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Morimoto-Kamata R, Tsuji D, Yui S. Cathepsin G-Induced Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Elevation in MCF-7 Medium Is Caused by Proteolysis of IGF Binding Protein (IGFBP)-2 but Not of IGF-1. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 43:1678-1686. [PMID: 33132312 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin G (CG), a neutrophil serine protease, induces cell migration and multicellular aggregation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. It has been suggested that tumor cell aggregates are associated with tumor embolism, thus CG-induced cell aggregation may promote tumor metastasis. We have revealed that cell aggregation is caused by elevated free insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in the medium, followed by activation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). However, the molecular mechanism underlying IGF-1 elevation induced by CG remains unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism by examining the degradative effects of CG on IGF-1, and the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which interfere with the binding of IGF-1 to its receptor. CG specifically evoked MCF-7 cell aggregation at less than 1 nM in a dose-dependent manner, however, neutrophil elastase (NE), chymotrypsin, and trypsin did not. Free IGF-1 concentration was continuously elevated in the medium of cells treated with CG, whereas treatments with other serine proteases resulted in only a transient or slight increase. IGFBP-2, the predominant IGFBP in MCF-7 cells, was gradually digested by CG. CG did not cleave IGF-1 for at least 48 h, whereas other proteases completely digested it. Moreover, CG induced continuous phosphorylation of IGF-1R and Akt, whereas NE-induced phosphorylation was transient, possibly due to insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 digestion. These results indicated that CG-specific IGF-1 elevation in the medium is caused by digestion of IGFBP-2, not IGF-1. Hence, this study clarifies the molecular mechanism of CG-specific cell aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daiki Tsuji
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Satoru Yui
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
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2
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Beattie J, Hawsawi Y, Alkharobi H, El-Gendy R. IGFBP-2 and -5: important regulators of normal and neoplastic mammary gland physiology. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:151-8. [PMID: 25645979 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays an important role in mammary gland physiology. In addition, dysregulation of this molecular axis may have a causal role in the aetiology and development of breast cancer (BC). This report discusses the IGF axis in normal and neoplastic mammary gland with special reference to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) -2 and -5. We describe how these high affinity binders of IGF-1 and IGF-2 may regulate local actions of growth factors in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner and how they also have IGF-independent effects in mammary gland. We discuss clinical studies which investigate both the prognostic value of IGFBP-2 and -5 expression in BC and possible involvement of these genes in the development of resistance to adjuvant endocrine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Beattie
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, St James University Hospital, Level 7, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK,
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3
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Pickard A, McCance DJ. IGF-Binding Protein 2 - Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:25. [PMID: 25774149 PMCID: PMC4343188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in cancer is unclear. In general, IGFBP2 is considered to be oncogenic and its expression is often observed to be elevated in cancer. However, there are a number of conflicting reports in vitro and in vivo where IGFBP2 acts in a tumor suppressor manner. In this mini-review, we discuss the factors influencing the variation in IGFBP2 expression in cancer and our interpretation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pickard
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
- *Correspondence: Adam Pickard, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT7 9BL, UK e-mail:
| | - Dennis J. McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
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4
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Jafaar ZMT, Litchfield LM, Ivanova MM, Radde BN, Al-Rayyan N, Klinge CM. β-D-glucan inhibits endocrine-resistant breast cancer cell proliferation and alters gene expression. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1365-75. [PMID: 24534923 PMCID: PMC3977804 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapies have been successfully used for breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive tumors, but ∼40% of patients relapse due to endocrine resistance. β-glucans are components of plant cell walls that have immunomodulatory and anticancer activity. The objective of this study was to examine the activity of β-D-glucan, purified from barley, in endocrine-sensitive MCF-7 versus endocrine-resistant LCC9 and LY2 breast cancer cells. β-D-glucan dissolved in DMSO but not water inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner as measured by BrdU incorporation with an IC50 of ∼164±12 μg/ml. β-D-glucan dissolved in DMSO inhibited tamoxifen/endocrine-resistant LCC9 and LY2 cell proliferation with IC50 values of 4.6±0.3 and 24.2±1.4 μg/ml, respectively. MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells showed a higher IC50 ∼464 μg/ml and the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells was not inhibited by β-D-glucan. Concentration-dependent increases in the BAX/BCL2 ratio and cell death with β-D-glucan were observed in MCF-7 and LCC9 cells. PCR array analysis revealed changes in gene expression in response to 24-h treatment with 10 or 50 μg/ml β-D-glucan that were different between MCF-7 and LCC9 cells as well as differences in basal gene expression between the two cell lines. Select results were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR demonstrating that β-D-glucan increased RASSF1 expression in MCF-7 cells and IGFBP3, CTNNB1 and ERβ transcript expression in LCC9 cells. Our data indicate that β-D-glucan regulates breast cancer-relevant gene expression and may be useful for inhibiting endocrine-resistant breast cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab M T Jafaar
- Center of Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Lacey M Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Margarita M Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Brandie N Radde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Numan Al-Rayyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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5
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Hoeflich A, Wirthgen E, David R, Classen CF, Spitschak M, Brenmoehl J. Control of IGFBP-2 Expression by Steroids and Peptide Hormones in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:43. [PMID: 24778626 PMCID: PMC3985015 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IGFBP-2 (1) has been described as a brain tumor oncogene (2) and is widely expressed in cancers from different origins (3-8). IGFBP-2 alone cannot cause malignant transformation, yet progression of brain tumors to higher grade (9) and also has been provided as a protective element in earlier stages of multistage colon carcinogenesis (10). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that determine expression patterns of IGFBP-2 under normal and malignant conditions. The present review provides a comprehensive update of known factors that have an impact on expression of IGFBP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Hoeflich, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Dummerstorf 18196, Germany e-mail:
| | | | - Robert David
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Marion Spitschak
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Hawsawi Y, El-Gendy R, Twelves C, Speirs V, Beattie J. Insulin-like growth factor - oestradiol crosstalk and mammary gland tumourigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:345-53. [PMID: 24189571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development and differentiation of the mammary gland are dependent on the appropriate temporal expression of both systemically acting hormones and locally produced growth factors. A large body of evidence suggests that molecular crosstalk between these hormonal and growth factor axes is crucial for appropriate cell and tissue function. Two of the most important trophic factors involved in this process are the oestrogen (E) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) molecular axes. The reciprocal crosstalk that exists between these pathways occurs at transcriptional/post-transcriptional and translational/post-translational levels regulate the expression and activity of genes involved in this process. In a clinical context an important consequence of such crosstalk in the mammary gland is the role which it may play in the aetiology, maintenance and development of breast tumours. Although oestradiol (E2) acting through oestrogen receptors α and β (ERα/β) is important for normal mammary gland function it can also provide a mitogenic drive to ER+ breast tumours. Therefore over several years anti-oestrogen therapeutic regimens in the form of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs - e.g. tamoxifen), aromatase inhibitors (AI e.g. anastrozole) or selective oestrogen receptor down regulators (SERDs - e.g. fulvestrant) have been used in an adjuvant setting to control tumour growth. Although initial response is usually encouraging, large cohorts of patients eventually develop resistance to these treatments leading to tumour recurrence and poor prognosis. There are potentially many routes by which breast cancer (BC) cells could escape anti-oestrogen based therapeutic strategies and one of the most studied is the possible growth factor mediated activation of ER(s). Because of this, growth factor modulation of ER activity has been an intensively studied route of molecular crosstalk in the mammary gland. The insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and -2) are amongst the most potent mitogens for mammary epithelial cells and there is accumulating evidence that they interact with the E2 axis to regulate mitogenesis, apoptosis, adhesion, migration and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Such interactions are bi-directional and E2 has been shown to regulate the expression and activity of IGF axis genes with the general effect of sensitising breast epithelial cells to the actions of IGFs and insulin. In this short review we discuss the evidence for the involvement of crosstalk between the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and oestrogen axes in the mammary gland and comment on the relevance of such studies in the aetiology and treatment of BC.
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Saif MW, Erlichman C, Dragovich T, Mendelson D, Toft D, Burrows F, Storgard C, Von Hoff D. Open-label, dose-escalation, safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of intravenously administered CNF1010 (17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin [17-AAG]) in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:1345-55. [PMID: 23564374 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is a benzoquinone ansamycin that binds to and inhibits the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones leading to the proteasomal degradation of client proteins critical in malignant cell proliferation and survival. We have undertaken a Phase 1 trial of CNF1010, an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of 17-AAG. METHODS Patients with advanced solid tumors and adequate organ functions received CNF1010 by 1-h intravenous (IV) infusion, twice a week, 3 out of 4 weeks. Doses were escalated sequentially in single-patient (6 and 12 mg/m(2)/day) and three-to-six-patient (≥25 mg/m(2)/day) cohorts according to a modified Fibonacci's schema. Plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and biomarkers, including Hsp70 in PBMCs, HER-2 extracellular domain, and IGFBP2 in plasma, were performed. RESULTS Thirty-five patients were treated at doses ranging from 6 to 225 mg/m(2). A total of 10 DLTs in nine patients (2 events of fatigue, 83 and 175 mg/m(2); shock, abdominal pain, ALT increased, increased transaminases, and pain in extremity at 175 mg/m(2); extremity pain, atrial fibrillation, and metabolic encephalopathy at 225 mg/m(2)) were noted. The PK profile of 17-AAG after the first dose appeared to be linear up to 175 mg/m(2), with a dose-proportional increase in C max and AUC0-inf. Hsp70 induction in PBMCs and inhibition of serum HER-2 neu extracellular domain indicated biological effects of CNF1010 at doses >83 mg/m(2). CONCLUSION The maximum tolerated dose was not formally established. Hsp70 induction in PBMCs and inhibition of serum HER-2 neu extracellular domain indicated biological effects. The CNF1010 clinical program is no longer being pursued due to the toxicity profile of the drug and the development of second-generation Hsp90 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Saif
- Hematology/Oncology, Section of GI Cancers and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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8
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Integrated proteomic analysis of human cancer cells and plasma from tumor bearing mice for ovarian cancer biomarker discovery. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7916. [PMID: 19936259 PMCID: PMC2775948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The complexity of the human plasma proteome represents a substantial challenge for biomarker discovery. Proteomic analysis of genetically engineered mouse models of cancer and isolated cancer cells and cell lines provide alternative methods for identification of potential cancer markers that would be detectable in human blood using sensitive assays. The goal of this work is to evaluate the utility of an integrative strategy using these two approaches for biomarker discovery. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated a strategy that combined quantitative plasma proteomics of an ovarian cancer mouse model with analysis of proteins secreted or shed by human ovarian cancer cells. Of 106 plasma proteins identified with increased levels in tumor bearing mice, 58 were also secreted or shed from ovarian cancer cells. The remainder consisted primarily of host-response proteins. Of 25 proteins identified in the study that were assayed, 8 mostly secreted proteins common to mouse plasma and human cancer cells were significantly upregulated in a set of plasmas from ovarian cancer patients. Five of the eight proteins were confirmed to be upregulated in a second independent set of ovarian cancer plasmas, including in early stage disease. Conclusions/Significance Integrated proteomic analysis of cancer mouse models and human cancer cell populations provides an effective approach to identify potential circulating protein biomarkers.
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Aalinkeel R, Bindukumar B, Reynolds JL, Sykes DE, Mahajan SD, Chadha KC, Schwartz SA. The dietary bioflavonoid, quercetin, selectively induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by down-regulating the expression of heat shock protein 90. Prostate 2008; 68:1773-89. [PMID: 18726985 PMCID: PMC2826114 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal studies have suggested that diet-derived flavonoids, in particular quercetin may play a beneficial role by preventing or inhibiting oncogenesis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect(s) of quercetin on normal and malignant prostate cells and to identify the target(s) of quercetin's action. METHODOLOGY We addressed this question using cells in culture and investigated whether quercetin affects key biological processes responsible for tumor cell properties such as cell proliferation and apoptosis and also studied the effect of quercetin on the proteome of prostate cancer cells using difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) to assess changes in the expression of relevant proteins. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that quercetin treatment of prostate cancer cells results in decreased cell proliferation and viability. Furthermore, we demonstrate that quercetin promotes cancer cell apoptosis by down-regulating the levels of heat shock protein (Hsp) 90. Depletion of Hsp90 by quercetin results in decreased cell viability, levels of surrogate markers of Hsp90 inhibition (intracellular and secreted), induced apoptosis and activation of caspases in cancer cells but not in normal prostate epithelial cells. Knockdown of Hsp90 by short interfering RNA also resulted in induction apoptosis similar to quercetin in cancer cells as indicated by annexin V staining. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that quercetin down-regulates the expression of Hsp90 which, in turn, induces inhibition of growth and cell death in prostate cancer cells while exerting no quantifiable effect on normal prostate epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York
| | - B. Bindukumar
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jessica L. Reynolds
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York
| | - Donald E. Sykes
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York
| | - Supriya D. Mahajan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kailash C. Chadha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Stanley A. Schwartz
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York
- Correspondence to: Stanley A. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Buffalo General, Hospital/SUNY Buffalo, Division of Allergy, Immunology and, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203.
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Abstract
Tumor dormancy is a phenomenon whereby cancer cells persist below the threshold of diagnostic detection for months to decades. This condition may arise due to either cell cycle arrest or a dynamic equilibrium state in which cell proliferation is in balance with cells undergoing apoptosis. Tumor dormancy is usually a reference to occult cancer cells that persist for an extended period of time after treatment, but primary cancers can also exhibit extended growth plateaus below the limits of detection. For example, autopsies of individuals who died of trauma reveal that most individuals harbor microscopic primary cancers. Mechanisms that operate independently or successively may restrict tumor expansion throughout tumor progression from incipiency to late-stage cancer. Proposed mechanisms include cell cycle withdrawal, immune surveillance, and blocked angiogenesis. The precise mechanisms underlying dormancy remain to be established, and relevant models will have an important impact on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for treating cancer. This review summarizes the phenomenon of tumor dormancy, experimental models, and potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taturo Udagawa
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Vendrell JA, Robertson KE, Ravel P, Bray SE, Bajard A, Purdie CA, Nguyen C, Hadad SM, Bieche I, Chabaud S, Bachelot T, Thompson AM, Cohen PA. A candidate molecular signature associated with tamoxifen failure in primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R88. [PMID: 18928543 PMCID: PMC2614524 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Few markers are available that can predict response to tamoxifen treatment in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers. Identification of such markers would be clinically useful. We attempted to identify molecular markers associated with tamoxifen failure in breast cancer. Methods Eighteen initially ER-positive patients treated with tamoxifen requiring salvage surgery (tamoxifen failure [TF] patients) were compared with 17 patients who were disease free 5 years after surgery plus tamoxifen adjuvant therapy (control patients). cDNA microarray, real-time quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays were used to generate and confirm a gene signature associated with tamoxifen failure. An independent series of 33 breast tumor samples from patients who relapsed (n = 14) or did not relapse (n = 19) under tamoxifen treatment from a different geographic location was subsequently used to explore the gene expression signature identified. Results Using a screening set of 18 tumor samples (from eight control patients and 10 TF patients), a 47-gene signature discriminating between TF and control samples was identified using cDNA arrays. In addition to ESR1/ERα, the top-ranked genes selected by statistical cross-analyses were MET, FOS, SNCG, IGFBP4, and BCL2, which were subsequently validated in a larger set of tumor samples (from 17 control patients and 18 TF patients). Confirmation at the protein level by tissue microarray immunohistochemistry was observed for ER-α, γ-synuclein, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 proteins in the 35 original samples. In an independent series of breast tumor samples (19 nonrelapsing and 14 relapsing), reduced expression of ESR1/ERα, IGFBP4, SNCG, BCL2, and FOS was observed in the relapsing group and was associated with a shorter overall survival. Low mRNA expression levels of ESR1/ERα, BCL2, and FOS were also associated with a shorter relapse-free survival (RFS). Using a Cox multivariate regression analysis, we identified BCL2 and FOS as independent prognostic markers associated with RFS. Finally, the BCL2/FOS signature was demonstrated to have more accurate prognostic value for RFS than ESR1/ERα alone (likelihood ratio test). Conclusions We identified molecular markers including a BCL2/FOS signature associated with tamoxifen failure; these markers may have clinical potential in the management of ER-positive breast cancer.
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Genetic variation in IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 is associated with breast cancer in populations of African descent. Hum Genet 2008; 123:247-55. [PMID: 18210156 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway is thought to play a major role in the etiology of breast cancer. Although incidence rates of breast cancer overall are lower in African Americans than in Caucasians, African-American women have a higher incidence under age 40 years, are diagnosed with more advanced disease, and have poorer prognosis. We investigated the association of breast cancer and genetic variants in genes in the IGF signaling pathway in a population-based case-control study of African-American women. We found significant associations at a locus encompassing parts of the IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 genes on chromosome 2q35, which we then replicated in a case-control study of Nigerian women. Based on those initial findings, we genotyped a total of 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the region in both study populations. Statistically significant associations with breast cancer were observed across approximately 50 kb of DNA sequence encompassing three exons in the 3' end of IGFBP2 and three exons in the 3' end of IGFBP5. SNPs were associated with breast cancer risk with P values as low as P = 0.0038 and P = 0.01 in African-Americans and Nigerians, respectively. This study is the first to report associations between genetic variants in IGFBP2 and IGFBP5 and breast cancer risk.
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Milano A, Dal Lago L, Sotiriou C, Piccart M, Cardoso F. What clinicians need to know about antioestrogen resistance in breast cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:2692-705. [PMID: 16963260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the drug most used for early breast cancer treatment in oestrogen receptor (ER) positive patients. Unfortunately, despite high ER tumour levels in a tumour, resistance to endocrine therapy, either de novo or acquired after prolonged treatment, can occur. In this review, we will try to summarise the postulated mechanisms of hormonal-resistance, namely, the role of co-regulators and the crosstalk between the HER-2, IGF-IR, Cox-2 and ER pathways. Other predictive markers of tamoxifen-resistance/response, such as cyclin E and UPA/PAI-1, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Milano
- Medical Oncology and Translational Research Unit, Jules Bordet Institute, Rue Héger-Bordet, 1, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Zhang H, Chung D, Yang YC, Neely L, Tsurumoto S, Fan J, Zhang L, Biamonte M, Brekken J, Lundgren K, Burrows F. Identification of new biomarkers for clinical trials of Hsp90 inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1256-64. [PMID: 16731758 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The selective heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is currently in phase I/II clinical studies at numerous institutions. Heretofore, the biomarkers to detect 17-AAG bioactivity (Hsp70, Raf-1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4) had to be analyzed by Western blot of cellular samples, either from tumor biopsies or peripheral blood leukocytes, a method that is both laborious and invasive. We have identified two new biomarkers [insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP2) and HER-2 extracellular domain] that can be readily detected in patient sera by ELISA. Both secreted proteins are derived from or regulated by Hsp90 client proteins, raising hopes that they might be sensitive serum markers of HSP90 inhibitor activity. Several structurally unrelated HSP90 inhibitors dose-dependently decreased secretion of both IGFBP-2 and HER-2 extracellular domain into culture medium, and both proteins were more sensitive to HSP90 inhibitors than previously identified biomarkers. In sera from BT474 tumor-bearing mice, both IGFBP-2 and HER-2 extracellular domain were down-regulated by 17-AAG in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, coincident with the degradation of HER-2 and attenuation of AKT activity in the tumors. Furthermore, IGFBP-2 levels at the end of treatment correlated with residual tumor load, suggesting that IGFBP-2 might serve as an early indicator of therapeutic response. In addition, we also found that both IGFBP-2 and HER-2 extracellular domain levels are elevated in patient sera from several cancer types, suggesting that these novel secreted biomarkers could be valuable pharmacodynamic tools in clinical trials of HSP90 inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzoquinones
- Biomarkers, Tumor/chemistry
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2/blood
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2/metabolism
- Lactams, Macrocyclic
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/drug effects
- Receptor, ErbB-2/blood
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Rifabutin/analogs & derivatives
- Rifabutin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Conforma Therapeutics Corp., 9393 Towne Center Drive, Suite 240, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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15
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Juncker-Jensen A, Lykkesfeldt AE, Worm J, Ralfkiaer U, Espelund U, Jepsen JS. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 is a marker for antiestrogen resistant human breast cancer cell lines but is not a major growth regulator. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006; 16:224-239. [PMID: 16893667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Antiestrogens target the estrogen receptor and counteract the growth stimulatory action of estrogen on human breast cancer. However, acquired resistance to antiestrogens is a major clinical problem in endocrine treatment of breast cancer patients. To mimic acquired resistance, we have used a model system with the antiestrogen sensitive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and several antiestrogen resistant cell lines derived from the parental MCF-7 cell line. This model system was used to study the expression and possible involvement in resistant cell growth of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2). By an oligonucleotide based microarray, we compared the expression of mRNAs encoding insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 (IGFBP-1 to -6) in the parental MCF-7 cell line to three human breast cancer cell lines, resistant to the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (Faslodex/Fulvestrant). Only IGFBP-2 mRNA was overexpressed in all three resistant cell lines. Thus, we compared the IGFBP-2 protein expression in MCF-7 cells to nine antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cell lines, resistant to either ICI 182,780 or tamoxifen or RU 58,668 and found that IGFBP-2 was overexpressed in all nine resistant cell lines. Three of the resistant cell lines, resistant to different antiestrogens, were selected for further studies and IGFBP-2 overexpression was demonstrated at the mRNA level as well as the intra- and extracellular protein level. The objective of this study was to examine if IGFBP-2 is involved in growth of antiestrogen resistant human breast cancer cells. Therefore, IGFBP-2 expression was inhibited by antisense oligonucletides and siRNA. Specific inhibition of IGFBP-2 protein expression was achieved in MCF-7 and the three selected antiestrogen resistant cell lines, but no effect on resistant cell growth was observed. Thus, we were able to establish IGFBP-2 as a marker for antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cell lines, although IGFBP-2 was not a major contributor to the resistant cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Juncker-Jensen
- Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Jones HE, Gee JM, Hutcheson IR, Nicholson RI. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling and resistance in breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:33-46. [PMID: 30743767 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling is involved in many fundamental adverse aspects of cancer cell biology, such as proliferation, cell survival and migration. Its anti-apoptotic properties have implicated the receptor in mediating decreased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation treatment; however, data are emerging that also indicates a role for IGF-IR signaling in resistance, not only to antihormones but also to antigrowth factor strategies such as agents that target the erb family of receptors. As such, IGF-IR is clearly an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, including breast cancer, where there is evidence of clinical prominence of the IGF-IR pathway and, as such, numerous strategies are currently in development to inhibit IGF-IR signaling. This review focuses on the ability of the IGF-IR to contribute to resistance mechanisms that support breast cancer cell growth in the presence of antihormones and antigrowth factors and discusses methods to maximize antitumor effects by combination regimens cotargeting the IGF-IR that may delay, or even prevent, progression to the resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Jones
- a Cardiff University, Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
| | - Julia Mw Gee
- a Cardiff University, Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
| | - Iain R Hutcheson
- a Cardiff University, Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
| | - Robert I Nicholson
- a Cardiff University, Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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17
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Kilker RL, Hartl MW, Rutherford TM, Planas-Silva MD. Cyclin D1 expression is dependent on estrogen receptor function in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 92:63-71. [PMID: 15544931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of resistance to tamoxifen, the most common antiestrogen used in the treatment of breast cancer, is a frequent and severe clinical problem. Tamoxifen-resistant tumors are still capable of responding to other hormonal therapies such as those that downregulate estrogen receptor expression. Mechanisms leading to acquisition of tamoxifen-resistant but hormone-sensitive growth are not completely understood. In tamoxifen-sensitive breast cancer cells, tamoxifen inhibits, whereas estrogen induces, expression of cyclin D1, a key cell cycle regulatory protein. Ectopic expression of cyclin D1 can lead to antiestrogen resistance. Thus, to determine whether cyclin D1 is involved in the growth of tamoxifen-resistant cells, we developed several tamoxifen-resistant variants from MCF-7 cells. These variants grow in the absence of estrogen or in the presence of tamoxifen, but their growth is inhibited by estrogen receptor downregulators. We show here that cyclin D1 expression is maintained at comparable levels in all tamoxifen-resistant variants, whereas pS2, another estrogen-regulated protein, is not. The addition of physiological levels of estrogen further stimulates cyclin D1 expression and proliferation. In contrast, treatment with estrogen receptor downregulators decreases cyclin D1 expression and proliferation. Thus, changes in cyclin D1 expression upon second-line hormonal therapy may predict hormonal sensitivity of tamoxifen-resistant tumors. These studies suggest that estrogen receptor mediates cyclin D1 expression and growth of tamoxifen-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Kilker
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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18
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Yoshida N, Omoto Y, Inoue A, Eguchi H, Kobayashi Y, Kurosumi M, Saji S, Suemasu K, Okazaki T, Nakachi K, Fujita T, Hayashi SI. Prediction of prognosis of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer with combination of selected estrogen-regulated genes. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:496-502. [PMID: 15182430 PMCID: PMC11158785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer is a distinct subpopulation of breast cancer exhibiting a high response rate to endocrine therapy. However, not all ER-positive patients respond to the therapy, and a subgrouping of ER-positive patients based on the physiology of estrogen signaling is expected to be useful for predicting the prognosis. This study has revealed that selected estrogen-regulated genes (ERGs) are useful in identification of a poor-prognosis population among ER-positive breast cancer patients. First, the expression levels of 11 ERGs, selected based on our earlier microarray study in cultured cells, were analyzed by means of real-time reverse transcription-PCR in 14 ER-positive human breast cancer tissues. The patients were clearly divided into two groups in cluster analysis. Then, we examined the expression levels of two representative ERGs, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4), in 62 ER-positive patients with immunohistochemistry to assess the impact of ERG expression on prognosis (median follow-up 4409 days). Positive HDAC6 staining was significantly correlated with a lower disease-free survival rate. Moreover, when the expression level of HDAC6 was assessed in combination with IGFBP-4 expression in the nucleus, the poor-prognosis patients were more accurately identified. This study has identified new candidate ERGs for prediction of prognosis, and we suggest that combined assessment of the expression levels of these ERGs will contribute to the clinically useful stratification of ER-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Yoshida
- Division of Endocrinology, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama Cancer Center Hospital, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
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19
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Ciocca DR, Elledge R. Molecular markers for predicting response to tamoxifen in breast cancer patients. Endocrine 2000; 13:1-10. [PMID: 11051041 DOI: 10.1385/endo:13:1:1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2000] [Revised: 04/17/2000] [Accepted: 04/17/2000] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is one of the most effective treatments for breast cancer. Standard practice is to select patients who are likely to respond to this therapy through the evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in the primary tumor tissue. Over the past 25 yr that physicians have been using ER determination to guide tamoxifen use, numerous studies have demonstrated that this molecular marker is useful in predicting benefit from tamoxifen. ER has been analyzed for many years using ligand-binding assays. However, current practice involves the use of immunohistochemical-based assays to detect ERalpha Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has several advantages. For example, IHC evaluates tumor cell heterogeneity, can be used to study small samples, is less expensive, and allows direct correlation with multiple histopathological tumor features and other molecular markers. PR, an estrogen-responsive protein, can also be useful in predicting response to tamoxifen in specific clinical situations. In recent years, several other markers of tamoxifen response have been examined, including: pS2 (another estrogen-regulated protein), heat-shock proteins 27 and 70, bcl-2 protein, c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) oncoprotein, and mutated p53 tumor suppressor protein. In this article, we present an analysis of the data on these new molecular markers. Overall, from numerous studies, the data indicate that in addition to ERalpha bcl-2 is a potential candidate to help further improve our ability to predict response to tamoxifen. ER and bcl-2 are the most useful molecular markers to better identify breast cancer patients who will respond to tamoxifen and who will have prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ciocca
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Lactation, Regional Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Mendoza, Argentina.
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