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Xing W, Li X, Zhou Y, Li M, Zhu M. Lactate metabolic pathway regulates tumor cell metastasis and its use as a new therapeutic target. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2023:541-559. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal energy metabolism is one of the ten hallmarks of tumors, and tumor cell metabolism provides energy and a suitable microenvironment for tumorigenesis and metastasis. Tumor cells can consume large amounts of glucose and produce large amounts of lactate through glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, a process called aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect. Lactate is the end product of the aerobic glycolysis. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which is highly expressed in cancer cells, promotes lactate production and transports lactate to the tumor microenvironment and is taken up by surrounding stromal cells under the action of monocarboxylate transporter 1/4 (MCT1/4), which in turn influences the immune response and enhances the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Therapeutic strategies targeting lactate metabolism have been intensively investigated, focusing on its metastasis-promoting properties and various target inhibitors; AZD3965, an MCT1 inhibitor, has entered phase I clinical trials, and the LDHA inhibitor N-hydroxyindole (NHI) has shown cancer therapeutic activity in pre-clinical studies. Interventions targeting lactate metabolism are emerging as a promising option for cancer therapy, with chemotherapy or radiotherapy combined with lactate-metabolism-targeted drugs adding to the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Based on current research, this article outlines the role of lactate metabolism in tumor metastasis and the potential value of inhibitors targeting lactate metabolism in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Xing
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Yuli Zhou
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Mengsen Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China; Institution of Tumour, First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan, China
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
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Targeting hypoxia-related metabolism molecules: How to improve tumour immune and clinical treatment? Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lin J, Liu G, Chen L, Kwok HF, Lin Y. Targeting lactate-related cell cycle activities for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1231-1243. [PMID: 36328311 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactate has long been considered as a metabolic by-product of aerobic glycolysis for cancer. However, more and more studies have shown that lactate can regulate cancer progression via multiple mechanisms such as cell cycle regulation, immune suppression, energy metabolism and so on. A recent discovery of lactylation attracted a lot of attention and is already a hot topic in the cancer field. In this review, we summarized the latest functions of lactate and its underlying mechanisms in cancer. We also included our analysis of protein lactylation in different rat organs and compared them with other published lactylation data. The unresolved challenges in this field were discussed, and the potential application of these new discoveries of lactate-related cell cycle activities for cancer target therapy was speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Geng Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Lidian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
| | - Yao Lin
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Fujian-Macao Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Oriented Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
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Abstract
High serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are typically associated with a poor prognosis in many cancer types. Even the most effective drugs, which have radically improved outcomes in patients with melanoma over the past decade, provide only marginal benefit to those with high serum LDH levels. When viewed separately from the oncological, biochemical, biological and immunological perspectives, serum LDH is often interpreted in very different ways. Oncologists usually see high serum LDH only as a robust biomarker of a poor prognosis, and biochemists are aware of the complexity of the various LDH isoforms and of their key roles in cancer metabolism, whereas LDH is typically considered to be oncogenic and/or immunosuppressive by cancer biologists and immunologists. Integrating these various viewpoints shows that the regulation of the five LDH isoforms, and their enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions is closely related to key oncological processes. In this Review, we highlight that serum LDH is far more than a simple indicator of tumour burden; it is a complex biomarker associated with the activation of several oncogenic signalling pathways as well as with the metabolic activity, invasiveness and immunogenicity of many tumours, and constitutes an extremely attractive target for cancer therapy.
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Di Magno L, Coluccia A, Bufano M, Ripa S, La Regina G, Nalli M, Di Pastena F, Canettieri G, Silvestri R, Frati L. Discovery of novel human lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors: Structure-based virtual screening studies and biological assessment. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114605. [PMID: 35868126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer cells switch their metabolism from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis to generate ATP and precursors for the biosynthesis of key macromolecules. The aerobic conversion of pyruvate to lactate, coupled to oxidation of the nicotinamide cofactor, is a primary hallmark of cancer and is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a central effector of this pathological reprogrammed metabolism. Hence, inhibition of LDH is a potential new promising therapeutic approach for cancer. In the search for new LDH inhibitors, we carried out a structure-based virtual screening campaign. Here, we report the identification of a novel specific LDH inhibitor, the pyridazine derivative 18 (RS6212), that exhibits potent anticancer activity within the micromolar range in multiple cancer cell lines and synergizes with complex I inhibition in the suppression of tumor growth. Altogether, our data support the conclusion that compound 18 deserves to be further investigated as a starting point for the development of LDH inhibitors and for novel anticancer strategies based on the targeting of key metabolic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Magno
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marianna Bufano
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Ripa
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Nalli
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Di Pastena
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi Frati
- Institute Pasteur Italy - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Via Regina Elena 291, I-00161, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed S.p.A., Via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.
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Kubik J, Humeniuk E, Adamczuk G, Madej-Czerwonka B, Korga-Plewko A. Targeting Energy Metabolism in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105572. [PMID: 35628385 PMCID: PMC9146201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular diseases. The development of molecular and biochemical techniques has expanded the knowledge of changes occurring in specific metabolic pathways of cancer cells. Increased aerobic glycolysis, the promotion of anaplerotic responses, and especially the dependence of cells on glutamine and fatty acid metabolism have become subjects of study. Despite many cancer treatment strategies, many patients with neoplastic diseases cannot be completely cured due to the development of resistance in cancer cells to currently used therapeutic approaches. It is now becoming a priority to develop new treatment strategies that are highly effective and have few side effects. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the enzymes involved in the different steps of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, and possible targeted therapies. The review also focuses on presenting the differences between cancer cells and normal cells in terms of metabolic phenotype. Knowledge of cancer cell metabolism is constantly evolving, and further research is needed to develop new strategies for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubik
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Ewelina Humeniuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-65-20
| | - Grzegorz Adamczuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
| | - Barbara Madej-Czerwonka
- Human Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Korga-Plewko
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.K.); (G.A.); (A.K.-P.)
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Systematic Review of Gossypol/AT-101 in Cancer Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020144. [PMID: 35215257 PMCID: PMC8879263 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of gossypol and of its R-(−)-enantiomer (R-(−)-gossypol acetic acid, AT-101), has been evaluated for treatment of cancer as an independent agent and in combination with standard chemo-radiation-therapies, respectively. This review assesses the evidence for safety and clinical effectiveness of oral gossypol/AT-101 in treating various types of cancer. The databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov were examined. Phase I and II trials as well as single arm and randomized trials were included in this review. Results were screened to determine if they met inclusion criteria and then summarized using a narrative approach. A total of 17 trials involving 759 patients met the inclusion criteria. Overall, orally applied gossypol/AT-101 at low doses (30 mg daily or lower) was determined as well tolerable either as monotherapy or in combination with chemo-radiation. Adverse events should be strictly monitored and were successfully managed by dose-reduction or treating symptoms. There are four randomized trials, two performed in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, one in subjects with head and neck cancer, and one in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Thereby, standard chemotherapy (either docetaxel (two trials) or docetaxel plus cisplatin or docetaxel plus prednisone) was tested with and without AT-101. Within these trials, a potential benefit was observed in high-risk patients or in some patients with prolongation in progression-free survival or in overall survival. Strikingly, the most recent clinical trial combined low dose AT-101 with docetaxel, fluorouracil, and radiation, achieving complete responses in 11 of 13 patients with gastroesophageal carcinoma (median duration of 12 months) and a median progression-free survival of 52 months. The promising results shown in subsets of patients supports the need of further specification of AT-101 sensitive cancers as well as for the establishment of effective AT-101-based therapy. In addition, the lowest recommended dose of gossypol and its precise toxicity profile need to be confirmed in further studies. Randomized placebo-controlled trials should be performed to validate these data in large cohorts.
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Wang ZH, Peng WB, Zhang P, Yang XP, Zhou Q. Lactate in the tumour microenvironment: From immune modulation to therapy. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103627. [PMID: 34656878 PMCID: PMC8524104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered metabolic states, which are characterised by hypoxia and elevated levels of metabolites, particularly lactate, contribute to the immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Excessive lactate secreted by metabolism-reprogrammed cancer cells regulates immune responses via causing extracellular acidification, acting as an energy source by shuttling between different cell populations, and inhibiting the mechanistic (previously ‘mammalian’) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in immune cells. This review focuses on recent advances in the regulation of immune responses by lactate, as well as therapeutic strategies targeting lactate anabolism and transport in the TME, such as those involving glycolytic enzymes and monocarboxylate transporter inhibitors. Considering the multifaceted roles of lactate in cancer metabolism, a comprehensive understanding of how lactate and lactate-targeting therapies regulate immune responses in the TME will provide insights into the complex relationships between metabolism and antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Bei Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Ren X, Liu M, Tang M, Tan L, Fu C, Wu Q, Li H, Chen Y, Chen L, Meng X. Evaluation of Apigenin Inhibiting Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Based on CdTe Quantum Dots Fluorescence. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1806-1811. [PMID: 34688325 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is one of key enzymes in glucose metabolism pathway, which plays a critical role in cell metabolism. Inhibition of LDH can inhibit glycolysis process, thereby inhibiting the occurrence and development of tumor cells. Two kinds of LDH inhibitors, apigenin and emodin, were obtained by testing the IC50 of several natural products in LDH enzyme reaction. The IC50 of apigenin was about 1/3 of LDH inhibitor sodium oxalate. A new method to evaluate the performance of LDH inhibitors based on CdTe QDs was established at the same time, which provides a new idea for research on LDH enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Meijia Liu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Longfei Tan
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lufeng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Clinical Medical School and First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyiuan, 030001, China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Cheng C, Tan H, Wang N, Chen L, Meng Z, Chen Z, Feng Y. Functional inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase suppresses pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e467. [PMID: 34185423 PMCID: PMC8238920 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) a highly lethal malignancy. The current use of clinical parameters may not accurately predict the clinical outcome, which further renders the unsatisfactory therapeutic outcome. METHODS In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical-pathological characteristics and prognosis of 253 PAAD patients. Univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were conducted to assess risk factors and clinical outcomes. For functional study, we performed bidirectional genetic manipulation of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) in PAAD cell lines to measure PAAD progression by both in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS LDHA is particularly overexpressed in PAAD tissues and elevated serum LDHA-transcribed isoenzymes-5 (LDH-5) was associated with poorer patients' clinical outcomes. Genetic overexpression of LDHA promoted the proliferation and invasion in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo in murine PAAD orthotopic models, while knockdown of LDHA exhibited opposite effects. LDHA-induced L-lactate production was responsible for the LDHA-facilitated PAAD progression. Mechanistically, LDHA overexpression reduced the phosphorylation of metabolic regulator AMPK and promoted the downstream mTOR phosphorylation in PAAD cells. Inhibition of mTOR repressed the LDHA-induced proliferation and invasion. A natural product berberine was selected as functional inhibitor of LDHA, which reduced activity and expression of the protein in PAAD cells. Berberine inhibited PAAD cells proliferation and invasion in vitro, and suppressed tumor progression in vivo. The restoration of LDHA attenuated the suppressive effect of berberine on PAAD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that LDHA may be a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target of human PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien‐shan Cheng
- Department of Integrative OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Hor‐Yue Tan
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Ning Wang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Lianyu Chen
- Department of Integrative OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yibin Feng
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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Aghakhani S, Zerrouk N, Niarakis A. Metabolic Reprogramming of Fibroblasts as Therapeutic Target in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Cancer: Deciphering Key Mechanisms Using Computational Systems Biology Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E35. [PMID: 33374292 PMCID: PMC7795338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, the most abundant cells in the connective tissue, are key modulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. These spindle-shaped cells are capable of synthesizing various extracellular matrix proteins and collagen. They also provide the structural framework (stroma) for tissues and play a pivotal role in the wound healing process. While they are maintainers of the ECM turnover and regulate several physiological processes, they can also undergo transformations responding to certain stimuli and display aggressive phenotypes that contribute to disease pathophysiology. In this review, we focus on the metabolic pathways of glucose and highlight metabolic reprogramming as a critical event that contributes to the transition of fibroblasts from quiescent to activated and aggressive cells. We also cover the emerging evidence that allows us to draw parallels between fibroblasts in autoimmune disorders and more specifically in rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. We link the metabolic changes of fibroblasts to the toxic environment created by the disease condition and discuss how targeting of metabolic reprogramming could be employed in the treatment of such diseases. Lastly, we discuss Systems Biology approaches, and more specifically, computational modeling, as a means to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms and accelerate the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Aghakhani
- GenHotel, University of Evry, University of Paris-Saclay, Genopole, 91000 Evry, France; (S.A.); (N.Z.)
- Lifeware Group, Inria Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Naouel Zerrouk
- GenHotel, University of Evry, University of Paris-Saclay, Genopole, 91000 Evry, France; (S.A.); (N.Z.)
| | - Anna Niarakis
- GenHotel, University of Evry, University of Paris-Saclay, Genopole, 91000 Evry, France; (S.A.); (N.Z.)
- Lifeware Group, Inria Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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Tanwar AK, Dhiman N, Kumar A, Jaitak V. Engagement of phytoestrogens in breast cancer suppression: Structural classification and mechanistic approach. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 213:113037. [PMID: 33257172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the world's devastating disease, and breast cancer is the most common reason for the death of women worldwide. Many synthetic drugs and medications are provided with their beneficial actions, but all of these have side effects and resistance problems. Natural remedies are coming forward to overcome the disadvantages of synthetic drugs. Among the natural categories, phytoestrogens having a structural similarity of mammalian oestradiol proves its benefit with various mechanisms not only in the treatment of breast cancer but even to prevent the occurrence of postmenopausal symptoms. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds that were utilized in ancient medications and traditional knowledge for its sex hormone properties. Phytoestrogens exert pleiotropic effects on cellular signalling and show effects on estrogen-dependent diseases. However, because of activation/inhibition of steroid hormonal receptor ER-α or ER-β, these compounds induce or inhibit steroid hormonal (estrogen) action and, therefore, have the potential to disrupt hormone (estrogen) signalling pathway. In this review, we have discussed and summarize the effect of certain phytoestrogens and their possible mechanisms that can substantiate advantageous benefits for the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms as well as for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar Tanwar
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Neha Dhiman
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
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El Hassouni B, Granchi C, Vallés-Martí A, Supadmanaba IGP, Bononi G, Tuccinardi T, Funel N, Jimenez CR, Peters GJ, Giovannetti E, Minutolo F. The dichotomous role of the glycolytic metabolism pathway in cancer metastasis: Interplay with the complex tumor microenvironment and novel therapeutic strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60:238-248. [PMID: 31445217 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Liu Y, Li K, Wu Y, Ma J, Tang P, Liu Y, Wu D. PVA reinforced gossypolone and doxorubicin π-π stacking nanoparticles towards tumor targeting and ultralow dose synergistic chemotherapy. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:3662-3674. [PMID: 31179466 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00674e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To improve the tumor synergistic therapeutic effects of carrier-free dual-drug delivery systems and realize ultralow dose administration, we developed a tumor targeting and high-efficiency synergistic chemotherapy system (HA-Gn@DPGn NPs) based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) reinforced gossypolone (Gn) and doxorubicin (DOX) π-π stacking nanoparticles (DPGn NPs), in which PVA filled the gaps between Gn and DOX and bridged Gn and DOX tightly. Hyaluronic acid modifier hyaluronic acid-gossypolone (HA-Gn) was covered on the surface of DPGn NPs to form HA-Gn@DPGn NPs that procured active targeting properties. This system presented a spherical shape with a uniform hydrodynamic size of 87 ± 6.8 nm, a high drug loading of 80.31%, and high stability. FTIR and UV spectra demonstrated that HA-Gn was covered on the surface of the system and showed significant π-π stacking properties. A considerably low combination index of Gn and DOX (0.1862) was determined at an ultra-low dose of DOX under a Gn : DOX ratio of 50 : 1. HA-Gn@DPGn NPs also demonstrated excellent tumor synergistic therapeutic efficacy (TIR > 87%) at an ultralow dose of DOX and Gn. This system demonstrates high tumor comprehensive synergistic therapeutic efficacy at an ultralow drug dose with multiple favorable therapeutic characteristics, including negligible side effects, tumor targeting ability and thermal-responsive drug release, and thus has considerable potential for tumor synergistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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15
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A phase II study of the orally administered negative enantiomer of gossypol (AT-101), a BH3 mimetic, in patients with advanced adrenal cortical carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:755-762. [PMID: 31172443 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with treatment options of limited efficacy, and poor prognosis if metastatic. AT-101 is a more potent inhibitor of B cell lymphoma 2 family apoptosis-related proteins than its racemic form, gossypol, which showed preliminary clinical activity in ACC. We thus evaluated the efficacy of AT-101 in patients with advanced ACC. Methods Patients with histologically confirmed metastatic, recurrent, or primarily unresectable ACC were treated with AT-101 (20 mg/day orally, 21 days out of 28-day cycles) until disease progression and/or prohibitive toxicity. The primary endpoint was objective response rate, wherein a Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) partial response rate of 25% would be considered promising and 10% not, with a Type I error of 10% and 90% power. In a 2-stage design, 2 responses were required of the first 21 assessable subjects to warrant complete accrual of 44 patients. Secondary endpoints included safety, progression-free survival and overall survival. Results This study accrued 29 patients between 2009 and 2011; median number of cycles was 2. Seven percent experienced grade 4 toxicity including cardiac troponin elevations and hypokalemia. None of the first 21 patients attained RECIST partial response; accordingly, study therapy was deemed ineffective and the trial was permanently closed. Conclusions AT-101 had no meaningful clinical activity in this study in patients with advanced ACC, but demonstrated feasibility of prospective therapeutic clinical trials in this rare cancer.
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16
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Lactate Dehydrogenases as Metabolic Links between Tumor and Stroma in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060750. [PMID: 31146503 PMCID: PMC6627402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a metabolic disease in which abnormally proliferating cancer cells rewire metabolic pathways in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Molecular reprogramming in the TME helps cancer cells to fulfill elevated metabolic demands for bioenergetics and cellular biosynthesis. One of the ways through which cancer cell achieve this is by regulating the expression of metabolic enzymes. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is the primary metabolic enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate and vice versa. LDH also plays a significant role in regulating nutrient exchange between tumor and stroma. Thus, targeting human lactate dehydrogenase for treating advanced carcinomas may be of benefit. LDHA and LDHB, two isoenzymes of LDH, participate in tumor stroma metabolic interaction and exchange of metabolic fuel and thus could serve as potential anticancer drug targets. This article reviews recent research discussing the roles of lactate dehydrogenase in cancer metabolism. As molecular regulation of LDHA and LDHB in different cancer remains obscure, we also review signaling pathways regulating LDHA and LDHB expression. We highlight on the role of small molecule inhibitors in targeting LDH activity and we emphasize the development of safer and more effective LDH inhibitors. We trust that this review will also generate interest in designing combination therapies based on LDH inhibition, with LDHA being targeted in tumors and LDHB in stromal cells for better treatment outcome.
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17
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Lin H, Yang WQ, Ye Z, Zhang CJ. Identification of Potent Caspase-8 Inhibitors from a Library of Fluorescent Natural Products Screened by an AIEgen-Based Light-Up Probe. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1292-1296. [PMID: 30648790 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent natural products are a rich source of drugs and chemical probes, but their innate fluorescence can interfere with fluorescence-based screening assays. Caspase-8 is a key player in apoptosis, its inhibition having been found to be beneficial for treatment of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Small-molecular inhibitors of caspase-8 remain sparsely reported, however. In this study, we firstly developed a light-up probe based on an AIEgen and capable of targeting caspase-8. This fluorescent dye has a Stokes shift of 200 nm, which could allow the innate fluorescence signals of natural products to be avoided. On screening a library of 86 fluorescent natural products, we found for the first time that gossypol showed potent inhibition of caspase-8 in vitro and in situ. This unique light-up probe, coupled with colored natural products, could represent an efficient approach to hit discovery for druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wan-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chong-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and, Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
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18
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Carvalho TM, Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. The peculiarities of cancer cell metabolism: A route to metastasization and a target for therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:343-363. [PMID: 30928707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the peculiarities of metabolic reprogramming in tumour onset and progression, and their relevance in cancer therapy. Also, it has been indicated that the metastatic process may depend on the metabolic rewiring and adaptation of cancer cells to the pressure of tumour microenvironment and limiting nutrient availability. The present review gatherers the existent knowledge on the influence of tumour microenvironment and metabolic routes driving metastasis. A focus will be given to glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, glutaminolysis, and amino acid handling. In addition, the role of metabolic waste driving metastasization will be explored. Finally, we discuss the status of cancer treatment approaches targeting metabolism. This knowledge revision will highlight the critical metabolic targets in metastasis and the chemicals already used in preclinical studies and clinical trials, providing clues that would be further exploited in medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ma Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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19
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Feng Y, Xiong Y, Qiao T, Li X, Jia L, Han Y. Lactate dehydrogenase A: A key player in carcinogenesis and potential target in cancer therapy. Cancer Med 2018; 7:6124-6136. [PMID: 30403008 PMCID: PMC6308051 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated glycolysis remains a universal and primary character of cancer metabolism, which deeply depends on dysregulated metabolic enzymes. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) facilitates glycolytic process by converting pyruvate to lactate. Numerous researches demonstrate LDHA has an aberrantly high expression in multiple cancers, which is associated with malignant progression. In this review, we summarized LDHA function in cancer research. First, we gave an introduction of structure, location, and basic function of LDHA. Following, we discussed the transcription and activation mode of LDHA. Further, we focused on the function of LDHA in cancer bio‐characteristics. Later, we discussed the clinical practice of LDHA in cancer prevention and treatment. What we discussed gives a precise insight into LDHA especially in cancer research, which will contribute to exploring cancer pathogenesis and its handling measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanlu Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianyun Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Lan L, Liu H, Smith AR, Appelman C, Yu J, Larsen S, Marquez RT, Wu X, Liu FY, Gao P, Gowthaman R, Karanicolas J, De Guzman RN, Rogers S, Aubé J, Neufeld KL, Xu L. Natural product derivative Gossypolone inhibits Musashi family of RNA-binding proteins. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:809. [PMID: 30097032 PMCID: PMC6086024 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Musashi (MSI) family of RNA-binding proteins is best known for the role in post-transcriptional regulation of target mRNAs. Elevated MSI1 levels in a variety of human cancer are associated with up-regulation of Notch/Wnt signaling. MSI1 binds to and negatively regulates translation of Numb and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), negative regulators of Notch and Wnt signaling respectively. METHODS Previously, we have shown that the natural product (-)-gossypol as the first known small molecule inhibitor of MSI1 that down-regulates Notch/Wnt signaling and inhibits tumor xenograft growth in vivo. Using a fluorescence polarization (FP) competition assay, we identified gossypolone (Gn) with a > 20-fold increase in Ki value compared to (-)-gossypol. We validated Gn binding to MSI1 using surface plasmon resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and cellular thermal shift assay, and tested the effects of Gn on colon cancer cells and colon cancer DLD-1 xenografts in nude mice. RESULTS In colon cancer cells, Gn reduced Notch/Wnt signaling and induced apoptosis. Compared to (-)-gossypol, the same concentration of Gn is less active in all the cell assays tested. To increase Gn bioavailability, we used PEGylated liposomes in our in vivo studies. Gn-lip via tail vein injection inhibited the growth of human colon cancer DLD-1 xenografts in nude mice, as compared to the untreated control (P < 0.01, n = 10). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that PEGylation improved the bioavailability of Gn as well as achieved tumor-targeted delivery and controlled release of Gn, which enhanced its overall biocompatibility and drug efficacy in vivo. This provides proof of concept for the development of Gn-lip as a molecular therapy for colon cancer with MSI1/MSI2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lan
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
- Current address: School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, China
| | - Amber R Smith
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Carl Appelman
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sarah Larsen
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Rebecca T Marquez
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Frank Y Liu
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Philip Gao
- Protein Production Group, NIH COBRE in Protein Structure and Function, Lawrence, USA
| | - Ragul Gowthaman
- Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - John Karanicolas
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roberto N De Guzman
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Steven Rogers
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristi L Neufeld
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Liang Xu
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 4002 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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Zhang SL, He Y, Tam KY. Targeting cancer metabolism to develop human lactate dehydrogenase ( h LDH)5 inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1407-1415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Recent advances in gossypol derivatives and analogs: a chemistry and biology view. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1243-1275. [PMID: 28722469 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypol as a natural occurring polyphenol has been studied in a wide range of therapeutic contexts for a long time. The chemical modifications on gossypol were limited due to the unique chemical properties of polyphenols. The design and synthesis of gossypol derivatives and the exploration of their biological activities are the interest of the synthetic chemists, medicinal chemists and pharmacologists. Thus, the progress of diverse gossypol derivatives and analogs' synthesis, biological activities, mechanism elucidation and drug discovery based on gossypol scaffold is summarized.
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23
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Fang A, Zhang Q, Fan H, Zhou Y, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Huang X. Discovery of human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) inhibitors as anticancer agents to inhibit the proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1720-1726. [PMID: 30108883 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in the area of cancer metabolism. Herein, we report the discovery of novel LDHA inhibitors through docking-based virtual screening and biological assays. The primary enzymatic assay suggested that compound 11 targeted LDHA with an IC50 value of 0.33 μM. The in vitro cytotoxic assay demonstrated that compound 11 reduced the growth of MG-63 cancer cells with an EC50 value of 3.35 μM. Finally, we found that compound 11 induced the apoptosis of MG-63 cancer cells in a dose dependent manner, upregulated the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and decreased the lactate formation and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in MG-63 cancer cells. Collectively, our data suggested that compound 11 could be a promising lead for the development of potent LDHA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Fang
- West China School of Public Health/No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , Sichuan , P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , Sichuan , P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health/No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , Sichuan , P.R. China
| | - Haibo Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery , The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital) , Shenzhen , 518020 , Guangdong , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86 0755 2553 3018
| | - Yaying Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery , The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital) , Shenzhen , 518020 , Guangdong , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86 0755 2553 3018
| | - Yuqin Yao
- West China School of Public Health/No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , Sichuan , P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy , West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610041 , Sichuan , P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery , The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital) , Shenzhen , 518020 , Guangdong , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86 0755 2553 3018
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery , The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital) , Shenzhen , 518020 , Guangdong , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86 0755 2553 3018
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24
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Lu Y, Wu S, Yue Y, He S, Li J, Tang J, Wang W, Zhou HB. Gossypol with Hydrophobic Linear Esters Exhibits Enhanced Antitumor Activity as an Inhibitor of Antiapoptotic Proteins. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1185-1190. [PMID: 27994761 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of gossypol Schiff bases that were derived from unnatural linear amino acid methyl esters were identified and found to be much more potent than gossypol and ABT-199 in terms of anticancer activity. This is the first example of gossypol Schiff bases with increased activity. The investigation of the Schiff base side chain of gossypol revealed that the unique anticancer effect was achieved by the introduction of hydrophobic ester groups. The optimized products showed low micromolar pan antitumor activities against NCI-60 tumor cell lines, which is promising for further drug development. Studies on the preliminary mechanism of action for their cellular activities was also carried out with antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2 and Mcl-1) inhibition FP assays. The molecular modeling analysis demonstrated a possible binding mode for these compounds with Bcl-2, which could explain the binding affinity of the novel gossypol Schiff bases with these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial
Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shuangchan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial
Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial
Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Si He
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial
Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial
Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial
Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial
Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial
Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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25
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Benvenuto M, Mattera R, Masuelli L, Taffera G, Andracchio O, Tresoldi I, Lido P, Giganti MG, Godos J, Modesti A, Bei R. (±)-Gossypol induces apoptosis and autophagy in head and neck carcinoma cell lines and inhibits the growth of transplanted salivary gland cancer cells in BALB/c mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:298-312. [PMID: 27670669 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1236077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Racemic Gossypol [(±)-GOS], composed of both (-)-GOS and (+)-GOS, is a small BH3-mimetic polyphenol derived from cotton seeds. (±)-GOS has been employed and well tolerated by cancer patients. Head and neck carcinoma (HNC) represents one of the most fatal cancers worldwide, and a significant proportion of HNC expresses high levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that (±)-GOS inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis and autophagy of human pharynx, tongue, and salivary gland cancer cell lines and of mouse salivary gland cancer cells (SALTO). (±)-GOS was able to: (a) decrease the ErbB2 protein expression; (b) inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT; (c) stimulate p38 and JNK1/2 protein phosphorylation. (±)-GOS administration was safe in BALB/c mice and it reduced the growth of transplanted SALTO cells in vivo and prolonged mice median survival. Our results suggest the potential role of (±)-GOS as an antitumor agent in HNC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Benvenuto
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Rosanna Mattera
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Laura Masuelli
- b Department of Experimental Medicine , "Sapienza Università di Roma" , Rome , Italy
| | - Gloria Taffera
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Orlando Andracchio
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Ilaria Tresoldi
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Paolo Lido
- c Internal Medicine Residency Program , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Giganti
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Justyna Godos
- d Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Andrea Modesti
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
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26
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Tian X, Ruan J, Huang J, Fang X, Mao Y, Wang L, Chen X, Yang C. Gossypol: phytoalexin of cotton. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:122-9. [PMID: 26803304 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids are a class of 15-carbon secondary metabolites that play diverse roles in plant adaptation to environment. Cotton plants accumulate a large amount of sesquiterpene aldehydes (including gossypol) as phytoalexins against pathogens and herbivores. They are stored in pigment glands of aerial organs and in epidermal layers of roots. Several enzymes of gossypol biosynthesis pathway have been characterized, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) that catalyze the formation of the precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (CDN) which is the first enzyme committed to gossypol biosynthesis, and the downstream enzymes of CYP706B1 and methyltransferase. Expressions of these genes are tightly regulated during cotton plants development and induced by jasmonate and fungi elicitors. The transcription factor GaWRKY1 has been shown to be involved in gossypol pathway regulation. Recent development of new genomic platforms and methods and releases of diploid and tetraploid cotton genome sequences will greatly facilitate the elucidation of gossypol biosynthetic pathway and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Juxin Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinquan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingbo Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingjian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Changqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Rani R, Kumar V. Recent Update on Human Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme 5 (hLDH5) Inhibitors: A Promising Approach for Cancer Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2015; 59:487-96. [PMID: 26340601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human lactate dehydrogenase (hLDH5), a glycolytic enzyme responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate coupled with oxidation of NADH to NAD(+), plays a crucial role in the promotion of glycolysis in invasive tumor cells. Recently, hLDH5 has been considered a vital therapeutic target for invasive cancers. Selective inhibition of hLDH5 using small molecules holds potential prospects for the treatment of cancer and associated diseases. Consequently, significant progress has been made in the discovery of selective small-molecule hLDH5 inhibitors displaying remarkable inhibitory potencies. The purpose of this review is to discuss briefly the roles of hLDH isoforms and to compile small hLDH5 inhibitors into groups based on their chemical classes and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Rani
- Department of Translational Research, National Cancer Institute-CRO , Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Department of Translational Research, National Cancer Institute-CRO , Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano 33081, Italy
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Abstract
The latest findings on the role played by human LDH5 (hLDH5) in the promotion of glycolysis in invasive tumor cells indicates that this enzyme subtype is a promising therapeutic target for invasive cancer. Compounds able to selectively inhibit hLDH5 hold promise for the cure of neoplastic diseases. hLDH5 has so far been a rather unexplored target, since its importance in the promotion of cancer progression has been neglected for decades. This enzyme should also be considered as a challenging target due the high polar character (mostly cationic) of its ligand cavity. Recently, significant progresses have been reached with small-molecule inhibitors of hLDH5 displaying remarkable potencies and selectivities. This review provides an overview of the newly developed hLDH5 inhibitors. The roles of hLDH isoforms will be briefly discussed, and then the inhibitors will be grouped into chemical classes. Furthermore, general pharmacophore features will be emphasized throughout the structural subgroups analyzed.
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Mellon JE, Dowd MK, Beltz SB, Moore GG. Growth inhibitory effects of gossypol and related compounds on fungal cotton root pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:161-8. [PMID: 24713043 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effect of the terpenoids gossypol, 6-methoxygossypol, 6,6'-dimethoxygossypol, gossypolone and apogossypolone on growth of fungal soil pathogens was investigated. The compounds were tested at a concentration of 100 μg ml(-1) in a Czapek Dox agar medium at 25°C. Gossypol, gossypolone and apogossypolone demonstrated strong growth inhibitory activity (≥90%) against Pythium irregulare, Pythium ultimum and Fusarium oxysporum. These same terpenoids provided good growth inhibition against most Rhizoctonia solani isolates. Methylated gossypol derivatives generally yielded reduced growth inhibition against the tested fungi compared with gossypol. Dose-response effects of gossypol, gossypolone and apogossypolone were determined over a concentration range of 5-100 μg ml(-1) against P. irregulare CR1, P. ultimum ATCC 56081 and R. solani CR15. At lower concentrations, gossypol proved to be a more potent growth inhibitor of P. irregulare (ED50 = 4 μg ml(-1) ) and P. ultimum (ED50 = 13·2 μg ml(-1) ) than the other tested compounds. Rhizoctonia solani CR15 was more resistant to growth inhibitory effects of all tested terpenoids (ED50 = 35-43 μg ml(-1) ). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work demonstrates that gossypol is an effective natural antimicrobial agent against a wide range of potential fungal pathogens of cotton. Relative to gossypol, methylated gossypol derivatives that are also found naturally in root tissue were less effective at inhibiting the growth of soil fungal pathogens. However, by virtue of their significant concentration in root tissue, they still may contribute to cotton defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Mellon
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Zhan YH, Huang XF, Hu XB, An QX, Liu ZX, Zhang XQ. Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by apogossypolone. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:1791-5. [PMID: 23679275 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.3.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the male reproductive system, which causes the second most cancer deaths of males, and control of angiogenesis in prostate lesions is of obvious importance. This study assessed the effect of apogossypolone (ApoG2) on proliferation and apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS HUVECs were treated with different concentrations of ApoG2. The survival rate of HUVECs were determined by MTT assay. Utrastructural changes of HUVECs were assessed with transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis in HUVECs was analyzed by flow cytometry and cell migration by Boyden chamber assay. Matrigel assays were used to quantify the development of tube-like networks. RESULTS ApoG2 significantly inhibited HUVEC growth even at 24 h (P<0.05). The inhibitory effect of ApoG2 is more obvious as the concentration and the culture time increased (P<0.05). These results indicate that ApoG2 inhibits the proliferation of HUVECs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with increase of the apoptosis rate. Besides, ApoG2 reduced the formation of total pseudotubule length and network branches of HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that ApoG2 inhibits angiogenesis of HUVECs by growth inhibition and apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Zhan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, China.
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Ainooson MK, Guzei IA, Spencer LC, Darkwa J. Pyrazolylimine iron and cobalt, and pyrazolylamine nickel complexes: Synthesis and evaluation of nickel complexes as ethylene oligomerization catalysts. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Granchi C, Minutolo F. Anticancer agents that counteract tumor glycolysis. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1318-50. [PMID: 22684868 PMCID: PMC3516916 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Can we consider cancer to be a "metabolic disease"? Tumors are the result of a metabolic selection, forming tissues composed of heterogeneous cells that generally express an overactive metabolism as a common feature. In fact, cancer cells have increased needs for both energy and biosynthetic intermediates to support their growth and invasiveness. However, their high proliferation rate often generates regions that are insufficiently oxygenated. Therefore, their carbohydrate metabolism must rely mostly on a glycolytic process that is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic switch, also known as the Warburg effect, constitutes a fundamental adaptation of tumor cells to a relatively hostile environment, and supports the evolution of aggressive and metastatic phenotypes. As a result, tumor glycolysis may constitute an attractive target for cancer therapy. This approach has often raised concerns that antiglycolytic agents may cause serious side effects toward normal cells. The key to selective action against cancer cells can be found in their hyperbolic addiction to glycolysis, which may be exploited to generate new anticancer drugs with minimal toxicity. There is growing evidence to support many glycolytic enzymes and transporters as suitable candidate targets for cancer therapy. Herein we review some of the most relevant antiglycolytic agents that have been investigated thus far for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
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Ma X, Lian QQ, Dong Q, Ge RS. Environmental inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Toxicology 2011; 285:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li H, Piao L, Xu P, Ye W, Zhong S, Lin SH, Kulp SK, Mao Y, Cho Y, Lee LJ, Lee RJ, Lin YC. Liposomes containing (-)-gossypol-enriched cottonseed oil suppress Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression in breast cancer cells. Pharm Res 2011; 28:3256-64. [PMID: 21710341 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have demonstrated that (-)-gossypol-enriched cottonseed oil [(-)-GPCSO] can down-regulate Bcl-2 expression in MCF-7 and primary cultured human breast cancer epithelial cells (PCHBCECs). However, this agent has not been evaluated in vivo due to its limited solubility. We aimed to develop liposomes containing (-)-GPCSO to suppress Bcl-2/Bcl-xL expression. METHODS (-)-GPCSO liposomes were prepared and evaluated for effects on breast cancer cell viability, MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor growth, cellular Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA levels, and chemosensitivity to paclitaxel. RESULTS (-)-GPCSO liposomes prepared had excellent stability. Cytotoxicity of (-)-GPCSO liposomes was significantly reduced compared to (-)-GPCSO in culture medium. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA expression was down-regulated by (-)-GPCSO in culture medium or (-)-GPCSO liposomes in MDA-MB-231 cells. In PCHBCECs, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression were down-regulated by (-)-GPCSO liposomes. (-)-GPCSO in culture medium induced only a mild reduction in Bcl-xL. In the MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor model, (-)-GPCSO liposomes exhibited tumor-suppressive activity and significantly reduced intratumoral Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression. Cytotoxicity of paclitaxel was increased by pretreatment with (-)-GPCSO liposomes in MDA-MB-231 and PCHBCECs. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that (-)-GPCSO liposomes warrant continued investigation as a chemosensitizer for breast cancers exhibiting Bcl-2-/Bcl-xL-mediated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Barreiro EJ, Kümmerle AE, Fraga CAM. The Methylation Effect in Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5215-46. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, CP 68.006, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arthur E. Kümmerle
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, CP 68.006, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. M. Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, CP 68.006, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Mellon J, Zelaya C, Dowd M. Inhibitory effects of gossypol-related compounds on growth of Aspergillus flavus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:406-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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López-Cara LC, Conejo-García A, Marchal JA, Macchione G, Cruz-López O, Boulaiz H, García MA, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Ramírez A, Cativiela C, Jiménez AI, García-Ruiz JM, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Aránega A, Campos JM. New (RS)-benzoxazepin-purines with antitumour activity: The chiral switch from (RS)-2,6-dichloro-9-[1-(p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,1-benzoxazepin-3-yl]-9H-purine. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 46:249-58. [PMID: 21126804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Completing an SAR study, a series of (RS)-6-substituted-7- or 9-(1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,1-benzoxazepine-3-yl)-7H or 9H-purines has been prepared under microwave-assisted conditions. Their antiproliferative activities on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancerous cell lines are presented, being the majority of the IC(50) values below 1μM. The most active compound (RS)-2,6-dichloro-9-[1-(p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,1-benzoxazepin-3-yl]-9H-purine (14) presents an IC(50) of 0.166μM against the human cancerous cell line MDA-MB-231. Compound 14 was the most selective against the human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines (Therapeutic Indexes, TIs=5.1 and 11.0, respectively) in relation to the normal one MCF-10A. (RS)-14 was resolved into its enantiomers. Both enantiomers are equally potent, but more potent than the corresponding racemic mixture. (R)-14 induces apoptosis against MCF-7 up to 52.50% of cell population after 48h, being more potent than the clinical-used drug paclitaxel (43%). (RS)-14 induces no acute toxicity in mice after two weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa C López-Cara
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, c/ Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Guzei IA, Spencer LC, Yankey M, Darkwa J. Bis(2-hy-droxy-ethanaminium) tetra-chloridopalladate(II). Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:m1551-2. [PMID: 21589244 PMCID: PMC3011756 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810045435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, (C2H8NO)2[PdCl4], 2-hydroxyethanaminium cations and tetrachloridopalladate(II) dianions crystallize in a 2:1 ratio with the anion residing on a crystallographic inversion center. The cations and anions are linked in a complex three-dimensional framework by three types of strong hydrogen bonds (N—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl, and O—H⋯Cl), which form various ring and chain patterns of up to the ternary graph-set level.
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Wei J, Kitada S, Stebbins JL, Placzek W, Zhai D, Wu B, Rega MF, Zhang Z, Cellitti J, Yang L, Dahl R, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of Apogossypolone derivatives as pan-active inhibitors of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8000-11. [PMID: 21033669 DOI: 10.1021/jm100746q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins is commonly related with tumor maintenance, progression, and chemoresistance. Inhibition of these antiapoptotic proteins is an attractive approach for cancer therapy. Guided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) binding assays, a series of 5,5' substituted compound 6a (Apogossypolone) derivatives was synthesized and identified pan-active antagonists of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, with binding potency in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Compound 6f inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 with IC(50) values of 3.10, 3.12, and 2.05 μM, respectively. In a cellular assay, 6f potently inhibits cell growth in several human cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 6f further displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice and demonstrated superior single-agent antitumor efficacy in a PPC-1 mouse xenograft model. Together with its negligible toxicity, compound 6f represents a promising drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Guzei IA, Spencer LC, Ainooson MK, Darkwa J. Constructor graph description of the hydrogen-bonding supramolecular assembly in two ionic compounds: 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)ethylammonium chloride and diaquadichloridobis(2-hydroxyethylammonium)cobalt(II) dichloride. Acta Crystallogr C 2010; 66:m89-96. [PMID: 20354295 DOI: 10.1107/s010827011000572x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent bond tables are used to generate hydrogen-bond pattern designator symbols for the crystallographically characterized title compounds. 2-(Pyrazol-1-yl)ethylammonium chloride, C(5)H(10)N(3)(+).Cl(-), (I), has three unique, strong, charge-assisted hydrogen bonds of the types N-H...Cl and N-H...N that form unary through ternary levels of graph-set interactions. Diaquadichloridobis(2-hydroxyethylammonium)cobalt(II) dichloride, [CoCl(2)(C(2)H(8)NO)(2)(H(2)O)(2)]Cl(2), (II), forms five unique charge-assisted hydrogen bonds of the types O-H...Cl and N-H...Cl. These form graph-set patterns up to the quinary level. The Co complex in (II) resides at a crystallographic inversion center; thus the number of hydrogen bonds to consider doubles due to their G-equivalence, and the handling of such a case is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Zhang XQ, Huang XF, Mu SJ, An QX, Xia AJ, Chen R, Wu DC. Inhibition of proliferation of prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, in vitro and in vivo using (-)-gossypol. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:390-9. [PMID: 20081872 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2009.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antiproliferative activity of (-)-gossypol on the human prostate cancer cell line PC3 in vitro and in vivo to elucidate its potential molecular mechanisms. Cell growth and viability were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and electron microscopy. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, CD31, caspase-3 and caspase-8 in tumour tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry. The drug concentration that yielded 50% cell inhibition (IC(50) value) was 4.74 microg mL(-1). In the PC-3 tumour xenograft study, (-)-gossypol (> 5 mg kg(-1)) given once a day for 7 days significantly inhibited tumour growth in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that (-)-gossypol enhanced caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression and decreased the expression of PCNA, Bcl-2 and CD31 in tumour tissues. It suggested that cell apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis might contribute to the anticancer action of (-)-gossypol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Qing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710038, China
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Zerp SF, Stoter R, Kuipers G, Yang D, Lippman ME, van Blitterswijk WJ, Bartelink H, Rooswinkel R, Lafleur V, Verheij M. AT-101, a small molecule inhibitor of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, activates the SAPK/JNK pathway and enhances radiation-induced apoptosis. Radiat Oncol 2009; 4:47. [PMID: 19852810 PMCID: PMC2771029 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-4-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gossypol, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound has been identified as a small molecule inhibitor of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. It induces apoptosis in a wide range of tumor cell lines and enhances chemotherapy- and radiation-induced cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. Bcl-2 and related proteins are important inhibitors of apoptosis and frequently overexpressed in human tumors. Increased levels of these proteins confer radio- and chemoresistance and may be associated with poor prognosis. Consequently, inhibition of the anti-apoptotic functions of Bcl-2 family members represents a promising strategy to overcome resistance to anticancer therapies. Methods We tested the effect of (-)-gossypol, also denominated as AT-101, radiation and the combination of both on apoptosis induction in human leukemic cells, Jurkat T and U937. Because activation of the SAPK/JNK pathway is important for apoptosis induction by many different stress stimuli, and Bcl-XL is known to inhibit activation of SAPK/JNK, we also investigated the role of this signaling cascade in AT-101-induced apoptosis using a pharmacologic and genetic approach. Results AT-101 induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent fashion, with ED50 values of 1.9 and 2.4 μM in Jurkat T and U937 cells, respectively. Isobolographic analysis revealed a synergistic interaction between AT-101 and radiation, which also appeared to be sequence-dependent. Like radiation, AT-101 activated SAPK/JNK which was blocked by the kinase inhibitor SP600125. In cells overexpressing a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun, AT-101-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced. Conclusion Our data show that AT-101 strongly enhances radiation-induced apoptosis in human leukemic cells and indicate a requirement for the SAPK/JNK pathway in AT-101-induced apoptosis. This type of apoptosis modulation may overcome treatment resistance and lead to the development of new effective combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuraila F Zerp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gossypol as undesirable substance in animal feed - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Bingchun X, Tao W, Erbao L. Chemiluminescence determination of gossypol at trace levels using flow injection as sample introduction techniques. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934808110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wei J, Rega MF, Kitada S, Yuan H, Zhai D, Risbood P, Seltzman HH, Twine CE, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Synthesis and evaluation of Apogossypol atropisomers as potential Bcl-xL antagonists. Cancer Lett 2008; 273:107-13. [PMID: 18782651 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) have been recently validated as targets for the discovery of novel anti-cancer agents. We previously reported that racemic (+/-) Apogossypol, a semi-synthetic compound derived from the natural product Gossypol, binds and inhibits Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)in vitro and in cell. Given that (+) and (-) Gossypol display different proapoptotic activities, here we report on the synthesis of (+) and (-) Apogossypol and the evaluation of their in vitro and cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Eberle J, Hossini AM. Expression and function of bcl-2 proteins in melanoma. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:409-19. [PMID: 19506730 PMCID: PMC2691663 DOI: 10.2174/138920208785699571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 proteins are critical regulators of mitochondrial membrane permeability and the proapoptotic mitochondrial pathway. The family encloses pro- and antiapoptotic factors encoded by over 15 genes, which frequently give rise to alternative splice products. Antiapoptotic, proapoptotic multidomain, and proapoptotic BH3-only proteins are characterized by the presence of at least one of four Bcl-2 homology domains (BH 1-4). Their expression and activities are controlled by survival pathways as MAP kinases and protein kinase B/Akt, which are in touch with a number of transcription factors. In melanoma, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathways and Bcl-2 proteins appear of particular importance for apoptosis resistance, which has been addressed in clinical trials applying antisense-Bcl-2. Overexpression or induction of proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins as well as the use of small molecule mimetics for the proapoptotic BH3 domain are further promising strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Eberle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Piccinelli AL, Lotti C, Severino L, Luongo D, Rastrelli L. Unusual cytotoxic sulfated cadinene-type sesquiterpene glycosides from cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum). Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Eberle J, Kurbanov BM, Hossini AM, Trefzer U, Fecker LF. Overcoming apoptosis deficiency of melanoma-hope for new therapeutic approaches. Drug Resist Updat 2007; 10:218-34. [PMID: 18054518 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased incidence of malignant melanoma in the last decades, its high mortality and pronounced therapy resistance pose an enormous challenge. Important therapeutic targets for melanoma are the induction of apoptosis and suppression of survival pathways. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and of death receptor ligands to trigger apoptosis in melanoma cells. In the clinical setting, BH3 domain mimics and death receptor agonists are therefore considered as promising, specific novel treatments to add to the conventional pro-apoptotic strategies such as chemo- or radiotherapy. However, constitutively activated survival pathways, in particular the mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase B/Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, all may work in concert to prevent effective therapy. Thus, selective biologicals developed with the aim to inhibit pro-survival signaling are currently tested in melanoma. For highly therapy-resistant tumors such as melanoma, development of novel drug combinations will be essential, and combinations of survival inhibitors and pro-apoptotic mediators appear most promising. The challenge of the near future will be to make a rational choice of the multiple possible combinations and protocols. This review gives a critical overview of proteins involved in melanoma chemoresistance, which are targets for current drug development leading to the best choice for future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Eberle
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Ko CH, Shen SC, Yang LY, Lin CW, Chen YC. Gossypol reduction of tumor growth through ROS-dependent mitochondria pathway in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1670-9. [PMID: 17597109 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among 13 different cell lines, gossypol (GOS) showed the most potent cytotoxic effect against human colorectal carcinoma cells including HT29, COLO205, COLO320HSR and COLO320DM cells according to an MTT assay. The cytotoxic effect of GOS was mediated by its induction of apoptosis as characterized by the occurrence of DNA ladders, apoptotic bodies and chromosome condensation in both COLO205 and HT29 cells. Activation of caspase 3, 6, 8 and 9, but not caspase 1, accompanied by the appearance of cleaved fragments of PARP (85 kDa), and caspase 3 (p17/p15), was identified in GOS-treated cells. Decreases in Bcl-xL and phosphorylated Bad proteins were found in GOS-treated cells. GOS induction of ROS production was detected by in vitro plasmid digestion, and an increase in the intracellular peroxide level was observed in GOS-treated COLO205 cells by the DCHF-DA assay. Antioxidants including N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), catalase (CAT), tempol (TEM) and melatonin (MEL), but not allopurinol (ALL), pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or diphenylene iodonium (DPI), significantly inhibited GOS-induced Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through blocking the occurrence of apoptosis. GOS induced mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by a loss of the mitochondria membrane potential via DiOC6 staining, and the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the cytoplasm was observed. Removing mitochondria by ethidium bromide (EtBr) treatment significantly reduced the apoptotic effect of GOS in COLO205 cells. Furthermore, an intraperitoneal injection of GOS or gossypol acetic acid (GAA) significantly reduced the growth of colorectal carcinoma induced by a subcutaneous injection of COLO205 cells in nude mice. Results of the present study provide the first evidences demonstrating the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of GOS via an ROS-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Huai Ko
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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