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Zhong Y, Wang G, Yang S, Zhang Y, Wang X. The role of DNA damage in neural stem cells ageing. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31187. [PMID: 38219047 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are pluripotent stem cells with the potential to differentiate into a variety of nerve cells. NSCs are susceptible to both intracellular and extracellular insults, thus causing DNA damage. Extracellular insults include ultraviolet, ionizing radiation, base analogs, modifiers, alkyl agents and others, while intracellular factors include Reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals produced by mitochondria, mismatches that occur during DNA replication, deamination of bases, loss of bases, and more. When encountered with DNA damage, cells typically employ three coping strategies: DNA repair, damage tolerance, and apoptosis. NSCs, like many other stem cells, have the ability to divide, differentiate, and repair DNA damage to prevent mutations from being passed down to the next generation. However, when DNA damage accumulates over time, it will lead to a series of alterations in the metabolism of cells, which will cause cellular ageing. The ageing and exhaustion of neural stem cell will have serious effects on the body, such as neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine the processes by which DNA damage leads to NSCs ageing and the mechanisms of DNA repair in NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangming Wang
- School of Medicine, Postdoctoral Station of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangzhi Yang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianli Wang
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Penela P, Ribas C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Mayor F. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a multifunctional signaling hub. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4423-4446. [PMID: 31432234 PMCID: PMC6841920 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a versatile protein that acts as a signaling hub by modulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and also via phosphorylation or scaffolding interactions with an extensive number of non-GPCR cellular partners. GRK2 multifunctionality arises from its multidomain structure and from complex mechanisms of regulation of its expression levels, activity, and localization within the cell, what allows the precise spatio-temporal shaping of GRK2 targets. A better understanding of the GRK2 interactome and its modulation mechanisms is helping to identify the GRK2-interacting proteins and its substrates involved in the participation of this kinase in different cellular processes and pathophysiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Cell-Cell Communication Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced genotoxicity on bone marrow cells from mice phenotypically selected for low acute inflammatory response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 37:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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4
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Lou X, Zhang J, Liu S, Xu N, Liao DJ. The other side of the coin: the tumor-suppressive aspect of oncogenes and the oncogenic aspect of tumor-suppressive genes, such as those along the CCND-CDK4/6-RB axis. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1677-93. [PMID: 24799665 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer-regulatory genes are dichotomized to oncogenes and tumor-suppressor gene s, in reality they can be oncogenic in one situation but tumor-suppressive in another. This dual-function nature, which sometimes hampers our understanding of tumor biology, has several manifestations: (1) Most canonically defined genes have multiple mRNAs, regulatory RNAs, protein isoforms, and posttranslational modifications; (2) Genes may interact at different levels, such as by forming chimeric RNAs or by forming different protein complexes; (3) Increased levels of tumor-suppressive genes in normal cells drive proliferation of cancer progenitor cells in the same organ or tissue by imposing compensatory proliferation pressure, which presents the dual-function nature as a cell-cell interaction. All these manifestations of dual functions can find examples in the genes along the CCND-CDK4/6-RB axis. The dual-function nature also underlies the heterogeneity of cancer cells. Gene-targeting chemotherapies, including that targets CDK4, are effective to some cancer cells but in the meantime may promote growth or progression of some others in the same patient. Redefining "gene" by considering each mRNA, regulatory RNA, protein isoform, and posttranslational modification from the same genomic locus as a "gene" may help in better understanding tumor biology and better selecting targets for different sub-populations of cancer cells in individual patients for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Ju Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology; Cancer Institute; Chinese Academy of Medical Science; Beijing, PR China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute; University of Minnesota; Austin, MN USA
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5
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Selvan GT, Bhavani M, Vijayalakshmi J, Paul Solomon FD, Chaudhury NK, Venkatachalam P. Delayed mitogenic stimulation decreases DNA damage assessed by micronucleus assay in human peripheral blood lymphocytes after (60)co irradiation. Dose Response 2014. [PMID: 25249838 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While contradictory reports are available on the yield of dicentric chromosomes (DC) in blood samples stored at different temperature and stimulated to enter into cell cycle, various times gap followed by exposure, limited information is available on the micronucleus (MN) assay. As scoring the micronuclei frequency from the blood lymphocytes of exposed individuals is an alternative to the gold standard DC assay for triage applications, we examined radiation induced MN yield in delayed mitogenic stimulation after irradiation of in vitro. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were exposed to low LET ((60)Co) radiation dose (0.1 to 5Gy) and incubated at 37°C for 2, 6 and 24 hours. The MN frequency obtained in blood samples stimulated 2 hours post-irradiation showed a dose dependent increase and used to construct the dose-response curve. Further, the results also showed that blood samples stimulated twenty four hours of post-irradiation, a significant reduction (p<0.05) in MN frequencies were obtained when compared to that of blood samples stimulated two hours and six hours after post-irradiation (0.5, 1, 3 and 5Gy). The observed result suggests that the prolonged PBL storage without mitogenic stimulation could lead to interphase cell death and a delayed blood sampling could results in underestimation of dose in biological dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tamizh Selvan
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India; ; Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, New Delhi 110 054, India
| | - M Bhavani
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Vijayalakshmi
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - F D Paul Solomon
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N K Chaudhury
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, New Delhi 110 054, India
| | - P Venkatachalam
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Selvan GT, Bhavani M, Vijayalakshmi J, Paul Solomon FD, Chaudhury NK, Venkatachalam P. Delayed mitogenic stimulation decreases DNA damage assessed by micronucleus assay in human peripheral blood lymphocytes after (60)co irradiation. Dose Response 2014; 12:498-508. [PMID: 25249838 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-060.selvan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While contradictory reports are available on the yield of dicentric chromosomes (DC) in blood samples stored at different temperature and stimulated to enter into cell cycle, various times gap followed by exposure, limited information is available on the micronucleus (MN) assay. As scoring the micronuclei frequency from the blood lymphocytes of exposed individuals is an alternative to the gold standard DC assay for triage applications, we examined radiation induced MN yield in delayed mitogenic stimulation after irradiation of in vitro. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were exposed to low LET ((60)Co) radiation dose (0.1 to 5Gy) and incubated at 37°C for 2, 6 and 24 hours. The MN frequency obtained in blood samples stimulated 2 hours post-irradiation showed a dose dependent increase and used to construct the dose-response curve. Further, the results also showed that blood samples stimulated twenty four hours of post-irradiation, a significant reduction (p<0.05) in MN frequencies were obtained when compared to that of blood samples stimulated two hours and six hours after post-irradiation (0.5, 1, 3 and 5Gy). The observed result suggests that the prolonged PBL storage without mitogenic stimulation could lead to interphase cell death and a delayed blood sampling could results in underestimation of dose in biological dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tamizh Selvan
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India; ; Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, New Delhi 110 054, India
| | - M Bhavani
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Vijayalakshmi
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - F D Paul Solomon
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N K Chaudhury
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, New Delhi 110 054, India
| | - P Venkatachalam
- Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Heger M, van Golen RF, Broekgaarden M, Michel MC. The molecular basis for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin and its metabolites in relation to cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:222-307. [PMID: 24368738 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the oncopharmacological properties of curcumin at the molecular level. First, the interactions between curcumin and its molecular targets are addressed on the basis of curcumin's distinct chemical properties, which include H-bond donating and accepting capacity of the β-dicarbonyl moiety and the phenylic hydroxyl groups, H-bond accepting capacity of the methoxy ethers, multivalent metal and nonmetal cation binding properties, high partition coefficient, rotamerization around multiple C-C bonds, and the ability to act as a Michael acceptor. Next, the in vitro chemical stability of curcumin is elaborated in the context of its susceptibility to photochemical and chemical modification and degradation (e.g., alkaline hydrolysis). Specific modification and degradatory pathways are provided, which mainly entail radical-based intermediates, and the in vitro catabolites are identified. The implications of curcumin's (photo)chemical instability are addressed in light of pharmaceutical curcumin preparations, the use of curcumin analogues, and implementation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of curcumin and its most important degradation products are detailed in light of curcumin's poor bioavailability. Particular emphasis is placed on xenobiotic phase I and II metabolism as well as excretion of curcumin in the intestines (first pass), the liver (second pass), and other organs in addition to the pharmacokinetics of curcumin metabolites and their systemic clearance. Lastly, a summary is provided of the clinical pharmacodynamics of curcumin followed by a detailed account of curcumin's direct molecular targets, whereby the phenotypical/biological changes induced in cancer cells upon completion of the curcumin-triggered signaling cascade(s) are addressed in the framework of the hallmarks of cancer. The direct molecular targets include the ErbB family of receptors, protein kinase C, enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis, vitamin D receptor, and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Cao Z, Lin W, Huang Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Zheng L, Ye H, Liu Z, Liao L, Du J. Ethyl acetate extraction from a Chinese herbal formula, Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin, inhibits the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via induction of G0/G1 phase arrest in vivo and in vitro. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:202-10. [PMID: 23165653 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin (JXY), a polyherbal formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used to treat various kinds of cancer in China. However, the mechanism of its anticancer activity has yet to be elucidated. Air-dried herbs were extracted with reagents of different polarity. HepG2 cells were treated with different doses of ethyl acetate extract (EE-JXY) and chloroform extract (CE-JXY) for 24 h. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Colony formation ability was also evaluated. Cell cycle was evaluated by FACS. Tumor bearing BALB/c nude mice was treated with EE-JXY (0.06 g/kg) for 20 days. Tumor volume and weight were monitored. The percentage of PCNA-positive cells and the level of G1 phase proteins [cyclin-dependent kinase2 (CDK2), cyclin‑dependent kinase4 (CDK4), cyclin D and cyclin E and G2 phase proteins [cyclin-dependent kinase1 (CDK1), cyclin A and cyclin B] were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. EE-JXY and CE-JXY dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells (P<0.01 for both). Furthermore, EE-JXY inhibited the formation of cell colonies and blocked the cell cycle to G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01 for all). EE-JXY showed an obviously antitumor effect in vivo (P<0.05). Further investigation showed that EE-JXY decreased the proliferation index of tumors (P<0.01) through increasing the expression of G1-related proteins (cyclin D and cyclin E, P<0.05 and P<0.01). These results suggested that JXY inhibits the growth of HepG2 cells at least via arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Cao
- Fujian Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
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9
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Mason-Richie NA, Mistry MJ, Gettler CA, Elayyadi A, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA. Retinoblastoma function is essential for establishing lung epithelial quiescence after injury. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4068-76. [PMID: 18519665 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma gene product (RB) regulates cell cycle, quiescence, and survival in a cell type-dependent and environment-dependent manner. RB function is critical in the pulmonary epithelium, as evidenced by nearly universal RB inactivation in lung cancer and increased lung cancer risk in persons with germline RB gene mutations. Lung carcinomas occur in the context of epithelial remodeling induced by cytotoxic damage. Whereas the role of RB in development and normal organ homeostasis has been extensively studied, RB function in the context of cellular injury and repair has remained largely unexplored. In the current studies, the RB gene was selectively deleted in the respiratory epithelium of the mouse. Although RB was not required for establishing or maintaining quiescence during lung homeostasis, RB was essential for establishing quiescence during epithelial repair after injury. Notably, aberrant cell cycle progression was sustained for 9 months after injury in RB-deficient lungs. Prenatal and postnatal RB ablation had similar effects, providing evidence that timing of RB loss was not critical to the outcome and that the injury-induced phenotype was not secondary to compensatory alterations occurring during development. These data show that RB is essential for repair of the respiratory epithelium after cytotoxic damage and support a critical unique role for RB in the context of epithelial remodeling after injury. Because human cancers are associated with chronic cellular damage, these findings have important new implications for RB-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Mason-Richie
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
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10
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Venkatachalam P, de Toledo SM, Pandey BN, Tephly LA, Carter AB, Little JB, Spitz DR, Azzam EI. Regulation of normal cell cycle progression by flavin-containing oxidases. Oncogene 2008; 27:20-31. [PMID: 17637756 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by flavin-containing oxidases in regulating cell cycle progression were examined in human and rodent fibroblasts. Incubation of confluent cell cultures with nontoxic/nonclastogenic concentrations of the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) oxidase activity and basal ROS levels, but increased proteolysis of cyclin D1, p21(Waf1) and phospho-p38(MAPK). When these cells were allowed to proliferate by subculture in DPI-free medium, an extensive G(1) delay was observed with concomitant activation of p53/p21(Waf1) signaling and reduced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated kinases. Compensation for decreased oxidant generation by simultaneous exposure to DPI and nontoxic doses of the ROS generators, gamma-radiation or t-butyl-hydroperoxide, attenuated the G(1) delay. Whereas the DPI-induced G(1) checkpoint was completely dependent on PHOX91, ATM and WAF1, it was only partially dependent on P53. Interestingly, G(1) to S progression was not affected when another flavin-containing enzyme, nitric oxide synthase, was inhibited nor was it associated with changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Proliferating cells treated with DPI also experienced a significant but attenuated delay in G(2). We propose that ATM performs a critical function in mediating normal cellular proliferation that is regulated by nonphagocytic NAD(P)H oxidase enzymes activity, which may serve as a novel target for arresting cancer cells in G(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Venkatachalam
- Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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11
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Bior AD, Pixley RA, Colman RW. Domain 5 of kininogen inhibits proliferation of human colon cancer cell line (HCT-116) by interfering with G1/S in the cell cycle. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:403-11. [PMID: 17155949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domain 5 (D5) of kininogen inhibits endothelial cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis and disrupting a signaling pathway initiated by binding to the urokinase receptor (uPAR). OBJECTIVES Because tumor cells frequently overexpress uPAR, we hypothesized that D5 can directly inhibit proliferation of colon carcinoma cells. METHODS AND RESULTS A recombinant fusion protein of D5 and glutathione S-transferase (GST-D5) but not GST at 280 nm inhibited proliferation of human colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116) in vitro by 75-86%. We found that treatment with GST-D5 did not affect the survival pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or the apoptotic pathway. In contrast, the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle was downregulated as evidenced by an increase of cells in G0/G1 and a decrease in cells in S by flow cytometry. We found a decrease in serine phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein Rb (p107) after incubation with GST-D5. Less E2F-1 transcription factor and p107 were released and fewer cells overcame the G1/S growth restriction point. Expression levels of cyclins D1, A and E were reduced as measured by densiometric analysis of western blots. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase activities were downregulated and p27, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was activated by GST-D5. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that D5 of high molecular weight kininogen interferes with the G1 to S phase transition, reducing the proliferation of human colon carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Bior
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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12
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Zeng ZJ, Li ZB, Luo SQ, Hu WX. Retrovirus-mediated tk gene therapy of implanted human breast cancer in nude mice under the regulation of Tet-On. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:290-7. [PMID: 16110312 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tight regulation of the therapeutic gene expression is critical in gene therapy. In this report, a doxycycline (Dox)-regulated retrovirus-mediated gene expression system was used to study the effects of suicide gene therapy on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and the nude mice model of implanted human breast cancer. To render the expression of suicide gene under control, we used two pseudoviruses simultaneously, RevTRE/HSVtk and RevTet-On, to infect MCF-7 cells or xenografts of nude mice. When infected by the pseudoviruses and followed by Dox and Ganciclovir (GCV) treatment, MCF-7 cells were arrested at S phase and the growth was suppressed. We then evaluated the antitumor efficiency of this system in vivo through studying the mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts. Compared with control groups, the HSVtk mRNA level increased significantly in tumor tissues, mass of the tumors shrank remarkably, and tumor necrosis features occurred after treatment with Dox and GCV. These data suggest that suicide gene therapy using the Dox-induced Tet-On-controlled HSVtk gene expression system is a feasible method to treat human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-J Zeng
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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13
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Desgranges ZP, Ahn J, Lazebnik MB, Ashworth T, Lee C, Pestell RC, Rosenberg N, Prives C, Roy AL. Inhibition of TFII-I-dependent cell cycle regulation by p53. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10940-52. [PMID: 16314517 PMCID: PMC1316948 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.24.10940-10952.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional transcription factor TFII-I is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to extracellular growth signals and transcriptionally activates growth-promoting genes. However, whether activation of TFII-I also directly affects the cell cycle profile is unknown. Here we show that under normal growth conditions, TFII-I is recruited to the cyclin D1 promoter and transcriptionally activates this gene. Most strikingly, upon cell cycle arrest resulting from genotoxic stress and p53 activation, TFII-I is ubiquitinated and targeted for proteasomal degradation in a p53- and ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated)-dependent manner. Consistent with a direct role of TFII-I in cell cycle regulation and cellular proliferation, stable and ectopic expression of wild-type TFII-I increases cyclin D1 levels, resulting in accelerated entry to and exit from S phase, and overcomes p53-mediated cell cycle arrest, despite radiation. We further show that the transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1 and cell cycle control by TFII-I are dependent on its tyrosine phosphorylation at positions 248 and 611, sites required for its growth signal-mediated transcriptional activity. Taken together, our data define TFII-I as a growth signal-dependent transcriptional activator that is critical for cell cycle control and proliferation and further reveal that genotoxic stress-induced degradation of TFII-I results in cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana P Desgranges
- Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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14
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Duursma A, Agami R. p53-Dependent regulation of Cdc6 protein stability controls cellular proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6937-47. [PMID: 16055707 PMCID: PMC1190229 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.16.6937-6947.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of tumor suppressor p53 in response to genotoxic stress imposes cellular growth arrest or apoptosis. We identified Cdc6, a licensing factor of the prereplication complex, as a novel target of the p53 pathway. We show that activation of p53 by DNA damage results in enhanced Cdc6 destruction by the anaphase-promoting complex. This destruction is triggered by inhibition of CDK2-mediated CDC6 phosphorylation at serine 54. Conversely, suppression of p53 expression results in stabilization of Cdc6. We demonstrate that loss of p53 results in more replicating cells, an effect that can be reversed by reducing Cdc6 protein levels. Collectively, our data suggest that initiation of DNA replication is regulated by p53 through Cdc6 protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Duursma
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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15
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He G, Siddik ZH, Huang Z, Wang R, Koomen J, Kobayashi R, Khokhar AR, Kuang J. Induction of p21 by p53 following DNA damage inhibits both Cdk4 and Cdk2 activities. Oncogene 2005; 24:2929-43. [PMID: 15735718 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage often activates the p53-p21 pathway and causes G(1)-phase arrest in mammalian cells. Although there is ample evidence that p21 induction by p53 leads to Cdk2 inhibition, it is unclear whether this checkpoint event also leads to Cdk4 inhibition. Diaminocyclohexane(trans-diacetato)(dichloro) platinum(IV) (DAP), a platinum-based coordination complex, is a DNA-damaging agent that is effective against a variety of tumor cells resistant to the parental drug cisplatin. Our previous studies established that treatment of human cancer cells with low effective concentrations of DAP specifically activates the G(1)-phase checkpoint and simultaneously inhibit Cdk4 and Cdk2 activities. Here we demonstrate that DAP treatment of human cancer cells activates the p53-p21 pathway without activating other known mechanisms that inhibit Cdk4 and Cdk2 activities. The induced p21 binds to both the Cdk4/cyclin D and Cdk2/cyclin E complexes and inhibits both of their kinase activities. Conversely, inhibition of p21 induction by cycloheximide or by p21 gene deletion prevents DAP-induced inhibition of Cdk4 and Cdk2 activities. Attenuated p53 expression and p21 induction also eliminates DAP-induced G(1)-phase arrest and inhibition of Cdk4 and Cdk2 activities. Together, these findings establish that activation of the p53-p21 pathway is responsible for the DAP-induced G(1)-phase checkpoint response and provide the first solid evidence that p21 induction by p53 during a DNA damage-induced G(1)-phase checkpoint response inhibits both Cdk4 and Cdk2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangan He
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Box 019, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Cui D, Tian F, Ozkan CS, Wang M, Gao H. Effect of single wall carbon nanotubes on human HEK293 cells. Toxicol Lett 2005; 155:73-85. [PMID: 15585362 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on human HEK293 cells is investigated with the aim of exploring SWCNTs biocompatibility. Results showed that SWCNTs can inhibit HEK293 cell proliferation, decrease cell adhesive ability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. HEK293 cells exhibit active responses to SWCNTs such as secretion of some 20-30 kd proteins to wrap SWCNTs, aggregation of cells attached by SWCNTs and formation of nodular structures. Cell cycle analysis showed that 25 microg/ml SWCNTs in medium induced G1 arrest and cell apoptosis in HEK293 cells. Biochip analysis showed that SWCNTs can induce up-regulation expression of cell cycle-associated genes such as p16, bax, p57, hrk, cdc42 and cdc37, down-regulation expression of cell cycle genes such as cdk2, cdk4, cdk6 and cyclin D3, and down-regulation expression of signal transduction-associated genes such as mad2, jak1, ttk, pcdha9 and erk. Western blot analysis showed that SWCNTs can induce down-regulation expression of adhesion-associated proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, cadherin, FAK and collagen IV. These results suggest that down-regulation of G1-associated cdks and cyclins and upregulation of apoptosis-associated genes may contribute to SWCNTs induced G1 phase arrest and cell apoptosis. In conclusion, SWCNTs can inhibit HEK293 cells growth by inducing cell apoptosis and decreasing cellular adhesion ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxiang Cui
- Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Asnaghi L, Calastretti A, Bevilacqua A, D'Agnano I, Gatti G, Canti G, Delia D, Capaccioli S, Nicolin A. Bcl-2 phosphorylation and apoptosis activated by damaged microtubules require mTOR and are regulated by Akt. Oncogene 2004; 23:5781-91. [PMID: 15208671 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase mTOR, the major sensor of cell growth along the PI3K/Akt pathway, can be activated by agents acting on microtubules. Damaged microtubules induce phosphorylation of the Bcl-2 protein and lower the threshold of programmed cell death, both of which are inhibited by rapamycin. In HEK293 cells expressing Akt mutants, the level of Bcl-2 phosphorylation and the threshold of apoptosis induced by taxol or by nocodazole are significantly modified. In cells expressing dominant-negative Akt (DN-Akt), Bcl-2 phosphorylation and p70S6KThr421/Ser424 phosphorylation induced by taxol or nocodazole were significantly enhanced as compared to cells expressing constitutively active Akt (CA-Akt) and inhibited by rapamycin. Moreover, DN-Akt cells were more sensitive to antitubule agents than CA-Akt cells. In nocodazole-treated HEK293 cells sorted according to cell cycle, the p70S6KThr421/Ser424 phosphorylation was associated to the G2/M fraction. More relevant, nocodazole inhibited, in a dose-response manner, mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448. This activity, potentiated in DN-Akt cells, was not detectable in CA-Akt cells. Our results suggest that death signals originating from damaged microtubules in G2/M can compete with G1 survival pathways at the level of mTOR. These findings have implications for cancer therapy and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Asnaghi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
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Ko JC, Wang YT, Yang JL. Dual and opposing roles of ERK in regulating G1 and S-G2/M delays in A549 cells caused by hyperoxia. Exp Cell Res 2004; 297:472-83. [PMID: 15212949 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the role of ERK activation in regulating G(1) and S-G(2)/M delays during hyperoxia. We demonstrate here that exposing A549 human alveolar type 2 adenocarcinoma cells to hyperoxia (95% O(2)) for 0.5-24 h time-dependently increases phospho-ERK, phospho-p53(Ser15), p53, and p21(CIP1) protein levels. Decreasing phospho-ERK with the pharmacological inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, markedly suppresses hyperoxia-stimulated phospho-p53(Ser15), p53, and p21(CIP1), and also restores the hyperoxia-reduced kinase activities of cyclin D1/E1-Cdks. Our results suggest that ERK activation during hyperoxia contributes to the p53/p21-mediated G(1) checkpoint. However, inhibition of ERK signaling during hyperoxia further delays S-phase entry and progression. Hyperoxia induces significant expression of cyclin A/B1 and translocation of cyclin A into nuclei while marginally decreasing cyclin A/B1-Cdks kinase activities, which may be related to nuclear association with p21. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK signaling markedly suppresses the elevation of cyclin A/B1 proteins and cyclin A/B1-Cdks kinase activities during hyperoxia. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that hyperoxia-activated ERK acts upstream of p53 and p21 to suppress G(1)-Cdk activities; however, it is also required for induction of cyclin A/B1 and maintenance of cyclin A/B1-Cdk activities that oppose delays in S-phase entry and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chung Ko
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Abstract
Cell cycle progression is dependent upon the action of cyclins and their partners the cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). Each cell cycle phase has its own characteristic cyclin-CDK combination, cyclin D-CDK4,6 and cyclin E-CDK2 being responsible for progression through G(1)-phase into S-phase. Progression through G(1)-phase is regulated by signal transduction cascades activated by polypeptide growth factors and by extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Studies aiming to unravel the molecular mechanism by which these extracellular components activate the cyclin-CDK complexes in the G(1)-phase, are usually performed using serum-starved cells (G(0) cells). These cells are activated by addition of growth factors, or the cells are detached from the substratum by trypsinization and subsequently allowed to re-attach. An alternative approach, however, is to study the effects of growth factors and attachment in the ongoing cell cycle by synchronization of the cells by the mitotic shake-off method. These cells are not serum starved and not actively detached from the substratum. In this contribution it is shown that both methods yield significant different results. These observations demonstrate that data obtained with model systems should be interpreted with care, especially if the findings are used to explain cell cycle progression in cells in an intact organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boonstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, University Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny O'Nions
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Virology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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O'Nions J, Allday MJ. Epstein-Barr virus can inhibit genotoxin-induced G1 arrest downstream of p53 by preventing the inactivation of CDK2. Oncogene 2003; 22:7181-91. [PMID: 14562046 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is involved in the pathogenesis of several B cell lymphoproliferations, but the precise contribution it makes to the aetiology of each remains unclear. In vitro, the virus has potent growth transforming activity and efficiently induces the continuous proliferation of normal human B cells. A comparison of EBV-infected primary B cells with an isogenic population induced to proliferate by CD40-ligand (CD40L) and IL4 has revealed that EBV can override - by a novel mechanism - the p53/pRb-mediated G1 checkpoint activated in normal B cells by a genotoxic stress. In cells responding to cisplatin, although p53 is stabilized and activated, EBV latent gene expression appears to inhibit the accumulation of newly synthesized p21(WAF1/CIP1) and the downregulation of cyclin D2 that occur in the normal cells. Consequently, in the EBV-infected cells, CDK2 remains active, hyperphosphorylation of pRb is maintained and the replication of damaged DNA can occur. Under conditions of severe genomic stress, this absence of p21(WAF1/CIP1) function can result in apoptosis; however, when damage is less sustained, genomic instability may arise and this in turn could contribute to the development of a variety of EBV-associated B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny O'Nions
- Department of Virology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Wright-Fleming Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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Chan HC, Kuo SC, Huang LJ, Liu CH, Hsu SL. A phenylacetate derivative, SCK6, inhibits cell proliferation via G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 467:31-9. [PMID: 12706452 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetate is a differentiation agent and has anticancer activity with relatively low toxicity. In the present study, we examined the anticancer effect of six synthetic phenylacetate derivatives in human lung cancer cells in our search for more effective phenylacetate analogous. Results showed that the antiproliferative effects of these synthetic compounds were stronger than those of phenylacetate, and that N-butyl-2-(2-fluorolphenyl)acetamide (SCK6) is the most potent compound. To address the mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of SCK6, cell cycle analysis was performed. Result showed that SCK6 (1 mM) induced G(1) arrest in CH27 cells. Western blot analysis of G(1) phase regulatory proteins demonstrated that the protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), Cdk4, Cyclin E and Cyclin D3 were decreased after treatment with SCK6 but not those of Cdk6, Cyclin D1 and D2. In contrast, SCK6 increased the protein levels of p53 and p21(CIP1/WAF1). Data from in situ terminal transferase-mediated dUTP-fluorescensin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and DNA fragmentation analysis demonstrated that SCK6 induced apoptotic cell death in CH27 cells. This SCK6-induced apoptosis was accompanied by a downregulation of Bcl-2 protein and activation of the caspase-9 cascade. Overexpression of Bcl-2 by adeno-Bcl-2 vector infection significantly inhibited SCK6-induced apoptosis. Moreover, treatment with caspase inhibitors also markedly reduced cell death induced by SCK6. Taken together, these results suggest that downregulation of G(1)-associated Cdks and cyclins and upregulation of p53 and p21(CIP1/WAF1) may contribute to SCK6-mediated G(1)-phase arrest. Furthermore, the decrease in Bcl-2 and the activation of caspase-9/caspase-3 may be the effector mechanism through which SCK6 induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Chin Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Li QF, Ou-Yang GL, Peng XX, Hong SG. Effects of tachyplesin on the regulation of cell cycle in human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:454-8. [PMID: 12632496 PMCID: PMC4621560 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Revised: 09/23/2002] [Accepted: 10/29/2002] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of tachyplesin on the cell cycle regulation in human hepatcarcinoma cells. METHODS Effects of tachyplesin on the cell cycle in human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells were assayed with flow cytometry. The protein levels of p53, p16, cyclin D1 and CDK4 were assayed by immunocytochemistry. The mRNA levels of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and c-myc genes were examined with in situ hybridization assay. RESULTS After tachyplesin treatment, the cell cycle arrested at G0/G1 phase, the protein levels of mutant p53, cyclin D1 and CDK4 and the mRNA level of c-myc gene were decreased, whereas the levels of p16 protein and p21(WAF1/CIP1) mRNA increased. CONCLUSION Tachyplesin might arrest the cell at G0/G1 phase by upregulating the levels of p16 protein and p21(WAF1/CIP1) mRNA and downregulating the levels of mutant p53, cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins and c-myc mRNA, and induce the differentiation of human hepatocacinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Fu Li
- The Key Laboratory of China Education Ministry for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China.
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