (such as seed dispersal distance and reproductive age) or the environment (such as intensity and yearly distribution of precipitation events). While the results of this work confirmed the prevailing theory on vegetation patterning, they also revealed the importance therein of plant-level processes that cannot be rendered by reaction-diffusion models. Initial spatial distribution of plants, reproductive age, and average seed dispersal distance, by impacting patch size and vegetation aggregation, affected pattern formation and population survival under climatic variations. Besides, changes in precipitation regime altered the demographic structure and spatial organization of vegetation patches by affecting plants differentially depending on their age and biomass. Water availability influenced non-linearly total biomass density. Remarkably, lower precipitation resulted in lower mean plant age yet higher mean individual biomass. Moreover, seasonal variations in rainfall greater than a threshold (here, ±0.45 mm from the 1.3 mm baseline) decreased mean total biomass and generated limit cycles, which, in the case of large variations, were preceded by chaotic demographic and spatial behavior. In some cases, peculiar spatial patterns (e.g., rings) were also engendered. On a technical note, the shortcomings of the present model and the benefit of hybrid modeling for virtual investigations in plant science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E. Vincenot
- Biosphere Informatics Laboratory, Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Fabrizio Carteni
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIPortici, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIPortici, Italy
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Environmental Sciences Group, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIPortici, Italy
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18
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Modelling Water Uptake Provides a New Perspective on Grass and Tree Coexistence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144300. [PMID: 26633177 PMCID: PMC4669088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Root biomass distributions have long been used to infer patterns of resource uptake. These patterns are used to understand plant growth, plant coexistence and water budgets. Root biomass, however, may be a poor indicator of resource uptake because large roots typically do not absorb water, fine roots do not absorb water from dry soils and roots of different species can be difficult to differentiate. In a sub-tropical savanna, Kruger Park, South Africa, we used a hydrologic tracer experiment to describe the abundance of active grass and tree roots across the soil profile. We then used this tracer data to parameterize a water movement model (Hydrus 1D). The model accounted for water availability and estimated grass and tree water uptake by depth over a growing season. Most root biomass was found in shallow soils (0–20 cm) and tracer data revealed that, within these shallow depths, half of active grass roots were in the top 12 cm while half of active tree roots were in the top 21 cm. However, because shallow soils provided roots with less water than deep soils (20–90 cm), the water movement model indicated that grass and tree water uptake was twice as deep as would be predicted from root biomass or tracer data alone: half of grass and tree water uptake occurred in the top 23 and 43 cm, respectively. Niche partitioning was also greater when estimated from water uptake rather than tracer uptake. Contrary to long-standing assumptions, shallow grass root distributions absorbed 32% less water than slightly deeper tree root distributions when grasses and trees were assumed to have equal water demands. Quantifying water uptake revealed deeper soil water uptake, greater niche partitioning and greater benefits of deep roots than would be estimated from root biomass or tracer uptake data alone.
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Collins SL, Xia Y. Long-Term Dynamics and Hotspots of Change in a Desert Grassland Plant Community. Am Nat 2015; 185:E30-43. [DOI: 10.1086/679315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hudjetz S, Lennartz G, Krämer K, Roß-Nickoll M, Gergs A, Preuss TG. Modeling Wood Encroachment in Abandoned Grasslands in the Eifel National Park - Model Description and Testing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113827. [PMID: 25494057 PMCID: PMC4262262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of natural and semi-natural landscapes has become a matter of global concern. In Germany, semi-natural grasslands belong to the most species-rich habitat types but have suffered heavily from changes in land use. After abandonment, the course of succession at a specific site is often difficult to predict because many processes interact. In order to support decision making when managing semi-natural grasslands in the Eifel National Park, we built the WoodS-Model (Woodland Succession Model). A multimodeling approach was used to integrate vegetation dynamics in both the herbaceous and shrub/tree layer. The cover of grasses and herbs was simulated in a compartment model, whereas bushes and trees were modelled in an individual-based manner. Both models worked and interacted in a spatially explicit, raster-based landscape. We present here the model description, parameterization and testing. We show highly detailed projections of the succession of a semi-natural grassland including the influence of initial vegetation composition, neighborhood interactions and ungulate browsing. We carefully weighted the single processes against each other and their relevance for landscape development under different scenarios, while explicitly considering specific site conditions. Model evaluation revealed that the model is able to emulate successional patterns as observed in the field as well as plausible results for different population densities of red deer. Important neighborhood interactions such as seed dispersal, the protection of seedlings from browsing ungulates by thorny bushes, and the inhibition of wood encroachment by the herbaceous layer, have been successfully reproduced. Therefore, not only a detailed model but also detailed initialization turned out to be important for spatially explicit projections of a given site. The advantage of the WoodS-Model is that it integrates these many mutually interacting processes of succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Hudjetz
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Research Institute for Ecosystem Analysis and Assessment (gaiac) at the RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstr. 10, 52072, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gottfried Lennartz
- Research Institute for Ecosystem Analysis and Assessment (gaiac) at the RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstr. 10, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klara Krämer
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - André Gergs
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Preuss
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Stewart J, Parsons AJ, Wainwright J, Okin GS, Bestelmeyer BT, Fredrickson EL, Schlesinger WH. Modeling emergent patterns of dynamic desert ecosystems. ECOL MONOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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van Rensburg BJ, Hugo S, Levin N, Kark S. Are environmental transitions more prone to biological invasions? DIVERS DISTRIB 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanet Hugo
- Department of Zoology and Entomology; Centre for Invasion Biology; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20; Hatfield; 0028; South Africa
| | - Noam Levin
- The Department of Geography; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Mount Scopus; Jerusalem; 91905; Israel
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da Silva KA, dos Santos DM, dos Santos JM, de Albuquerque UP, Ferraz EM, Araújo EDL. Spatio-temporal variation in a seed bank of a semi-arid region in northeastern Brazil. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Peters DPC, Yao J. Long-term experimental loss of foundation species: consequences for dynamics at ecotones across heterogeneous landscapes. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00273.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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White JD, Gutzwiller KJ, Barrow WC, Johnson-Randall L, Zygo L, Swint P. Understanding interaction effects of climate change and fire management on bird distributions through combined process and habitat models. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:536-546. [PMID: 21535146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Avian conservation efforts must account for changes in vegetation composition and structure associated with climate change. We modeled vegetation change and the probability of occurrence of birds to project changes in winter bird distributions associated with climate change and fire management in the northern Chihuahuan Desert (southwestern U.S.A.). We simulated vegetation change in a process-based model (Landscape and Fire Simulator) in which anticipated climate change was associated with doubling of current atmospheric carbon dioxide over the next 50 years. We estimated the relative probability of bird occurrence on the basis of statistical models derived from field observations of birds and data on vegetation type, topography, and roads. We selected 3 focal species, Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), and Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), that had a range of probabilities of occurrence for our study area. Our simulations projected increases in relative probability of bird occurrence in shrubland and decreases in grassland and Yucca spp. and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) vegetation. Generally, the relative probability of occurrence of all 3 species was highest in shrubland because leaf-area index values were lower in shrubland. This high probability of occurrence likely is related to the species' use of open vegetation for foraging. Fire suppression had little effect on projected vegetation composition because as climate changed there was less fuel and burned area. Our results show that if future water limits on plant type are considered, models that incorporate spatial data may suggest how and where different species of birds may respond to vegetation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D White
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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Pockman WT, Small EE. The Influence of Spatial Patterns of Soil Moisture on the Grass and Shrub Responses to a Summer Rainstorm in a Chihuahuan Desert Ecotone. Ecosystems 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-010-9337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Li J, Okin GS, Epstein HE. Effects of enhanced wind erosion on surface soil texture and characteristics of windblown sediments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junran Li
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Soil and Water Laboratory; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Gregory S. Okin
- Department of Geography; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Howard E. Epstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
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Wei XP, Pan XY, Zhao CM, Wang GX, Deng JM. Response of three dominant shrubs to soil water and groundwater along the oasis-desert ecotone in Northwest China. RUSS J ECOL+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413608070035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pueyo Y, Kefi S, Alados CL, Rietkerk M. Dispersal strategies and spatial organization of vegetation in arid ecosystems. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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White JD, Gutzwiller KJ, Barrow WC, Randall LJ, Swint P. Modeling mechanisms of vegetation change due to fire in a semi-arid ecosystem. Ecol Modell 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zheng Z, Wang G. Modeling the dynamic root water uptake and its hydrological impact at the Reserva Jaru site in Amazonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut USA
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering; University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Guiling Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut USA
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering; University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut USA
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Luo Y. Terrestrial Carbon–Cycle Feedback to Climate Warming. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Luo
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73072;
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Development and parameterization of a general forest gap dynamics simulator for the North-eastern Mediterranean Basin (GREek FOrest Species). Ecol Modell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Soil properties are well known to affect vegetation, but the role of soil heterogeneity in the patterning of vegetation dynamics is poorly documented. We asked whether the location of an ecotone separating grass-dominated and sparsely vegetated areas reflected only historical variation in degradation or was related to variation in inherent soil properties. We then asked whether changes in the cover and spatial organization of vegetated and bare patches assessed using repeat aerial photography reflected self-organizing dynamics unrelated to soil variation or the stable patterning of soil variation. We found that the present-day ecotone was related to a shift from more weakly to more strongly developed soils. Parts of the ecotone were stable over a 60-year period, but shifts between bare and vegetated states, as well as persistently vegetated and bare states, occurred largely in small (<40 m2) patches throughout the study area. The probability that patches were presently vegetated or bare, as well as the probability that vegetation persisted and/or established over the 60-year period, was negatively related to surface calcium carbonate and positively related to subsurface clay content. Thus, only a fraction of the landscape was susceptible to vegetation change, and the sparsely vegetated area probably featured a higher frequency of susceptible soil patches. Patch dynamics and self-organizing processes can be constrained by subtle (and often unrecognized) soil heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Bestelmeyer
- USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada Basin LTER, MSC 3JER, Box 30003, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA.
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Goslee SC, Peters DPC, Beck KG. Spatial Prediction of Invasion Success Across Heterogeneous Landscapes using an Individual-Based Model. Biol Invasions 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-004-2954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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MILLS ANTHONYJ, ROGERS KEVINH, STALMANS MARC, WITKOWSKI EDTF. A Framework for Exploring the Determinants of Savanna and Grassland Distribution. Bioscience 2006. [DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[579:affetd]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Favier C, Chave J, Fabing A, Schwartz D, Dubois MA. Modelling forest–savanna mosaic dynamics in man-influenced environments: effects of fire, climate and soil heterogeneity. Ecol Modell 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Winslow JC, Hunt E, Piper SC. The influence of seasonal water availability on global C3 versus C4 grassland biomass and its implications for climate change research. Ecol Modell 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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RASTETTER EDWARDB, ABER JOHND, PETERS DEBRAPC, OJIMA DENNISS, BURKE INGRIDC. Using Mechanistic Models to Scale Ecological Processes across Space and Time. Bioscience 2003. [DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0068:ummtse]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Peters DPC. Recruitment potential of two perennial grasses with different growth forms at a semiarid-arid transition zone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2002; 89:1616-1623. [PMID: 21665589 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.89.10.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify differences in recruitment potential (seed production, seed presence in the soil) for two congeneric perennial grasses (Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua eriopoda [Poaceae]) that dominate adjacent arid and semiarid grassland biomes. It was hypothesized that these species have different recruitment strategies at the biome transition zone that are related to differences in their growth form and longevity. Recruitment potential for each Bouteloua species was compared in patches dominated by one or both species or codominated by the invasive shrub, Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae). Regional variation in recruitment was examined for B. gracilis for cases in which comparable data were available in the literature for a site located within the semiarid grassland biome. The short-lived stoloniferous species B. eriopoda produced more seeds per plant than the long-lived bunchgrass B. gracilis, yet seed viability (<60%) and presence in the soil were lower. Mean viability of B. gracilis was higher (>90%) than that of B. eriopoda, and a greater percentage of seeds produced on a square meter basis was found in the soil (10-25%). Similar patterns were found for both species in all grass-dominated patches. Bouteloua eriopoda plants growing in patches codominated by L. tridentata produced fewer seeds per plant with lower viability, and fewer seeds were found in the soil compared to grass-dominated patches. Regional comparisons found greater seed production per square meter and more seeds in the soil for B. gracilis at the transitional site compared with a cooler, wetter site located within the semiarid grassland biome. These differences in recruitment potential along with published differences in rates of seedling establishment and vegetative spread may explain, at least in part, localized patterns in species dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra P C Peters
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, Box 30003, MSC 3JER, NMSU, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-0003 USA
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