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Siebert L, Kirschneck C, Krey KF, Ratzmann A. Influence of dental occlusion on oculomotory function-A pilot study. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151804. [PMID: 34271107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between the oculomotory system and the stomatognathic system based on morphofunctional relationships between the corresponding cranial nerves, their core areas and the reticular formation as a "link" by means of optometric examinations. Test subjects (N = 100) were prospectively recruited and divided into two groups: a young-age (N = 53, age 6-16 years) and old-age group (N = 47, 23-78 years). We determined the horizontal range of convergence and divergence as well as the near convergence point. These optometrically measured parameters were recorded in both groups in the resting position, at maximal mouth opening and with bite-blocking via tin foils (0.5 mm and 1 mm), which were inserted occlusally of the first lower left molar. All oculomotory parameters were significantly altered by bite manipulation and maximal mouth opening. These effects could be observed regardless of age and gender and thus suggest an interaction between eye movement and the orofacial complex. Subjects with asthenopic symptoms showed no different reactions compared to healthy subjects. For a final statement on the correlation between the oculomotory and stomatognathic system, further investigations are necessary. An interdisciplinary cooperation between the different subject areas is recommended for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Siebert
- University of Greifswald, Department of Orthodontics, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 42a, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- University Medical Hospital Regensburg, Department of Orthodontics, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Krey
- University of Greifswald, Department of Orthodontics, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 42a, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Ratzmann
- University of Greifswald, Department of Orthodontics, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 42a, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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Spiegler A, Abadchi JK, Mohajerani M, Jirsa VK. In silico exploration of mouse brain dynamics by focal stimulation reflects the organization of functional networks and sensory processing. Netw Neurosci 2021; 4:807-851. [PMID: 33615092 PMCID: PMC7888484 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional networks such as the default mode network (DMN) dominate spontaneous brain dynamics. To date, the mechanisms linking brain structure and brain dynamics and functions in cognition, perception, and action remain unknown, mainly due to the uncontrolled and erratic nature of the resting state. Here we used a stimulation paradigm to probe the brain’s resting behavior, providing insights on state-space stability and multiplicity of network trajectories after stimulation. We performed explorations on a mouse model to map spatiotemporal brain dynamics as a function of the stimulation site. We demonstrated the emergence of known functional networks in brain responses. Several responses heavily relied on the DMN and were suggestive of the DMN playing a mechanistic role between functional networks. We probed the simulated brain responses to the stimulation of regions along the information processing chains of sensory systems from periphery up to primary sensory cortices. Moreover, we compared simulated dynamics against in vivo brain responses to optogenetic stimulation. Our results underwrite the importance of anatomical connectivity in the functional organization of brain networks and demonstrate how functionally differentiated information processing chains arise from the same system. We demonstrate how functionally differentiated information processing chains arise from the same anatomical network. The main result of the in-silico mouse brain simulations is the emergence of specific functional networks based on structural data from the mouse brain. When the brain is stimulated, for example, by sensory inputs or direct electrical stimulation, the brain initially responds with activities in specific regions. The brain’s anatomical connectivity constrains the subsequent pattern formation. We built a high-resolution mouse brain network model. The model structure originated from experimental data. We systematically explored the mouse model and investigated the simulated brain dynamics after stimulation. Known functional networks emerged in the simulated brain responses. The default mode network occurred in almost all characteristic response patterns. Simulated brain response dynamics and in-vivo response dynamics of the mouse brain to optogenetic stimulation showed similarities even without parameter tuning. Anatomical connectivity and dynamics shape the functional organization of brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Spiegler
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Javad Karimi Abadchi
- Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Majid Mohajerani
- Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Viktor K Jirsa
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, UMR Inserm 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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Vompi C, Serritella E, Galluccio G, Pistella S, Segnalini A, Giannelli L, Di Paolo C. Evaluation of Vision in Gnathological and Orthodontic Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Prospective Experimental Observational Cohort Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2020; 10:481-490. [PMID: 33042891 PMCID: PMC7523923 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_273_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), orthodontic diseases, and vision dysfunctions seem to be strictly related. The purpose of this study was to prove the relationship, to evaluate the prevalence and the distribution of vision defects in dysfunctional and orthodontic patients, and to establish the type of the relationship. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients with TMDs were selected and studied through epidemiological analyses of the following factors: gnathological parameters (temporomandibular joint pathologies according to Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders); occlusal and skeletal parameters (overjet, overbite, dental class, transversal discrepancies, and mandibular asymmetry); and orthoptic parameters (refractive defects and oculomotor diseases). A prospective experimental observational cohort study was conducted. A comparison with the average frequency of vision defects of the Italian population was performed. The prevalence of vision defects was evaluated. All gnathological and orthodontic parameters were associated with the orthoptic ones. A descriptive and statistical analysis of the data was carried out with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software; z test (P < 0.05), frequency analysis (frequency >50%), chi-square test, and Student’s t test (P < 0.05) were performed. The scientific consistency was evaluated by using the scientific criteria of Bradford Hill. Results: The comparison with the Italian population showed a higher frequency of refractive defects in the study sample (P < 0.001). The most frequent vision defects were phorias (92%) and tropia (3%). The increased frequency of ocular convergence reduction in the presence of disc displacement with reduction was significant (n = 28; 60%; P < 0.05). In the presence of asymmetry, low frequencies of astigmatism (n = 18; 30%) were observed compared to its absence (n = 22; 54%) (P < 0.05) and high frequencies of motor ocular deviations (n = 59; 100%) were observed compared to its absence (n = 36; 88%) (P < 0.05). In the presence of headache, low frequencies of emmetropia (n = 13; 22%) and higher frequencies of hyperopia (n = 18; 30%) were observed (P < 0.05). Two of five scientific criteria of Bradford Hill were met. Conclusion: It seems to emerge a possible positive relationship between TMD and vision defects. In particular, the most interesting associations were found between functional or skeletal orthognathic alterations and oculomotor dysfunctions. However, it was not possible to establish the type of relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vompi
- Units of Gnathology, Department of Head and Neck, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Serritella
- Units of Gnathology, Department of Head and Neck, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Galluccio
- Units of Orthodontics, Department of Head and Neck, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Santino Pistella
- Units of Ophthalmology, Department of Head and Neck, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Segnalini
- Units of Ophthalmology, Department of Head and Neck, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Di Paolo
- Units of Gnathology, Department of Head and Neck, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Dos Santos DM, Politti F, de Azevedo LMA, de Cassia das Neves Martins R, Ricci FC, Masuda KSY, do Nascimento EMM, Spinato IL, de Paula Gomes CAF, Biasotto-Gonzalez DA. Association between convergence insufficiency and temporomandibular disorder cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:851-858. [PMID: 32500402 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate whether there is an association between convergence insufficiency and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and whether there is an association between pain and range of motion in different degrees of TMD. METHODS We evaluated 138 individuals with TMD and 46 without TMD using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders, the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI), Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and the measurement of mandibular range of motion (ROM). Convergence insufficiency was diagnosed using the convergence test and Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey. Analysis of variance was used to compare age and mandibular ROM. The Kruskal-Wallis was used to compare mandibular ROM and pain between groups. The chi-square test was used to evaluate associations between TMD subgroups and the FAI, sex, and ocular convergence. RESULTS The majority of individuals without TMD did not exhibit convergence insufficiency. The frequency convergence insufficiency was significantly higher among individuals with severe TMD (p < 0.003). Mean pain severity differed between individuals with and without TMD. Mandibular ROM diminished with the increase in TMD severity. CONCLUSIONS Convergence insufficiency, age, the increase in pain, and the reduction in mandibular range of motion were associated with the degrees of TMD severity. Despite the significant associations between convergence insufficiency and both pain and TMD severity, these variables cannot be indicated as predictive factors due to the low variability in the linear regression analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present findings can assist in decision making regarding the treatment of severe TMD and the evaluation of ocular convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Meira Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Politti
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Menezes Alves de Azevedo
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cassia das Neves Martins
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cunha Ricci
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Kelly Sayuri Yun Masuda
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | | | - Itana Lisane Spinato
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. da Universidade, 2853, Benfica, Fortaleza, CE, 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Cid Andre Fidelis de Paula Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil
| | - Daniela Aparecida Biasotto-Gonzalez
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP, 01504-001, Brazil.
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Correlations between the Visual Apparatus and Dental Occlusion: A Literature Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2694517. [PMID: 30112371 PMCID: PMC6077684 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2694517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The development of visual functions takes place in the first months of postnatal life and is completed around the one year of age. In this period, the maturation of the retina and the visual pathways occur, and binocular bonds are established at the level of the visual cortex. During this phase and then for a few years, a certain plasticity of the visual functions remains, which seem therefore susceptible to change both in a pejorative sense (by pathogens) and in an improving sense (for example, by therapeutic measures). This plasticity involves also the oculomotor system. Due to this plasticity, many researchers believe that there are some functional correlations between the visual and the stomatognathic apparatus. But the scientific evidence of this statement has not been clarified yet. Aim The purpose of this review is therefore to analyze the clinical data in this field and finally to establish their level of evidence. Studies have been collected from the main databases, based on keywords. Results The results showed a middle level of evidence since most of the data derive from case-control studies and cross-sectional studies. Conclusions The level of evidence allows establishing that there is a correlation between ocular disorders (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, exophoria, and an unphysiological gait due to ocular convergence defects) and dental occlusion, but it is not possible to establish the cause-effect relationship. Future studies should be aimed at establishing higher levels of evidence (prospective, controlled, and randomized studies).
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Takamoto K, Saitoh T, Taguchi T, Nishimaru H, Urakawa S, Sakai S, Ono T, Nishijo H. Lip closure training improves eating behaviors and prefrontal cortical hemodynamic activity and decreases daytime sleep in elderly persons. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2017; 22:810-816. [PMID: 30100317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that aging-related deterioration of oral functions causes not only eating/swallowing disorders but also various conditions such as sleep disorders and higher-order brain dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of lip closure training on eating behavior, sleep, and brain function in elderly persons residing in an elder care facility. The 20 elderly subjects (mean age, 86.3 ± 1.0 years) were assigned to a control group or a lip closure training (LCT) group, in which an oral rehabilitation device was used for daily LCT sessions over a 4-week period. Before and after the 4-week intervention period, maximal lip closure force was measured, and prefrontal cortical hemodynamic activity (changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration) during lip closure movements was measured with (LCT group) or without (control group) use of the oral rehabilitation device. We also analyzed eating behavior and daytime sleep before and after the intervention period. Compared with the control group, the LCT group showed improved maximal lip closure force, shortened eating time, decreased food spill rates, and decreased daytime sleeping. Furthermore, compared with the control group, the LCT group showed a significant increase in prefrontal cortical activity during lip closure. In addition, the increase rate in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity after the intervention period was significantly correlated with the increase rate in the maximal lip closure force after the intervention period. These findings suggest that LCT is useful in elderly individuals with decreased eating/oral and cognitive functions without the risk of pulmonary aspiration during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouich Takamoto
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sakai
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Marchili N, Ortu E, Pietropaoli D, Cattaneo R, Monaco A. Dental Occlusion and Ophthalmology: A Literature Review. Open Dent J 2016; 10:460-468. [PMID: 27733873 PMCID: PMC5045971 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatognathic system is strictly correlated to other anatomical regions; many studies investigated relationship between temporomandibular joint and posture, several articles describe cranio-facial pain from dental causes, such as trigger points. Until now less interest has been given to connections between dental occlusion and ophthalmology, even if they are important and involving. Clinical experience in dental practice claims that mandibular latero-deviation is connected both to eye dominance and to defects of ocular convergence. The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the twelve cranial nerves. The trigeminal system represents the connection between somitic structures and those derived from the branchial arches, collecting the proprioception from both somitic structures and oculomotor muscles. The intermedius nucleus of the medulla is a small perihypoglossal brainstem nucleus, which acts to integrate information from the head and neck and relays it on to the nucleus of the solitary tract where autonomic responses are generated. This intriguing neurophysiological web led our research group to investigate anatomical and functional associations between dental occlusion and vision. In conclusion, nervous system and functional pathways strictly connect vision and dental occlusion, and in the future both dentists and oculists should be more and more aware of this correlation for a better diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marchili
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 Dental Unit, St Salvatore Hospital-Via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ortu
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 Dental Unit, St Salvatore Hospital-Via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Pietropaoli
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 Dental Unit, St Salvatore Hospital-Via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ruggero Cattaneo
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 Dental Unit, St Salvatore Hospital-Via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annalisa Monaco
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 Dental Unit, St Salvatore Hospital-Via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Kaminer J, Thakur P, Evinger C. Effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on blink abnormalities of 6-OHDA lesioned rats. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:3038-46. [PMID: 25673748 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01072.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat model share blink abnormalities. In view of the evolutionarily conserved organization of blinking, characterization of blink reflex circuits in rodents may elucidate the neural mechanisms of PD reflex abnormalities. We examine the extent of this shared pattern of blink abnormalities by measuring blink reflex excitability, blink reflex plasticity, and spontaneous blinking in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. We also investigate whether 130-Hz subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) affects blink abnormalities, as it does in PD patients. Like PD patients, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats exhibit reflex blink hyperexcitability, impaired blink plasticity, and a reduced spontaneous blink rate. At 130 Hz, but not 16 Hz, STN DBS eliminates reflex blink hyperexcitability and restores both short- and long-term blink plasticity. Replicating its lack of effect in PD patients, 130-Hz STN DBS does not reinstate a normal temporal pattern or rate to spontaneous blinking in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. These data show that the 6-OHDA lesioned rat is an ideal model system for investigating the neural bases of reflex abnormalities in PD and highlight the complexity of PD's effects on motor control, by showing that dopamine depletion does not affect all blink systems via the same neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Kaminer
- Program of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Pratibha Thakur
- Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Craig Evinger
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; and SUNY Eye Institute, Syracuse, New York
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Odoj B, Balslev D. Role of Oculoproprioception in Coding the Locus of Attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 28:517-28. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The most common neural representations for spatial attention encode locations retinotopically, relative to center of gaze. To keep track of visual objects across saccades or to orient toward sounds, retinotopic representations must be combined with information about the rotation of one's own eyes in the orbits. Although gaze input is critical for a correct allocation of attention, the source of this input has so far remained unidentified. Two main signals are available: corollary discharge (copy of oculomotor command) and oculoproprioception (feedback from extraocular muscles). Here we asked whether the oculoproprioceptive signal relayed from the somatosensory cortex contributes to coding the locus of attention. We used continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over a human oculoproprioceptive area in the postcentral gyrus (S1EYE). S1EYE-cTBS reduces proprioceptive processing, causing ∼1° underestimation of gaze angle. Participants discriminated visual targets whose location was cued in a nonvisual modality. Throughout the visual space, S1EYE-cTBS shifted the locus of attention away from the cue by ∼1°, in the same direction and by the same magnitude as the oculoproprioceptive bias. This systematic shift cannot be attributed to visual mislocalization. Accuracy of open-loop pointing to the same visual targets, a function thought to rely mainly on the corollary discharge, was unchanged. We argue that oculoproprioception is selective for attention maps. By identifying a potential substrate for the coupling between eye and attention, this study contributes to the theoretical models for spatial attention.
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Mameli O, Stanzani S, Russo A, Pellitteri R, Manca P, De Riu PL, Caria MA. Involvement of trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in kinetic encoding of whisker movements. Brain Res Bull 2014; 102:37-45. [PMID: 24518654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In previous experiments performed on anaesthetised rats, we demonstrated that whisking neurons responsive to spontaneous movement of the macrovibrissae are located within the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Me5) and that retrograde tracers injected into the mystacial pad of the rat muzzle extensively labelled a number of Me5 neurons. In order to evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics of the Me5-whisker pad neural connection, the present study analysed the Me5 neurons responses to artificial whisking induced by electrical stimulation of the peripheral stump of the facial nerve. Furthermore, an anterograde tracer was injected into the Me5 to identify and localise the peripheral terminals of these neurons in the mystacial structures. The electrophysiological data demonstrated that artificial whisking induced Me5 evoked potentials as well as single and multiunit Me5 neurons responses consistent with a direct connection. Furthermore, the neuroanatomical findings showed that the peripheral terminals of the Me5 stained neurons established direct connections with the upper part of the macrovibrissae, at the conical body level, with fibres spiralling around the circumference of the vibrissae shaft. As for the functional role of this sensory innervation, we speculated that the Me5 neurons are possibly involved in encoding and relaying proprioceptive information related to vibrissae movements to other CNS structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Mameli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Sassari University, viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Stefania Stanzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Division, Catania University, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Division, Catania University, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Manca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Sassari University, viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi De Riu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Sassari University, viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marcello Alessandro Caria
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Sassari University, viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Monaco A, Tepedino M, Sabetti L, Petrucci A, Sgolastra F. An adolescent treated with rapid maxillary expansion presenting with strabismus: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2013; 7:222. [PMID: 23971857 PMCID: PMC3849103 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few in vivo studies have investigated the effect of maxillary expansion on strabismus; however, some in vitro studies hypothesized that changes in the palatal width obtained with rapid maxillary expansion appliances could involve other bone structures that contain blood vessels and nerves conveying to the orbital cavity. The present case report seems to support that hypothesis, even if no analysis of pathogenetic mechanisms could be drawn. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a 14-year-old Caucasian girl affected by strabismus and referred for the treatment of a class III malocclusion with transverse maxillary deficiency, which was corrected by the application of a rapid maxillary expansion appliance (Haas type). At 2 months follow-up, the patient, who had not undergone any ophthalmologic treatment, was submitted to an ophthalmologic examination that revealed a marked change in the vision defect, which slightly relapsed at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The results of our clinical evaluation showed a remarkable modification of the oculomotor system of our patient as an outcome of the rapid maxillary expansion.Further studies are needed to clarify these findings and to investigate the clinical implications of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Monaco
- Life Health and Environmental Science Department, School of Dentistry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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12
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Eye proprioception used for visual localization only if in conflict with the oculomotor plan. J Neurosci 2012; 32:8569-73. [PMID: 22723697 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1488-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the corollary discharge of the oculomotor command and eye muscle proprioception provide eye position information to the brain. Two contradictory models have been suggested about how these two sources contribute to visual localization: (1) only the efference copy is used whereas proprioception is a slow recalibrator of the forward model, and (2) both signals are used together as a weighted average. We had the opportunity to test these hypotheses in a patient (R.W.) with a circumscribed lesion of the right postcentral gyrus that overlapped the human eye proprioceptive representation. R.W. was as accurate and precise as the control group (n = 19) in locating a lit LED that she viewed through the eye contralateral to the lesion. However, when the task was preceded by a brief (<1 s), gentle push to the closed eye, which perturbed eye position and stimulated eye proprioceptors in the absence of a motor command, R.W.'s accuracy significantly decreased compared with both her own baseline and the healthy control group. The data suggest that in normal conditions, eye proprioception is not used for visual localization. Eye proprioception is, however, continuously monitored to be incorporated into the eye position estimate when a mismatch with the efference copy of the motor command is detected. Our result thus supports the first model and, furthermore, identifies the limits for its operation.
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Ishiyama A, Saito Y, Sugai K, Sasaki M, Yamazaki H, Kohama M. Concurrence of multiple types of eyelid synkinesia in a patient with congenital anomalies. Brain Dev 2012; 34:140-2. [PMID: 21435806 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 5-year-old boy with multiple congenital anomalies, including ptosis, polydactyly, ventricular septal defect, epilepsy, and intellectual deficits. The patient presented with synkinetic eyelid movements accompanying jaw and ocular movements, including Marcus-Gunn phenomenon (eyelid elevation at mouth opening) in the right eye, inverse Marcus-Gunn phenomenon (aggravation of ptosis at mouth opening) in the left eye, and unilateral eyelid elevation on each side during ipsilateral abduction. This suggests that the different types of synkinesia may represent a common etiology of aberrant innervations and/or reflex phenomena of the cranial nerves caused by a specific genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ishiyama
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.
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Handschel J, Naujoks C, Zimmermann A. [Orbital pain from a cranio-maxillofacial surgery perspective]. Ophthalmologe 2011; 108:1134-7. [PMID: 22037835 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-011-2396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Orbital pain can be provoked by diseases of the orbital skeleton as well as the maxillary sinus. Infections of the maxillary sinus caused by dental infections (e.g. periodontitis) or root canal treatment represent the majority of these cases followed by injuries of the orbital skeleton. An appropriate medical history usually provides indications for the further diagnostic procedure. In rare cases diseases of the facial skeleton as well as Wegener's granulomatosis can also cause orbital pain. In contrast temporomandibular disorders (TMD) may cause motility disorders and alterations in binocular vision but are not responsible for orbital pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Handschel
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Plastische Gesichtschirurgie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
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15
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Bosman LWJ, Houweling AR, Owens CB, Tanke N, Shevchouk OT, Rahmati N, Teunissen WHT, Ju C, Gong W, Koekkoek SKE, De Zeeuw CI. Anatomical pathways involved in generating and sensing rhythmic whisker movements. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:53. [PMID: 22065951 PMCID: PMC3207327 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent whisker system is widely used as a model system for investigating sensorimotor integration, neural mechanisms of complex cognitive tasks, neural development, and robotics. The whisker pathways to the barrel cortex have received considerable attention. However, many subcortical structures are paramount to the whisker system. They contribute to important processes, like filtering out salient features, integration with other senses, and adaptation of the whisker system to the general behavioral state of the animal. We present here an overview of the brain regions and their connections involved in the whisker system. We do not only describe the anatomy and functional roles of the cerebral cortex, but also those of subcortical structures like the striatum, superior colliculus, cerebellum, pontomedullary reticular formation, zona incerta, and anterior pretectal nucleus as well as those of level setting systems like the cholinergic, histaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic pathways. We conclude by discussing how these brain regions may affect each other and how they together may control the precise timing of whisker movements and coordinate whisker perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens W. J. Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Cullen B. Owens
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nouk Tanke
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Negah Rahmati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chiheng Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdam, Netherlands
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Mundiñano IC, Martínez-Millán L. Somatosensory cross-modal plasticity in the superior colliculus of visually deafferented rats. Neuroscience 2009; 165:1457-70. [PMID: 19932888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of neonatal visual deafferentation on the final adult pattern of cortico-collicular connections from the rat primary somatosensory cortex barrel field were studied by injecting an anterograde tracer (BDA) into different locations of the barrel cortex. Collicular afferents originating in the barrel cortex normally end in the intermediate collicular strata (SGI and SAI). However, neonatal visual deafferentation caused an invasion of abundant somatosensory cortical afferents into the lateral portions of the superficial collicular strata (SGS and SO). Moreover, anterograde-labelled fibers in the intermediate strata were more densely packed in visually deafferented animals. In order to study the activity of the altered somatosensory cortico-collicular connection, the effects of two different types of whisker stimuli on c-fos expression in the SC were analyzed (apomorphine treatment and enriched environment exploration). In stimulated control animals, c-fos expression was clearly evident in neurons of the intermediate layers 2 h after whisker stimulation. Similar stimulation in adult animals that underwent neonatal visual deafferentation triggered higher levels of c-fos expression in the superficial collicular layers that were invaded by cortico-collicular axonal branches. In exploration experiments, increased levels of c-fos expression were also detected in lateral parts of the intermediate layers of visually deafferented animals. These results suggest that the ascending fibers of somatosensory cortical origin can recruit deafferented superficial collicular neurons that enabling them to participate in extravisual behavioural responses mediated by collicular circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Mundiñano
- Laboratory of Regenerative Therapy, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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17
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Cuccia A, Caradonna C. The relationship between the stomatognathic system and body posture. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:61-6. [PMID: 19142553 PMCID: PMC2671973 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many researchers have investigated the various factors that can influence body posture: mood states, anxiety, head and neck positions, oral functions (respiration, swallowing), oculomotor and visual systems, and the inner ear. Recent studies indicate a role for trigeminal afferents on body posture, but this has not yet been demonstrated conclusively. The present study aims to review the papers that have shown a relationship between the stomatognathic system and body posture. These studies suggest that tension in the stomatognathic system can contribute to impaired neural control of posture. Numerous anatomical connections between the stomatognathic system's proprioceptive inputs and nervous structures are implicated in posture (cerebellum, vestibular and oculomotor nuclei, superior colliculus). If the proprioceptive information of the stomatognathic system is inaccurate, then head control and body position may be affected. In addition, the present review discusses the role the myofascial system plays in posture. If confirmed by further research, these considerations can improve our understanding and treatment of muscular-skeletal disorders that are associated with temporomandibular joint disorders, occlusal changes, and tooth loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cuccia
- Department of Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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18
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Cuccia AM, Caradonna C. Binocular motility system and temporomandibular joint internal derangement: a study in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133:640.e15-20. [PMID: 18456134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular convergence defects have been confirmed in adults with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, but few studies of the relationship of the oculomotor apparatus to TMJ disc displacement have been reported. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of disc displacement on the oculomotor capacity of the eyes in adults. METHODS Fifty symptomatic patients with bilateral TMJ disc displacement (13 men, 37 women; mean age, 28.84 +/- 8.22 years; range, 18-40 years) were compared with the same number of asymptomatic volunteers with normal disc position (14 men, 36 women; mean age, 29.96 +/- 5.04 years; range, 18-37 years). All subjects underwent standardized clinical examinations, bilateral TMJ magnetic resonance imaging, and sensorial and motor orthoptic tests by an orthoptist. RESULTS Subjects with TMJ disc displacement had alterations in binocular function, including reductions in convergence (P <0.023) and positive fusional vergence (break point [P <0.046] and recovery point [P <0.045]) compared with those with normal disc positions. CONCLUSIONS Significant alternations in binocular function were seen in patients with TMJ disc displacement compared with healthy control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Marco Cuccia
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dental Sciences "G. Messina," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Dauvergne C, Smit AE, Valla J, Diagne M, Buisseret-Delmas C, Buisseret P, Pinganaud G, Vanderwerf F. Are locus coeruleus neurons involved in blinking? Neurosci Res 2008; 61:182-91. [PMID: 18400323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the involvement of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in the reflex blink circuit, c-Fos and neuronal tracer experiments were performed in the rat. LC neurons involved in reflex blink were localized by analyzing c-Fos protein expression after electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve. Subsequently, neuronal tracers were injected in two different nuclei which are part of the reflex blink circuit. Anterograde tracer experiments in the sensory trigeminal complex (STC) explored the trigemino-coerulear connection; retrograde tracer experiments in the latero-caudal portion of the superior colliculus (SC) established coerulear-collicular connections. The combination of retrograde tracer injections into the latero-caudal SC portion combined with electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve identified c-Fos positive LC neurons that project to the latero-caudal SC. Our results revealed the existence of a STC-LC-SC loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Dauvergne
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Manducation, UP7, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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20
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de Arriba MDC, Pombal MA. Afferent Connections of the Optic Tectum in Lampreys: An Experimental Study. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2007; 69:37-68. [PMID: 16926536 DOI: 10.1159/000095272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tectal afferents were studied in adult lampreys of three species (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, Lampetra fluviatilis, and Petromyzon marinus) following unilateral BDA injections into the optic tectum (OT). In the secondary prosencephalon, neurons projecting to the OT were observed in the pallium, the subhipoccampal lobe, the striatum, the preoptic area and the hypothalamus. Following tectal injections, backfilled diencephalic cells were found bilaterally in: prethalamic eminence, ventral geniculate nucleus, periventricular prethalamic nucleus, periventricular pretectal nucleus, precommissural nucleus, magnocellular and parvocellular nuclei of the posterior commissure and pretectal nucleus; and ipsilaterally in: nucleus of Bellonci, periventricular thalamic nucleus, nucleus of the tuberculum posterior, and the subpretectal tegmentum, as well as in the pineal organ. At midbrain levels, retrogradely labeled cells were seen in the ipsilateral torus semicircularis, the contralateral OT, and bilaterally in the mesencephalic reticular formation and inside the limits of the retinopetal nuclei. In the hindbrain, tectal projecting cells were also bilaterally labeled in the dorsal and lateral isthmic nuclei, the octavolateral area, the sensory nucleus of the descending trigeminal tract, the dorsal column nucleus and the reticular formation. The rostral spinal cord also exhibited a few labeled cells. These results demonstrate a complex pattern of connections in the lamprey OT, most of which have been reported in other vertebrates. Hence, the lamprey OT receives a large number of nonvisual afferents from all major brain areas, and so is involved in information processing from different somatic sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen de Arriba
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Mensah-Brown EPK, Garey LJ. The superior colliculus of the camel: a neuronal-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and neuropeptide study. J Anat 2006; 208:239-50. [PMID: 16441568 PMCID: PMC2100190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined the superior colliculus of the midbrain of the one-humped (dromedary) camel, Camelus dromedarius, using Nissl staining and anti-neuronal-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) immunohistochemistry for total neuronal population as well as for the enkephalins, somatostatin (SOM) and substance P (SP). It was found that, unlike in most mammals, the superior colliculus is much larger than the inferior colliculus. The superior colliculus is concerned with visual reflexes and the co-ordination of head, neck and eye movements, which are certainly of importance to this animal with large eyes, head and neck, and apparently good vision. The basic neuronal architecture and lamination of the superior colliculus are similar to that in other mammals. However, we describe for the first time an unusually large content of neurons in the superior colliculus with strong immunoreactivity for met-enkephalin, an endogenous opioid. We classified the majority of these neurons as small (perimeters of 40-50 microm), and localized diffusely throughout the superficial grey and stratum opticum. In addition, large pyramidal-like neurons with perimeters of 100 microm and above were present in the intermediate grey layer. Large unipolar cells were located immediately dorsal to the deep grey layer. By contrast, small neurons (perimeters of 40-50 microm) immunopositive to SOM and SP were located exclusively in the superficial grey layer. We propose that this system may be associated with a pain-inhibiting pathway that has been described from the periaqueductal grey matter, juxtaposing the deep layers of the superior colliculus, to the lower brainstem and spinal cord. Such pain inhibition could be important in relation to the camel's life in the harsh environment of its native deserts, often living in very high temperatures with no shade and a diet consisting largely of thorny branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P K Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Büttner-Ennever JA, Konakci KZ, Blumer R. Sensory control of extraocular muscles. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2006; 151:81-93. [PMID: 16221586 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(05)51003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The role of sensory receptors in eye muscles is not well understood, but there is physiological and clinical evidence for the presence of proprioceptive signals in many areas of the central nervous system. It is unclear which structures generate these sensory signals, and which central neural pathways are involved. Three different types of receptors are associated with eye muscles: (1) muscle spindles, (2) palisade endings, and (3) Golgi tendon organs, but their occurrence varies wildly between species. A review of their organization shows that each receptor is mainly confined to a morphologically separate layer of the eye muscle. The palisade endings - which are unique to eye muscles, are associated with the global layer; and they have been found in all mammals studied so far. Their function is unknown. The muscle spindles, if they are present in a species, lie in the orbital layer, or at its junction to the global layer. Golgi tendon organs appear to be unique to artiodactyls (i.e., sheep and goats, etc.); they lie in an outer distal marginal layer of the eye muscle, called the "peripheral patch layer" in sheep. The specific association between palisade endings and the multiply innervated type of muscle fibers of the global layer has led to the hypothesis that together they may act as a sensory receptor, and provide a source of central proprioceptive signals. But other interpretations of the morphological evidence do not support this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Büttner-Ennever
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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Baljet B, VanderWerf F. Connections between the lacrimal gland and sensory trigeminal neurons: a WGA/HRP study in the cynomolgous monkey. J Anat 2005; 206:257-63. [PMID: 15733298 PMCID: PMC1571477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory innervation of the lacrimal gland (LG) in the cynomolgous monkey was studied using the retrograde wheat germ agglutinin/horsereadish peroxidase (WGA/HRP) tracer technique. A small solidified piece of WGA/HRP was implanted in the LG. Labelled sensory first-order neurons were found in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion (TG) and in the ipsilateral mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN). The distribution of labelled TG neurons was restricted to ophthalmic and maxillary ganglionic parts. Sensory innervation of LG by primary afferents is not only restricted to TG; an MTN involvement has also been found. This may imply that there is a central sensory role in the production and release of tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Baljet
- Department of Neurosciences, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ndiaye A, Pinganaud G, Buisseret-Delmas C, Buisseret P, Vanderwerf F. Organization of trigeminocollicular connections and their relations to the sensory innervation of the eyelids in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2002; 448:373-87. [PMID: 12115700 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between the trigeminal component of blinking and the superior colliculus (SC) were studied in rats. To localize primary afferent eyelid projections in the sensory trigeminal complex, neuronal tracing experiments were performed as well as analysis of c-Fos protein expression after supraorbital (SO) nerve stimulation. Labelled nerve fibers were found to enter ventrally within the ipsilateral sensory trigeminal complex. Labelled boutons were observed at the junction of the principal nucleus (5P) and the pars oralis (5o) and in the pars caudalis (5c). The c-Fos immunoreactivity was observed in neurons located in the ipsilateral ventral parts of 5P, 5o, and the pars interpolaris (5i) and bilaterally in 5c. Injections in 5P, 5o, 5i, and 5c resulted in anterogradely labelled fibers, with a contralateral preponderance, within the intermediate and deeper SC layers. Injections in 5P or 5o showed anterogradely labelled nerve fibers, profusely terminating in small patches in the medial and central portions of SC layer 4. Subsequently, dense labelling was found in the lateral portion of SC layers 4-7, without patch-like organization. Injections in SC showed retrogradely labelled neurons predominantly within the contralateral part of the sensory trigeminal complex (28% in 5P, 20% in 5o, 50% in 5i, and 2% in 5c). Colocalization of the retrograde tracer after SC injections and c-Fos immunoreactivity in neurons demonstrated that some 5P, 5o, and 5i neurons receive SO nerve inputs and project to SC. This implies that intermediate and deeper SC layers receive sensory information from the eyelids and may be directly involved in the regulation of eye-eyelid coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awa Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle des Systèmes Sensorimoteurs, 75251 Paris, France
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