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Cellular and Animal Model Studies on the Growth Inhibitory Effects of Polyamine Analogues on Breast Cancer. Med Sci (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29533973 PMCID: PMC5872181 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamine levels are elevated in breast tumors compared to those of adjacent normal tissues. The female sex hormone, estrogen is implicated in the origin and progression of breast cancer. Estrogens stimulate and antiestrogens suppress the expression of polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylate (ODC). Using several bis(ethyl)spermine analogues, we found that these analogues inhibited the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells in culture. There was structure-activity relationship in the efficacy of these compounds in suppressing cell growth. The activity of ODC was inhibited by these compounds, whereas the activity of the catabolizing enzyme, spermidine/spermine N¹-acetyl transferase (SSAT) was increased by 6-fold by bis(ethyl)norspermine in MCF-7 cells. In a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer, bis(ethyl)norspermine reduced the formation and growth of spontaneous mammary tumor. Recent studies indicate that induction of polyamine catabolic enzymes SSAT and spermine oxidase (SMO) play key roles in the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of polyamine analogues and their combinations with chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and paclitaxel. Thus, polyamine catabolic enzymes might be important therapeutic targets and markers of sensitivity in utilizing polyamine analogues in combination with other therapeutic agents.
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Polyamines metabolism and breast cancer: state of the art and perspectives. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 148:233-48. [PMID: 25292420 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a common disease that generally occurs in women over the age of 50, and the risk is especially high for women over 60 years of age. One of the major BC therapeutic problems is that tumors initially responsive to chemotherapeutic approaches can progress to more aggressive forms poorly responsive to therapies. Polyamines (PAs) are small polycationic alkylamines, naturally occurring and essential for normal cell growth and development in eukaryotes. The intracellular concentration of PA is maintained within strongly controlled contents, while a dysregulation occurs in BC cells. Polyamines facilitate the interactions of transcription factors, such as estrogen receptors with their specific response element, and are involved in the proliferation of ER-negative and highly invasive BC tumor cells. Since PA metabolism has a critical role in cell death and proliferation, it represents a potential target for intervention in BC. The goal of this study was to perform a literature search reviewing the association between PA metabolism and BC, and the current evidence supporting the BC treatment targeting PA metabolism. We here describe in vitro and in vivo models, as well as the clinical trials that have been utilized to unveil the relationship between PA metabolism and BC. Polyamine pathway is still an important target for the development of BC chemotherapy via enzyme inhibitors. Furthermore, a recent promising strategy in breast anticancer therapy is to exploit the self-regulatory nature of PA metabolism using PA analogs to affect PA homeostasis. Nowadays, antineoplastic compounds targeting the PA pathway with novel mechanisms are of great interest and high social impact for BC chemotherapy.
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Nayvelt I, John S, Hsu HC, Yang P, Liu W, Das G, Hyvönen MT, Alhonen L, Keinänen TA, Shirahata A, Patel R, Thomas T, Thomas TJ. A potential estrogen mimetic effect of a bis(ethyl)polyamine analogue on estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Amino Acids 2011; 42:899-911. [PMID: 21830120 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BE-3-3-3-3 (1,15-(ethylamino)4,8,12-triazapentadecane) is a bis(ethyl)polyamine analogue under investigation as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer. Since estradiol (E(2)) is a critical regulatory molecule in the growth of breast cancer, we examined the effect of BE-3-3-3-3 on estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive MCF-7 cells in the presence and absence of E(2). In the presence of E(2), a concentration-dependent decrease in DNA synthesis was observed using [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation assay. In the absence of E(2), low concentrations (2.5-10 μM) of BE-3-3-3-3 increased [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation at 24 and 48 h. BE-3-3-3-3 induced the expression of early response genes, c-myc and c-fos, in the absence of E(2), but not in its presence, as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). BE-3-3-3-3 had no significant effect on these genes in an ERα-negative cell line, MDA-MB-231. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated enhanced promoter occupation by either E(2) or BE-3-3-3-3 of an estrogen-responsive gene pS2/Tff1 by ERα and its co-activator, steroid receptor co-activator 3 (SRC-3). Confocal microscopy of BE-3-3-3-3-treated cells revealed membrane localization of ERα, similar to that induced by E(2). The failure of BE-3-3-3-3 to inhibit cell proliferation was associated with autophagic vacuole formation, and the induction of Beclin 1 and MAP LC3 II. These results indicate a differential effect of BE-3-3-3-3 on MCF-7 cells in the absence and presence of E(2), and suggest that pre-clinical and clinical development of polyamine analogues might require special precautions and selection of sensitive subpopulation of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Nayvelt
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Synergistic antitumor effects of anthracenylmethyl homospermidine and alpha-difluoromethylornithine on promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:352-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mesia-Vela S, Sanchez RI, Roberts KG, Reuhl KR, Conney AH, Kauffman FC. Dietary clofibrate stimulates the formation and size of estradiol-induced breast tumors in female August-Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rats. Toxicology 2008; 246:63-72. [PMID: 18280627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Administration of 0.4% clofibrate in the diet stimulated estradiol (E(2))-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the August-Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rat without having an effect on serum levels of E(2). This treatment stimulated by several-fold the NAD(P)H-dependent oxidative metabolism of E(2) and oleyl-CoA-dependent esterification of E(2) to 17beta-oleyl-estradiol by liver microsomes. Glucuronidation of E(2) by microsomal glucuronosyltransferase was increased moderately. In contrast, the activity of NAD(P)H quinone reductase 1 (NQO1), a representative monofunctional phase 2 enzyme, was significantly decreased in liver cytosol of rats fed clofibrate. Decreases in hepatic NQO1 in livers of animals fed clofibrate were noted before the appearance of mammary tumors. E(2) was delivered in cholesterol pellets implanted in 7-8-week-old female ACI rats. The animals received AIN-76A diet containing 0.4% clofibrate for 6, 12 or 28 weeks. Control animals received AIN-76A diet. Dietary clofibrate increased the number and size of palpable mammary tumors but did not alter the histopathology of the E(2)-induced mammary adenocarcinomas. Collectively, these results suggest that the stimulatory effect of clofibrate on hepatic esterification of E(2) with fatty acids coupled with the inhibition of protective phase 2 enzymes, may in part, enhance E(2)-dependent mammary carcinogenesis in the ACI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mesia-Vela
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Xie SQ, Wu YL, Cheng PF, Wang MW, Liu GC, Ma YF, Zhao J, Wang CJ. A novel homospermidine conjugate inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1827-34. [PMID: 17959035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the mechanism responsible for the antiproliferative effects of a novel homospermidine conjugate, anthracenylmethyl homospermidine (ANTMHspd), in the human hepatoma BEL-7402 cell line. METHODS The viability of the cells was assessed by MTT assay and the trypan blue dye exclusion method. Morphological changes were observed by fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by flow cytometry. Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS ANTMHspd strongly decreased BEL-7402 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hoechst 33258 staining and the flow cytometry assay showed that ANTMHspd induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle perturbation. Furthermore, ANTMHspd could induce mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cytochrome c release and enhance cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and Bax protein expression without caspase-8 activation. ANTMHspd could also decrease the expression of Bcl-2 and cytochrome c in mitochondria. In addition, the specific inhibitors of caspase-9 and caspase-3 almost abolished the ANTMHspd-induced caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, respectively. CONCLUSION ANTMHspd could induce BEL-7402 cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial/caspase-dependent pathway and the Bcl-2 family was involved in the control of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-qiang Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Benezra R, Henke E, Ciarrocchi A, Ruzinova M, Solit D, Rosen N, Nolan D, Mittal V, de Candia P. Induction of complete regressions of oncogene-induced breast tumors in mice. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 70:375-81. [PMID: 16869774 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2005.70.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, mouse models of cancer have come to resemble human disease much more closely than simple subcutaneous or orthotopic systems. Intervention strategies that work on these new model systems are more likely to have an impact clinically. We have shown recently that antiangiogenic stress imposed by loss of Id protein in endothelial progenitor cells results in dramatic central necrosis in breast tumors initiated in mice by overexpression of the her2/neu oncogene. Tumor cells remain viable at the periphery, perhaps via the hypoxic response pathway which allows the lesions to expand. Inhibition of this pathway by the inactivation of the Hif-1alpha chaperone Hsp90 in combination with antiangiogenic stress leads to the first reported complete regression of these aggressive breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benezra
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021, USA
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Mesia-Vela S, Sanchez RI, Reuhl KR, Conney AH, Kauffman FC. Phenobarbital Treatment Inhibits the Formation of Estradiol-Dependent Mammary Tumors in the August-Copenhagen Irish Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:590-7. [PMID: 16421288 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.096867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of female August-Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rats for 28 weeks to 3 mg of estradiol (E(2)) contained in cholesterol pellets elevated blood E(2) levels and caused palpable mammary tumors in all animals. Coadministration of phenobarbital (PB) in their drinking water reduced the incidence, number, and size of mammary tumors (MTs) but did not reduce blood E(2) levels. Inhibition of MTs by PB was accompanied by significant changes in total hepatic metabolism of E(2) measured in vitro. PB treatment caused approximately a 4-fold increase in hepatic metabolism of E(2) in control and E(2)-treated rats. The major NAD(P)H-dependent metabolites of E(2) were 2-OH-E(2) and estrone (E(1)). PB, either alone or together with E(2), increased microsomal 2-hydroxylation of E(2); formation of E(1) was either unaffected or decreased slightly. PB also increased microsomal metabolism of E(2) to minor metabolites (4-OH-E(2), 6alpha-OH-E(2), 6beta-OH-E(2), 14alpha-OH-E(2), 6-keto E(1), and 2-OH-E(1)) and reduced the formation of the E(2)-17beta-oleoyl ester and the E(2) 3- and 17-glucuronides. In contrast, when given in combination with E(2), PB increased the formation of both glucuronides. Cotreatment of animals with PB and E(2) increased activities of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and glutathione S-transferase to a greater extent than either compound alone. Collectively, these results show that the multiple actions of PB on hepatic metabolism of E(2), including induction of E(2) hydroxylation, glucuronidation, and antioxidant defense enzymes along with inhibition of E(2) esterification in livers of female ACI rats, accompany a marked reduction of E(2)-dependent mammary tumors in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mesia-Vela
- Laboratory for Cellular and Biochemical Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
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Liang F, Wu C, Lin H, Li T, Gao D, Li Z, Wei J, Zheng C, Sun M. Copper complex of hydroxyl-substituted triazamacrocyclic ligand and its antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2469-72. [PMID: 12852945 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protonation constants and the stability constants for the formation of copper (II) complex of the ligand [1,4,7] Triazecan-9-ol (L) were presented. Antitumor activity of CuL complex was reported. Preliminary pharmacological tests showed that it had antitumor activity against HXO-RB44 and BEL-7402 cell lines in vitro. Nuclei of [CuL]-stimulated BEL-7402 cells clearly exhibited condensation and break down into chromatin clumps typical of apoptosis. Also it exhibited perturbation effects to BEL-7402 cell lines cycle and further studies showed that it could cleave supercoiled DNA (pBR 322) to nicked and linear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Kavanaugh CJ, Desai KV, Calvo A, Brown PH, Couldrey C, Lubet R, Green JE. Pre-clinical applications of transgenic mouse mammary cancer models. Transgenic Res 2002; 11:617-33. [PMID: 12509137 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021159705363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Given that the majority of human breast cancers appear to be due to non-genetic factors, identifying agents and mechanisms of prevention is key to lowering the incidence of cancer. Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary cancer have been important in elucidating molecular pathways and signaling events associated with the initiation, promotion, and the progression of cancer. Since several transgenic mammary models of human breast cancer progress through well-defined cancer stages, they are useful pre-clinical systems to test the efficacy of chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. This review outlines several oncogenic pathways through which mammary cancer can be induced in transgenic models and describes several types of preventive and therapeutic agents that have been tested in transgenic models of mammary cancer. The effectiveness of farnesyl inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, differentiating agents, polyamine inhibitors, anti-angiogenic inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic compounds including vaccines have been evaluated in reducing mammary cancer and tumor progression in transgenic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kavanaugh
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Building 41, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Faaland CA, Thomas TJ, Balabhadrapathruni S, Langer T, Mian S, Shirahata A, Gallo MA, Thomas T. Molecular correlates of the action of bis(ethyl)polyamines in breast cancer cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Biochem Cell Biol 2001. [PMID: 11012080 DOI: 10.1139/o00-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are known to be involved in cell growth regulation in breast cancer. To evaluate the efficacy of bis(ethyl)polyamine analogs for breast cancer therapy and to understand their mechanism of action we measured the effects of a series of polyamine analogs on cell growth, activities of enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, intracellular polyamine levels, and the uptake of putrescine and spermidine using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The IC50 values for cell growth inhibition of three of the compounds, N1,N12-bis(ethyl)spermine, N1,N11-bis(ethyl)norspermine, and N1,N14-bis(ethyl)homospermine, were in the range of 1-2 microM. Another group of three compounds showed antiproliferative activity at about 5 microM level. These compounds are also capable of suppressing colony formation in soft agar assay and inducing apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. The highly effective growth inhibitory agents altered the activity of polyamine biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes and down-regulated the transport of natural polyamines, although each compound produced a unique pattern of alterations in these parameters. HPLC analysis showed that cellular uptake of bis(ethyl)polyamines was highest for bis(ethyl)spermine. We also analyzed polyamine analog conformations and their binding to DNA minor or major grooves by molecular modelling and molecular dynamics simulations. Results of these analyses indicate that tetramine analogs fit well in the minor groove of DNA whereas, larger compounds extend out of the minor groove. Although major groove binding was also possible for the short tetramine analogs, this interaction led to a predominantly bent conformation. Our studies show growth inhibitory activities of several potentially important analogs on breast cancer cells and indicate that multiple sites are involved in the mechanism of action of these analogs. While the activity of an analog may depend on the sum of these different effects, molecular modelling studies indicate a correlation between antiproliferative activity and stable interactions of the analogs with major or minor grooves of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Faaland
- Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903, USA
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