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Kayesh MEH, Sanada T, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Tree Shrew as an Emerging Small Animal Model for Human Viral Infection: A Recent Overview. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081641. [PMID: 34452505 PMCID: PMC8402676 DOI: 10.3390/v13081641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection is a global public health threat causing millions of deaths. A suitable small animal model is essential for viral pathogenesis and host response studies that could be used in antiviral and vaccine development. The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri or Tupaia belangeri chinenesis), a squirrel-like non-primate small mammal in the Tupaiidae family, has been reported to be susceptible to important human viral pathogens, including hepatitis viruses (e.g., HBV, HCV), respiratory viruses (influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2, human adenovirus B), arboviruses (Zika virus and dengue virus), and other viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus, etc.). The pathogenesis of these viruses is not fully understood due to the lack of an economically feasible suitable small animal model mimicking natural infection of human diseases. The tree shrew model significantly contributes towards a better understanding of the infection and pathogenesis of these important human pathogens, highlighting its potential to be used as a viable viral infection model of human viruses. Therefore, in this review, we summarize updates regarding human viral infection in the tree shrew model, which highlights the potential of the tree shrew to be utilized for human viral infection and pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-3589
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Benkerroum N. Retrospective and Prospective Look at Aflatoxin Research and Development from a Practical Standpoint. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3633. [PMID: 31569703 PMCID: PMC6801849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the array of structurally and toxicologically diverse mycotoxins, aflatoxins have attracted the most interest of scientific research due to their high toxicity and incidence in foods and feeds. Despite the undeniable progress made in various aspects related to aflatoxins, the ultimate goal consisting of reducing the associated public health risks worldwide is far from being reached due to multiplicity of social, political, economic, geographic, climatic, and development factors. However, a reasonable degree of health protection is attained in industrialized countries owing to their scientific, administrative, and financial capacities allowing them to use high-tech agricultural management systems. Less fortunate situations exist in equatorial and sub-equatorial developing countries mainly practicing traditional agriculture managed by smallholders for subsistence, and where the climate is suitable for mould growth and aflatoxin production. This situation worsens due to climatic change producing conditions increasingly suitable for aflatoxigenic mould growth and toxin production. Accordingly, it is difficult to harmonize the regulatory standards of aflatoxins worldwide, which prevents agri-foods of developing countries from accessing the markets of industrialized countries. To tackle the multi-faceted aflatoxin problem, actions should be taken collectively by the international community involving scientific research, technological and social development, environment protection, awareness promotion, etc. International cooperation should foster technology transfer and exchange of pertinent technical information. This review presents the main historical discoveries leading to our present knowledge on aflatoxins and the challenges that should be addressed presently and in the future at various levels to ensure higher health protection for everybody. In short, it aims to elucidate where we come from and where we should go in terms of aflatoxin research/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Carvajal-Moreno M, Vargas-Ortiz M, Hernández-Camarillo E, Ruiz-Velasco S, Rojo-Callejas F. Presence of unreported carcinogens, Aflatoxins and their hydroxylated metabolites, in industrialized Oaxaca cheese from Mexico City. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:128-138. [PMID: 30468840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites of the fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. The fungi produce these AFs in cereals, oilseeds and spices. AFs have damaging effects on all organisms, including humans, and their symptoms can be classified as acute (vomiting, hemorrhage and death) or chronic (immunodepression, Reye syndrome, Kwashiorkor, teratogenesis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and various cancers). Basic AFs (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) are metabolized in the liver or by microbes that produce hydroxylated metabolites (AFM1, AFM2, and AFP1) and aflatoxicol (AFL), soluble in water and easy to dispose. Thus, AFs can be excreted in fluids, such as milk. AFs are not destroyed in the process of making cheese. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the AFs present in 30 samples of industrialized Oaxaca-type cheese sold in Mexico City. The average concentrations of AFs detected in the 30 samples of industrialized cheese were as follows: AFB1 (0.1 μg kg-1) in 20% (6/30); a trace amount of AFB2 (0.01 < LOD) in only 3% (1/30); AFG1 (0.14 μg kg-1) in 10% (3/30); AFG2 (0.6 μg kg-1) in 30% (9/30); AFM1 (1.7 μg kg-1) in 57% (17/30); AFP1 (0.03% μg kg-1) in 3% (1/30); and AFL (13.1 μg kg-1) in 97% (29/30). AFB1 and AFL were the most abundant aflatoxins in Oaxaca-type cheese. However, eight aflatoxins were present, contributing an average of 15.7 μg kg-1 AFs distributed among the 30 samples. The risk assessment analysis showed that there was no substantial risk for cancer due to AFs in industrialized Oaxaca cheese from Mexico City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Carvajal-Moreno
- Laboratorio C-119 De Micotoxinas, Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Vargas-Ortiz
- Laboratorio C-119 De Micotoxinas, Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico; CONACYT-CIAD (Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo), Coordinación Culiacán. Carretera El Dorado Km 5.5, Col. Campo El Diez, Culiacán Sinaloa, 80110, Mexico
| | - Estela Hernández-Camarillo
- Laboratorio C-119 De Micotoxinas, Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Silvia Ruiz-Velasco
- Departamento de Probabilidad y Estadística, Instituto de Investigaciones en Investigaciones y en Sistemas, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Francisco Rojo-Callejas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, CdMx, Mexico
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Lu X, Sun W, Tang Y, Zhu L, Li Y, Ou C, Yang C, Su J, Luo C, Hu Y, Cao J. Identification of key genes in hepatocellular carcinoma and validation of the candidate gene, cdc25a, using gene set enrichment analysis, meta-analysis and cross-species comparison. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1172-8. [PMID: 26647881 PMCID: PMC4732839 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine key pathways and genes involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through bioinformatic analyses of HCC microarray data based on cross-species comparison. Microarray data of gene expression in HCC in different species were analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and meta-analysis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of cdc25a, one of the identified candidate genes, in human, rat and tree shrew samples. The cell cycle pathway had the largest overlap between the GSEA and meta-analysis. Meta-analyses showed that 25 genes, including cdc25a, in the cell cycle pathway were differentially expressed. Cdc25a mRNA levels in HCC tissues were higher than those in normal liver tissues in humans, rats and tree shrews, and the expression level of cdc25a in HCC tissues was higher than in corresponding paraneoplastic tissues in humans and rats. In human HCC tissues, the cdc25a mRNA level was significantly correlated with clinical stage, portal vein tumor thrombosis and extrahepatic metastasis. Western blotting showed that, cdc25a protein levels were significantly upregulated in HCC tissues in humans, rats and tree shrews. In conclusion, GSEA and meta-analysis can be combined to identify key molecules and pathways involved in HCC. This study demonstrated that the cell cycle pathway and the cdc25a gene may be crucial in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Lu
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Tang
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lingqun Zhu
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ou
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jianjia Su
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chengpiao Luo
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Hu
- The Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, P.R. China
| | - Ji Cao
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Yang C, Ruan P, Ou C, Su J, Cao J, Luo C, Tang Y, Wang Q, Qin H, Sun W, Li Y. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis). Virol J 2015; 12:26. [PMID: 25889678 PMCID: PMC4369070 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been believed as a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for a long time, however, the evidences of which are mostly from clinical and epidemiological investigations while there is no evidence from animal experiments. Tree shrew (Tupaia) is a small animal closely related to primates evolutionarily, with about 8 years of lifespan. Our previous study proved that tree shrews can be chronically HBV-infected after being inoculated neonatally with HBV. The present study reports the further results from the longer-term observation of these animals. METHODS Neonatal tree shrews were inoculated with sera from HBV-infected patient or tree shrew. Their serum samples and liver biopsies were collected periodically for detection of HBV markers as well as for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Group A consisted of six tree shrews with chronic HBV-infection, and group B consisted of nine tree shrews without chronic HBV infection. RESULTS Periodical examinations on serum and liver biopsies of the animals in group A showed the progress of HBV infection, and two cases of HCC occurred at their late stage of life. The courses of HBV infection and the hepatic histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in the tree shrews were similar to those in humans. In contrast, neither HCC nor obvious hepatitis histopathological change was found among the tree shrews in group B. CONCLUSIONS The course of HBV infection and the features of HCC discovered in tree shrews are similar to those of chronically HBV-infected humans. The tree shrew model might be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms favoring susceptibility for chronic HBV infection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Ping Ruan
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Ruikang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China.
| | - Chao Ou
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Jianjia Su
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Ji Cao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Chengpiao Luo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Yanping Tang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute (Guangxi Tumor Hospital), Nanning, 530021, China.
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Turner PC. The molecular epidemiology of chronic aflatoxin driven impaired child growth. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:152879. [PMID: 24455429 PMCID: PMC3881689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the role of aflatoxins in early life growth retardation. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in utero and continues in early infancy as weaning foods are introduced. Using aflatoxin-albumin exposure biomarkers, five major studies clearly demonstrate strong dose response relationships between exposure in utero and/or early infancy and growth retardation, identified by reduced birth weight and/or low HAZ and WAZ scores. The epidemiological studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys, though aflatoxin reduction intervention studies are now required to further support these data and guide sustainable options to reduce the burden of exposure. The use of aflatoxin exposure biomarkers was essential in understanding the observational data reviewed and will likely be a critical monitor of the effectiveness of interventions to restrict aflatoxin exposure. Given that an estimated 4.5 billion individuals live in regions at risk of dietary contamination the public health concern cannot be over stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craig Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Phytochemicals as potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in hepatocarcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2009; 18:13-25. [PMID: 19077560 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e3282f0c090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth commonest malignancy worldwide and the incidence is rising. Surgery, including transplantation resection, is currently the most effective treatment for HCC; however, recurrence rates are high and long-term survival is poor. Identifying novel chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents and targeting them to patients at high risk of developing HCC or following curative treatment may go some way towards improving prognosis. This review examines current knowledge regarding the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of phytochemicals in heptocarcinogenesis. Both in-vitro and animal studies demonstrate that several phytochemicals, including curcumin, resveratrol, green tea catechins, oltipraz and silibinin, possess promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. Despite this, very few clinical trials have been performed. Problems regarding validation of biomarkers, agent delivery, side effects and patient selection are barriers that need to be overcome to determine the potential of such agents in clinical practice.
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Li Y, Qin X, Cui J, Dai Z, Kang X, Yue H, Zhang Y, Su J, Cao J, Ou C, Yang C, Duan X, Yue H, Liu Y. Proteome analysis of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) and functional identification of candidate protein peroxiredoxin II. Proteomics 2008; 8:1490-501. [PMID: 18318006 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the proteins responsible for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), aflatoxin B(1)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) was analyzed with 2-DE and MS. By comparing HCC samples with their own precancerous biopsies and HCC-surrounding tissues, a group of candidate proteins that differentially expressed in HCC were obtained. Peroxiredoxin (Prx) II, one of the candidates with distinct alteration, was further investigated and validated. Western blot and RT-PCR assays confirmed the overexpression of Prx II in both tree shrew and human HCC tissues. RNA interference for silencing Prx II was employed subsequently to explore the function and underlying mechanism of Prx II on liver cancer cell line Hep3B. Results showed the cell proliferation and clone formation decreased obviously when Prx II expression was inhibited, while the flow cytometer analysis showed the percentage of cell apoptosis enhanced. Inhibition of Prx II expression also obviously increased the generation of ROS and malondialdehyde, both are the products from peroxidation. These results imply the important role of Prx II in hepatocarcinogenesis, possibly through its function in regulating peroxidation and hereby to provide a favorable microenvironment for cancer cell surviving and progressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Nanning, China.
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Li Y, Wan D, Wei W, Su J, Cao J, Qiu X, Ou C, Ban K, Yang C, Yue H. Candidate genes responsible for human hepatocellular carcinoma identified from differentially expressed genes in hepatocarcinogenesis of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinesis). Hepatol Res 2008; 38:85-95. [PMID: 17714471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore gene expression profiles during hepatocarcinogenesis of the tree shrew, and to find the genes responsible for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Tree shrews were used as an animal model for HCC induction employing aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) alone or AFB(1) plus hepatitis B virus (HBV) as etiological factors. Gene expression profiles from the tissues of HCC, HCC-surrounding liver tissues (para-HCC) and the corresponding biopsies taken from the same animals before HCC had developed (pre-HCC) were analyzed by cDNA microarray assay to identify differentially expressed genes. Two genes, CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1), were further investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were done on tree shrew and human HCC samples. RESULTS RESULTS from the cDNA microarray analysis indicated that the gene expression profiles of HCC between AFB(1)and AFB(1) + HBV treatment groups were markedly different. A total of 11 genes, including SOD1 and GSTA1, were found changing in expression levels in all detected samples from both groups. RESULTS from RT-PCR and IHC assays indicated that mRNA and protein levels of SOD1 and GSTA1 were markedly downregulated in both tree shrew and human HCC, and downregulation of SOD1 and GSTA1 proteins in human HCC samples was closely correlated with the histopathological grading (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The differentially expressed genes found in all HCC cases induced by different etiological factors among different species should be considered as good candidate genes responsible for HCC. Downregulation of SOD1 and GSTA1 might play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Nanning, China
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N/A, 李 强. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2021-2025. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i16.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Li Y, Wan DF, Su JJ, Cao J, Ou C, Qiu XK, Ban KC, Yang C, Qin LL, Luo D, Yue HF, Zhang LS, Gu JR. Differential expression of genes during aflatoxin B 1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in tree shrews. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:497-504. [PMID: 14966905 PMCID: PMC4716968 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i4.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Through exploring the regulation of gene expression during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), to find out the responsible genes for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to further understand the underlying molecular mechanism.
METHODS: Tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) were treated with or without AFB1 for about 90 weeks. Liver biopsies were performed regularly during the animal experiment. Eight shares of total RNA were respectively isolated from 2 HCC tissues, 2 HCC-surrounding non-cancerous liver tissues, 2 biopsied tissues at the early stage (30th week) of the experiment from the same animals as above, 1 mixed sample of three liver tissues biopsied at the beginning (0th week) of the experiment, and another 1 mixed sample of two liver tissues from the untreated control animals biopsied at the 90th week of the experiment. The samples were then tested with the method of AtlasTM cDNA microarray assay. The levels of gene expression in these tissues taken at different time points during hepatocarcinogenesis were compared.
RESULTS: The profiles of differently expressed genes were quite different in different ways of comparison. At the same period of hepatocarcinogenesis, the genes in the same function group usually had the same tendency for up- or down-regulation. Among the checked 588 genes that were known to be related to human cancer, 89 genes (15.1%) were recognized as “important genes” because they showed frequent changes in different ways of comparison. The differentially expressed genes during hepatocarcinogenesis could be classified into four categories: genes up-regulated in HCC tissue, genes with similar expressing levels in both HCC and HCC-surrounding liver tissues which were higher than that in the tissues prior to the development of HCC, genes down-regulated in HCC tissue, and genes up-regulated prior to the development of HCC but down-regulated after the development of HCC.
CONCLUSION: A considerable number of genes could change their expressing levels both in HCC and in HCC-surrounding non-cancerous liver tissues. A few modular genes were up-regulated only in HCC but not in surrounding liver tissues, while some apoptosis-related genes were down-regulated in HCC and up-regulated in surrounding liver tissues. To compare gene-expressing levels among the liver tissues taken at different time points during hepatocarcinogenesis may be helpful to locate the responsible gene (s) and understand the mechanism for AFB1 induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Carvajal M, Rojo F, Méndez I, Bolaños A. Aflatoxin B1and its interconverting metabolite aflatoxicol in milk: the situation in Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 20:1077-86. [PMID: 14668158 DOI: 10.1080/02652030310001594478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Between 1996 and 1998, 580 litres of milk in Mexico were surveyed for aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and its metabolite aflatoxicol (AFL), which are mutagenic and carcinogenic mycotoxins that interconvert AFB(1)-AFL-AFB(1). The seven most consumed brands from different regions of Mexico included pasteurized and ultrapasteurized milk with four different fat levels: whole fat (28-33 g l(-1)), half-skimmed (10-20 g l(-1)), light (1-4 g l(-1)) and with vegetable oil (33 g l(-1)). Aflatoxins in each sample were concentrated with total aflatoxin immunoaffinity columns and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. A milk sample was considered contaminated if it contained >/=0.05 microg l(-1) AFL. Pasteurization and ultrapasteurization of milk did not control contamination with AFL, which was present in 13% of samples at >/=0.05 microg l(-1) and in 8% at >/=0.5 microg l(-1), with a range of AFL from 0 to 12.4 microg l(-1). AFB(1) was present mainly in traces (0-0.4 microg l(-1)). The safest milk in relation to AFL contamination was imported milk powder with vegetable oil. There was a significant correlation between contamination of milk with AFL and the autumn (p<0.0002); the fat content was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carvajal
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Delegación Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F.
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Carvajal M, Bolaños A, Rojo F, Méndez I. Aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized and ultrapasteurized milk with different fat content in Mexico. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1885-92. [PMID: 14572228 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.10.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High per capita milk consumption in Mexico indicated a strong need for documentation of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in milk. A survey of 580, 2-liter samples (n = 290), was conducted to quantify AFM1 using high-performance liquid chromatography, considering two maximum tolerance levels (0.05 and 0.5 microg/liter). We relate aflatoxin levels in the seven most consumed brands from different regions, with two processes (pasteurized and ultrapasteurized), different expiration dates, and different fat content: whole fat (28, 30, and 33 g), half-skimmed (10, 16, and 20 g), light (1, 2, and 4 g), and with vegetable oil. Pasteurization and ultrapasteurization did not diminish AFM1 contamination present at levels of 0 to 8.35 microg/liter in 40% of the milk samples at concentrations > or = 0.05 microg/liter and in 10% of the samples at > or = 0.5 microg/liter. Statistically significant relationships were AFM1 contamination with brand (P = 0.002 at the > or = 0.05 microg/liter level and P = 0.034 at the > or = 0.5 microg/ liter level) and higher AFM1 levels with mild or warm seasons of the year (P = 0.0003). Samples with greater fat content had slightly more probability (P = 0.067) of being contaminated by AFM1 at the > or = 0.5 microg/liter level. The milk with the lowest contamination of AFM1 was a brand imported as powder and rehydrated in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Carvajal
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, México, DF.
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14
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Cao J, Yang EB, Su JJ, Li Y, Chow P. The tree shrews: adjuncts and alternatives to primates as models for biomedical research. J Med Primatol 2003; 32:123-30. [PMID: 12823622 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.00022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The tree shrews are non-rodent, primate-like, small animals. There is increasing interest in using them to establish animal models for medical and biological research. This review focuses on the use of the tree shrews in in vivo studies on viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), myopia, and psychosocial stress. Because of the susceptibility of the tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) and their hepatocytes to infection with human hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo and in vitro, these animals have been used to establish human hepatitis virus-induced hepatitis and human HBV- and aflatoxin B1-associated HCC models. As these animals are phylogenetically close to primates in evolution and have a well-developed visual system and color vision in some species, they have been utilized to establish myopia models. Because dramatic behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine changes in subordinate male tree shrews are similar to those observed in depressed human patients, the tree shrews have been successfully employed to experimentally study psychosocial stress. However, the tree shrews holds significant promise as research models and great use could be made of these animals in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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15
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Abstract
Animal models of hepatitis B virus infection have been valuable for determining the mechanisms of hepadnavirus replication, for studies of pathogenesis, and for investigations of viral hepatocarcinogenesis. The woodchuck model also seems to be useful in the discovery and development of antiviral drugs to treat HBV infection and for testing new forms of immunotherapy. In particular, the woodchuck seems to be ideal for studying the effect of antiviral treatment and immunotherapy on the outcome of hepadnavirus infection and on survival. The median life expectancy of experimentally infected, chronic WHV carriers is approximately 29 months, and almost all develop HCC. New types of prophylaxis or therapy can be evaluated under controlled experimental conditions, in a relevant animal model, and within a reasonable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Tennant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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16
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Li Y, Su JJ, Qin LL, Yang C, Luo D, Ban KC, Kensler TW, Roebuck BD. Chemopreventive effect of oltipraz on AFB 1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in tree shrew model. World J Gastroenterol 2000; 6:647-650. [PMID: 11819668 PMCID: PMC4688837 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i5.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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