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Dashwood RH. Cancer interception by interceptor molecules: mechanistic, preclinical and human translational studies with chlorophylls. Genes Environ 2021; 43:8. [PMID: 33676582 PMCID: PMC7937315 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Before 'cancer interception' was first advocated, 'interceptor molecules' had been conceived as a sub-category of preventive agents that interfered with the earliest initiation steps in carcinogenesis. Three decades ago, a seminal review cataloged over fifty synthetic agents and natural products that were known or putative interceptor molecules. Chlorophylls and their derivatives garnered much interest based on the potent antimutagenic activity in the Salmonella assay, and the subsequent mechanistic work that provided proof-of-concept for direct molecular complexes with planar aromatic carcinogens. As the 'interceptor molecule' hypothesis evolved, mechanistic experiments and preclinical studies supported the view that chlorophylls can interact with environmental heterocyclic amines, aflatoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to limit their uptake and bioavailability in vivo. Support also came from human translational studies involving ultralow dose detection in healthy volunteers, as well as intervention in at-risk subjects. Antimutagenic and antigenotoxic effects of natural and synthetic chlorophylls against small alkylating agents also highlighted the fact that non-interceptor mechanisms existed. This gave impetus to investigations broadly related to free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory effects, immune modulation and photodynamic therapy. Therapeutic aspects of chlorophylls also were investigated, with evidence for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cancer cells. As the science has evolved, new mechanistic leads continue to support the use and development of chlorophylls and their porphyrin derivatives for cancer interception, beyond the initial interest as interceptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick H Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M Health, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Hayes M, Ferruzzi MG. Update on the bioavailability and chemopreventative mechanisms of dietary chlorophyll derivatives. Nutr Res 2020; 81:19-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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3
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Wang F, Terazono Y, Liu J, Fefer M, Pelton RH. Adsorption of aqueous copper chlorophyllin mixtures on model surfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Gerić M, Gajski G, Mihaljević B, Miljanić S, Domijan AM, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Radioprotective properties of food colorant sodium copper chlorophyllin on human peripheral blood cells in vitro. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 845:403027. [PMID: 31561900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sodium copper chlorophyllin (CHL) is a food colorant that exhibits many beneficial properties, including potential for use in radiotherapy. Nevertheless, genotoxicity studies investigating radioprotective properties against γ-radiation on human cells are rather scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and induction of malondialdehyde formation on CHL pre-treated whole blood cells after an absorbed dose of 5 Gy γ-radiation. Irradiated whole blood cells pre-treated with 100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL CHL showed less DNA-strand breaks (10.92 ± 0.74%, 10.69 ± 0.68%, and 8.81 ± 0.69%, respectively) than untreated irradiated cells (12.58 ± 0.88%). At the same time, the level of malondialdehyde was lower in CHL pre-treated samples with 100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL CHL (14.11 ± 0.43, 16.35 ± 2.82, and 13.08 ± 1.03 μmol/L, respectively) compared to untreated irradiated samples (24.11 ± 0.25 μmol/L). Regarding cytotoxicity, no changes were observed in the samples tested. Another important finding is that CHL had no cyto/genotoxic properties toward human blood cells. Taken together, since CHL had no cyto/genotoxic effects and showed good radioprotective properties in human blood cells, further studies should be conducted in order to find its possible application in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Saveta Miljanić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Jesionowski T, Norman M, Żółtowska-Aksamitowska S, Petrenko I, Joseph Y, Ehrlich H. Marine Spongin: Naturally Prefabricated 3D Scaffold-Based Biomaterial. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E88. [PMID: 29522478 PMCID: PMC5867632 DOI: 10.3390/md16030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis, chemistry, structural features and functionality of spongin as a halogenated scleroprotein of keratosan demosponges are still paradigms. This review has the principal goal of providing thorough and comprehensive coverage of spongin as a naturally prefabricated 3D biomaterial with multifaceted applications. The history of spongin's discovery and use in the form of commercial sponges, including their marine farming strategies, have been analyzed and are discussed here. Physicochemical and material properties of spongin-based scaffolds are also presented. The review also focuses on prospects and trends in applications of spongin for technology, materials science and biomedicine. Special attention is paid to applications in tissue engineering, adsorption of dyes and extreme biomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Norman
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Sonia Żółtowska-Aksamitowska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger str. 23, 09559 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Joseph
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger str. 23, 09559 Freiberg, Germany.
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Boulsourani Z, Katsamakas S, Geromichalos G, Psycharis V, Raptopoulou C, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Yiannaki E, Dendrinou-Samara C. Synthesis, structure elucidation and biological evaluation of triple bridged dinuclear copper(II) complexes as anticancer and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory agents. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:1026-1040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Norman M, Bartczak P, Zdarta J, Tomala W, Żurańska B, Dobrowolska A, Piasecki A, Czaczyk K, Ehrlich H, Jesionowski T. Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Immobilization onto Hippospongia communis Marine Demosponge Skeleton and Its Antibacterial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101564. [PMID: 27690001 PMCID: PMC5085623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Hippospongia communis marine demosponge skeleton was used as an adsorbent for sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC). Obtained results indicate the high sorption capacity of this biomaterial with respect to SCC. Batch experiments were performed under different conditions and kinetic and isotherms properties were investigated. Acidic pH and the addition of sodium chloride increased SCC adsorption. The experimental data were well described by a pseudo-second order kinetic model. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were determined and the experimental data were analyzed using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The effectiveness of the process was confirmed by 13C Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). This novel SCC-sponge-based functional hybrid material was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Norman
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Bartczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jakub Zdarta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Tomala
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Barbara Żurańska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Dobrowolska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60627 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawla II 24, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60627 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
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D´Epiro GFR, Semprebon SC, Niwa AM, Marcarini JC, Mantovani MS. Roles of chlorophyllin in cell proliferation and the expression of apoptotic and cell cycle genes in HB4a non-tumor breast cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:348-54. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1172692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Choi K, Ortega MT, Jeffery B, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA. Oxidative stress response in canine in vitro liver, kidney and intestinal models with seven potential dietary ingredients. Toxicol Lett 2015; 241:49-59. [PMID: 26602166 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture systems are a useful tool to rapidly assess the potential safety or toxicity of chemical constituents of food. Here, we investigated oxidative stress and organ-specific antioxidant responses by 7 potential dietary ingredients using canine in vitro culture of hepatocytes, proximal tubule cells (CPTC), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and enterocyte-like cells (ELC). Cellular production of free radical species by denatonium benzoate (DB), epigallocatechin gallate (EPI), eucalyptol (EUC), green tea catechin extract (GTE) and sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), tetrahydroisohumulone (TRA) as well as xylitol (XYL) were continuously measured for reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and superoxide (SO) for up to 24h. DB and TRA showed strong prooxidant activities in hepatocytes and to a lesser degree in ELC. DB was a weak prooxidant in BMSC. In contrast DB and TRA were antioxidants in CPTC. EPI was prooxidant in hepatocytes and BMSC but showed prooxidant and antioxidant activity in CPTC. SCC in hepatocytes (12.5mg/mL) and CPTC (0.78mg/mL) showed strong prooxidant and antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. GTE was effective antioxidant only in ELC. EUC and XYL did not induce ROS/RNS in all 4 cell types. SO production by EPI and TRA increased in hepatocytes but decreased by SCC in hepatocytes and ELC. These results suggest that organ-specific responses to oxidative stress by these potential prooxidant compounds may implicate a mechanism of their toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungju Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Maria T Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Brett Jeffery
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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Domijan AM, Gajski G, Novak Jovanović I, Gerić M, Garaj-Vrhovac V. In vitro genotoxicity of mycotoxins ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 could be prevented by sodium copper chlorophyllin – Implication to their genotoxic mechanism. Food Chem 2015; 170:455-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Chen X, Gao F, Yang WY, Zhou ZX, Lin JQ, Ji LN. Structure-activity relationship of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes as DNA intercalators, DNA photocleavage reagents, and DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:367-84. [PMID: 23495154 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the molecular structure and biological activity of polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes, such as DNA binding, photocleavage ability, and DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibition, six new [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppz)](2+) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a:2,',3'-c]phenazine) analogs have been synthesized and characterized by means of (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Interestingly, the biological properties of these complexes have been identified to be quite different via a series of experimental methods, such as spectral titration, DNA thermal denaturation, viscosity, and gel electrophoresis. To explain the experimental regularity and reveal the underlying mechanism of biological activity, the properties of energy levels and population of frontier molecular orbitals and excited-state transitions of these complexes have been studied by density-functional theory (DFT) and time-depended DFT (TDDFT) calculations. The results suggest that DNA intercalative ligands with better planarity, greater hydrophobicity, and less steric hindrance are beneficial to the DNA intercalation and enzymatic inhibition of their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Novak I, Komorsky-Lovrić Š. Square-Wave Voltammetry of Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin on Glassy-Carbon and Paraffin-Impregnated Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Proteomic approaches in understanding action mechanisms of metal-based anticancer drugs. Met Based Drugs 2011; 2008:716329. [PMID: 18670610 PMCID: PMC2486358 DOI: 10.1155/2008/716329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal inorganic chemistry has been stimulating largely by the success of the anticancer drug, cisplatin. Various metal complexes are currently used as therapeutic agents (e.g., Pt, Au, and Ru) in the treatment of malignant diseases, including several types of cancers. Understanding the mechanism of action of these metal-based drugs is for the design of more effective drugs. Proteomic approaches combined with other biochemical methods can provide comprehensive understanding of responses that are involved in metal-based anticancer drugs-induced cell death, including insights into cytotoxic effects of metal-based anticancer drugs, correlation of protein alterations to drug targets, and prediction of drug resistance and toxicity. This information, when coupled with clinical data, can provide rational basses for the future design and modification of present used metal-based anticancer drugs.
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Tong M, Zhang L, Wang Y, Jiang H, Ren Y. Fe-chlorophyllin promotes the growth of wheat roots associated with nitric oxide generation. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:5246-55. [PMID: 21614205 PMCID: PMC3100840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11125246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of Fe-chlorophyllin on the growth of wheat root were investigated in this study. We found that Fe-chlorophyllin can promote root growth. The production of nitric oxide in wheat root was detected using DAF-2DA fluorescent emission. The intensity of fluorescent in the presence of 0.1 mg/L Fe-chlorophyllin was near to that observed with the positive control of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the nitric oxide donor. IAA oxidase activity decreased with all treatments of Fe-chlorophyllin from 0.01 to 10 mg/L. At the relatively lower Fe-chlorophyllin concentration of 0.1 mg/L, the activity of IAA oxidase displayed a remarkable decrease, being 40.1% lower than the control. Meanwhile, Fe-chlorophyllin treatment could increase the activities of reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), as determined using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results indicate that Fe-chlorophyllin contributes to the growth of wheat root associated with nitric oxide generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liefeng Zhang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.Z.); (Y.R.); Tel. +86-25-8589-1591; Fax: +86-25-8589-1591
| | | | | | - Yong Ren
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.Z.); (Y.R.); Tel. +86-25-8589-1591; Fax: +86-25-8589-1591
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Chen ZF, Tan MX, Liu LM, Liu YC, Wang HS, Yang B, Peng Y, Liu HG, Liang H, Orvig C. Cytotoxicity of the traditional chinese medicine (TCM) plumbagin in its copper chemistry. Dalton Trans 2009:10824-33. [PMID: 20023912 DOI: 10.1039/b910133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), plumbagin (PLN), was isolated from Plumbago Zeylanica. Reaction of plumbagin with Cu(II) salt, afforded [Cu(PLN)(2)].2H(2)O (1). With 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) as a co-ligand, PLN reacts with Cu(II) to give [Cu(PLN)(bipy)(H(2)O)](2)(NO(3))(2).4H(2)O (2). 1 and 2 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ESI-MS spectra. Their crystal structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity of PLN, 1 and 2 against seven human tumour cell lines was assayed. The metal-based compounds exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity vs. that of free PLN, suggesting that these compounds display synergy in the combination of metal ions with PLN. The binding properties of PLN, 1 and 2 to DNA were investigated through UV-vis, fluorescence, CD spectra, and gel mobility shift assay, which indicated that 1 and 2 were non-covalent binding and mainly intercalated the neighboring base pairs of DNA. PLN, 1 and 2 exhibit inhibition activity to topoisomerase I (TOPO I), but 1 and 2 were more effective than PLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
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House PG, Schnitzer CS. SERRS and visible extinction spectroscopy of copper chlorophyllin on silver colloids as a function of pH. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 318:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ferruzzi MG, Blakeslee J. Digestion, absorption, and cancer preventative activity of dietary chlorophyll derivatives. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ferruzzi MG, Schwartz SJ. Thermal degradation of commercial grade sodium copper chlorophyllin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:7098-102. [PMID: 16131116 DOI: 10.1021/jf051010s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), a water-soluble commercial derivative of chlorophyll, has gained importance as a food colorant and dietary supplement with apparent chemopreventive activities. The thermal stability of SCC was studied to assess the potential application of this chlorophyll derivative for use in thermally processed foods and supplements. Thermal degradation of an aqueous 500 ppm SCC solution was monitored between 25 and 100 degrees C by a loss of absorbance at 627 nm. Decomposition was also followed by reversed phase C18 HPLC with photodiode array detection to monitor the loss of Cu(II)Chlorin e4, the major component of commercial grade SCC. The rate of thermal degradation of SCC was found to follow first-order reaction kinetics. HPLC analysis confirmed the ultraviolet and visible absorbance data and also demonstrated loss of the major SCC component, Cu(II)Chlorin e4, at a rate faster than that of overall SCC. The activation energy was estimated using the Arrhenius equation and found to be 13.3 +/- 0.8 and 16.0 +/- 2.1 kcal/mol for the thermal degradation of SCC and Cu(II)Chlorin e4, respectively. The observed temperature sensitivity of SCC was determined to be similar to that of natural chlorophyll and raises the possibility of color deterioration when used in food products where mild to severe thermal treatment is applied. Furthermore, the implication of rapid loss of Cu(II)Chlorin e4, a reported bioactive component of SCC, upon heating may result in alteration of potential dietary benefits such as antimutagenic and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Ferruzzi
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2009, USA.
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Fahey JW, Stephenson KK, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Egner PA, Kensler TW, Talalay P. Chlorophyll, chlorophyllin and related tetrapyrroles are significant inducers of mammalian phase 2 cytoprotective genes. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1247-55. [PMID: 15774490 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant chlorophylls and carotenoids are highly colored, conjugated polyenes that play central roles in photosynthesis. Other porphyrins (tetrapyrroles), such as cytochromes, which are structurally related to chlorophyll, participate in redox reactions in many living systems. An unexpected new property of tetrapyrroles, including tetramethyl coproporphyrin III, tetrabenzoporphine, copper chlorin e4 ethyl ester, and of carotenoids including zeaxanthin and alpha-cryptoxanthin is their ability to induce mammalian phase 2 proteins that protect cells against oxidants and electrophiles. The capacity of these compounds to induce the phase 2 response depends upon their ability or that of their metabolites to react with thiol groups, a property shared with all other classes of phase 2 inducers, which show few other structural similarities. Pseudo second-order rate constants of these inducers are correlated with their potency in inducing the phase 2 enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in murine hepatoma cells. One of the most potent inducers was isolated from chlorophyllin, a semisynthetic water-soluble chlorophyll derivative. Although chlorophyll itself is low in inducer potency, it may nevertheless account for some of the disease-protective effects attributed to diets rich in green vegetables because it occurs in much higher concentrations in those plants than the widely studied 'phytochemicals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed W Fahey
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Cancer Chemoprotection Center, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.
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Kumar SS, Shankar B, Sainis KB. Effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative stress in splenic lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1672:100-11. [PMID: 15110092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyllin (CHL) has been examined as an antioxidant/radioprotector in splenic lymphocytes from BALB/c mice. CHL inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-propionimidinedihydrochloride) (AAPH) in lymphocytes in vitro. It also partially prevented radiation-induced suppression of mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro. Generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by radiation or AAPH was measured as oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H(2)DCF-DA) using flow cytometry. Addition of CHL to lymphocytes in vitro significantly inhibited the increase in intracellular ROS. Further, lymphocytes from mice treated with CHL (100-400 microg/gbw i. p.) showed varying levels of ROS depending on the dose and the time (24 to 72 h) after injection. The extent of radiation-induced apoptosis and suppression of concanavalin A (con A)-induced mitogenesis ex vivo corresponded with changes in ROS levels in CHL-administered mice. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were also estimated in lymphocytes from CHL-treated mice. CHL offered protection against whole body irradiation (WBI)-induced lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in lymphocytes at all the time points studied. These results demonstrate antioxidant effect of CHL in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santosh Kumar
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bioscience Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Modular Laboratories, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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22
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Sudakin DL. Dietary aflatoxin exposure and chemoprevention of cancer: a clinical review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 2003; 41:195-204. [PMID: 12733859 DOI: 10.1081/clt-120019137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to dietary aflatoxins is considered to be an important risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in certain regions of the world. Significant advances have recently been made in understanding the clinical toxicology of aflatoxins. These include the development and validation of biomarkers of exposure and genotoxic effect. These biomarkers are currently being utilized to explore the potential that pharmaceutical interventions may have in modifying the toxicokinetics of dietary aflatoxin exposure. Preliminary results of clinical trials with the drug oltipraz suggest that it may modify the genotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 by inhibiting bioactivation pathways and stimulating detoxification pathways. More recent results of a clinical trial with chlorophyllin suggest that this drug may have a role in preventing dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 by reducing its oral bioavailability. The preliminary results of these chemoprevention studies may ultimately have implications for cancer prevention in high-risk populations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Sudakin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6502, USA.
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Ferruzzi M, Bohm V, Courtney P, Schwartz S. Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activity of Dietary Chlorophyll Derivatives Determined by Radical Scavenging and Bacterial Reverse Mutagenesis Assays. J Food Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ferruzzi MG, Failla ML, Schwartz SJ. Sodium copper chlorophyllin: in vitro digestive stability and accumulation by Caco-2 human intestinal cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2173-2179. [PMID: 11902975 DOI: 10.1021/jf010869g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), a mixture of water-soluble chlorophyll derivatives, is used as both a food colorant and a common dietary supplement. Although the potential antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of this commercial preparation have been demonstrated, limited information is available on its digestion and absorption by humans. Stability of SCC was examined during simulated gastric and small intestinal digestion. Three preparations were subjected to in vitro digestion: SCC in water, SCC in water + 10% corn oil, and SCC in applesauce. SCC components from raw material preparations and in digested samples were analyzed by C(18) HPLC with photodiode array detection. Cu(II)chlorin e(4), the major chlorin component of SCC, was relatively stable during simulated digestion. In contrast, greater than 90% of Cu(II)chlorin e(6) was degraded to undetermined products during digestion. Recovery of Cu(II)chlorin e(6) after digestion was increased by incorporation of SCC into applesauce, suggesting a protective role of the inclusion matrix for stabilization of labile SCC components. Accumulation of SCC derivatives was investigated by using differentiated cultures of the TC7 clone of the Caco-2 human intestinal cell line. Cellular accumulation from media containing 0.5 to 60 ppm SCC was linear with intracellular content ranging between 0.2 and 29.6 microg of total SCC per mg of cellular protein. Uptake of SCC by Caco-2 cells was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in cultures incubated at 4 degrees C than in those incubated at 37 degrees C. Although intracellular SCC was transported into both apical and basolateral compartments when Caco-2 cells were grown on inserts, apical efflux was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than basolateral efflux. Stability of Cu(II)chlorin e(4) during in vitro digestion and effective uptake by Caco-2 enterocyte-like cells support the likelihood that a portion of this SCC component or its metabolites is absorbed from the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Ferruzzi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1007, USA
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25
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Yu JW, Yoon SS, Yang R. Iron chlorin e6 scavenges hydroxyl radical and protects human endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide toxicity. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:1053-9. [PMID: 11558568 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron chlorin e6 (FeCe6) has recently been proposed to be potentially antimutagenic and antioxidative. However, the antioxidant property of FeCe6 has not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we investigated the ability of FeCe6 to scavenge hydroxyl radical and to protect biomolecules and mammalian cells from oxidative stress-mediated damage. In electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments, FeCe6 showed excellent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, whereas its iron-deficient molecule, chlorin e6 (Ce6) showed little effect. FeCe6 also significantly reduced hydroxyl radical-induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) formation and benzoate hydroxylation in a dose-dependent manner. The rate constant for reaction between FeCe6 and hydroxyl radical was measured as 8.5 x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1) by deoxyribose degradation method, and this value was much higher than that of most hydroxyl radical scavengers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of FeCe6 was also confirmed by ESR study and cytochrome c reduction assay, but its in vitro activity appeared to be less efficient in comparison with other well-known SOD mimics. In addition, FeCe6 appreciably diminished hydroxyl radical-induced DNA single-strand breakage and protein degradation in Fe-catalyzed and Cu-catalyzed Fenton systems, and it significantly protected human endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity. These results suggest that FeCe6 is a novel hydroxyl radical scavenger and may be useful for preventing oxidative injury in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Chernomorsky S, Segelman A, Poretz RD. Effect of dietary chlorophyll derivatives on mutagenesis and tumor cell growth. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1999; 19:313-22. [PMID: 10495448 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6866(1999)19:5<313::aid-tcm1>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Much attention in recent years has been given to the antigenotoxicity of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll, however, is known to be converted into pheophytin, pyropheophytin, and pheophorbide in processed vegetable food and following ingestion by humans. Studies were conducted on the antimutagenic and tumoricidal potencies of these compounds. All the chlorophyll derivatives tested exhibit identical antimutagenic effect towards 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), suggesting that the porphyrin nucleus may complex directly with the mutagen. It does not exclude, however, another mechanism of activity involving inactivation the enzymatic transformation of 3-MC. In contrast, the action of N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) depends upon structural differences between the chlorophyll derivatives. It is significantly lower when the phytol-containing pheophytin and pyropheophytin are tested as to that of the phytol-lacking pheophorbide. The higher concentrations of the chlorophyll derivatives were required to reduce the mutagenicity of MNNG than needed for 3-MC. The cytotoxicity of chlorophyll derivatives against tumor cells also was evaluated. The cellular uptake and inhibition of myeloma cell multiplicity were found to be greater for pheophorbide than for pheophytin. Calculated on the amount of cell associated chlorophyll derivative, however, pheophytin was more cytostatic/cytotoxic than pheophorbide. The results presented in this report indicate that food sources that yield chlorophyll derivatives may play a significant role in cancer prevention. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 19:313-322, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chernomorsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA
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Scarpato R, Bertoli A, Naccarati A, Migliore L, Cocchi L, Barale R, Pistelli L. Different effects of newly isolated saponins on the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the anticancer drugs mitomycin C and bleomycin in human lymphocytes. Mutat Res 1998; 420:49-54. [PMID: 9838039 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the present paper was to assess by using the in vitro micronucleus (MN) test in human lymphocytes the effect of two plant extracts isolated from Blupeurum fruticosum (saponins) on the clastogenicity and cytotoxicity of the anticancer drugs mitomycin C (MMC) and bleomycin (BLM). One saponin showed a dose-dependent MMC-induced mutagenesis inhibition together with co-genotoxic effect on BLM-treated cultures. The remaining saponin did not significantly alter MN induction of both chemotherapeutic agents whereas it enhanced BLM cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scarpato
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pisa, Via San Giuseppe 22, 56100, Pisa, Italy
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