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Suzuki A, Shibata N, Kasanuki K, Nagata T, Shinagawa S, Kobayashi N, Ohnuma T, Takeshita Y, Kawai E, Takayama T, Nishioka K, Motoi Y, Hattori N, Nakayama K, Yamada H, Arai H. Genetic Association between Presenilin 2 Polymorphisms and Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia of Lewy Body Type in a Japanese Population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2016; 6:90-7. [PMID: 27065294 PMCID: PMC4821141 DOI: 10.1159/000444080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Mutations in the presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Common polymorphisms affect gene activity and increase the risk of AD. Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in the PSEN2 gene showed Lewy body dementia (LBD) phenotypes clinically. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether PSEN2 gene polymorphisms were associated with AD or LBD. Methods Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the gene were analyzed using a case-control study design comprising 288 AD patients, 76 LBD patients, and 105 age-matched controls. Results Linkage disequilibrium (LD) examination showed strong LD from rs1295645 to rs8383 on the gene in our cases from Japan. There were no associations between the SNPs studied here and AD onset, and haplotypic analyses did not detect genetic associations between AD and the PSEN2 gene. Although the number of the cases was small, the SNPs studied did not modify the risk of developing LBD in a Japanese population. Conclusion The common SNPs of the PSEN2 gene did not affect the risk of AD or LBD in a Japanese population. Because genetic variability of the PSEN2 gene is associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in AD and LBD, further detailed analyses considering BPSD of both diseases would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Suzuki
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuto Shibata
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kasanuki
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nagata
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Shinagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohnuma
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Takeshita
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Kawai
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takayama
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Departments of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Departments of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Departments of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamada
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heii Arai
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen C, Zhou Z, Li M, Qu M, Ma Q, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Presenilin-2 polymorphisms and risk of sporadic AD: evidence from a meta-analysis. Gene 2012; 503:194-9. [PMID: 22580083 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Association studies of presenilin-2 (PSEN2) polymorphisms and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) have yielded inconsistent results, possibly because single studies often lack sufficient statistical power. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association of the two most extensively studied PSEN2 polymorphisms, rs8383 and 5'indel, with the risk of sporadic AD. We systematically reviewed relevant studies retrieved by Medline, Pubmed, Embase, AlzGene, and CNKI. Data were analyzed using the Stata (v11.0) software package. The fixed effects model or random-effects model were applied depending on between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and Begg's funnel plots. Overall, the meta-analysis included 6 case-control studies for each polymorphism with 2186 confirmed AD cases and 2507 healthy controls in total. Analysis suggested a significant association between SNP rs8383 polymorphism and AD risk with no evidence of between-study heterogeneity or publication bias. In contrast, we found no evidence for an association between the 5'indel polymorphism and AD risk. Further stratified analyses by apolipoprotein ε4 status or ethnicity also failed to reveal a statistically significant association between the 5'indel polymorphism of PSEN2 and AD risk. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that the PSEN2 rs8383 polymorphism is associated with an enlarged risk of sporadic AD. However, larger scale association studies are necessary to further validate the association of PSEN2 polymorphisms with sporadic AD risk and to define potential gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Zamani M, Mehri M, Kollaee A, Yenki P, Ghaffarpor M, Harirchian MH, Shahbazi M. Pharmacogenetic Study on the Effect of Rivastigmine on PS2 and APOE Genes in Iranian Alzheimer Patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2011; 1:180-9. [PMID: 22163243 PMCID: PMC3199882 DOI: 10.1159/000329514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex and genetically heterogeneous disorder, and certain genes such as PS2 and APOE4 contribute to the development of AD. Due to its heterogeneity, AD-predisposing genes could vary in different populations. Moreover, not all AD patients will respond to the same therapy. We specifically investigated the effect ofrivastigmine (Exelon) on PS2 and APOE genes in Iranian AD patients. Methods A total of 100 AD patients, 67 patients with sporadic AD (SAD) and 33 patients with familial AD (FAD), receiving rivastigmine therapy and 100 healthy controls were studied. PCR-RFLP was used for genotyping of PS2 and APOE. Results We found a positive association between the PS2 –A allele and SAD patients (pc = 0.01), and the PS2 +A/–A genotype was significantly more frequent in SAD than FAD patients (pc = 0.009). The APOE4 allele was associated with total AD, SAD and FAD (pc = 0.000002). Patients with the PS2 +A/–A genotype and bigenic genotypes of +A/–A·∊3/∊3 and +A/–A·∊3/∊4 were the best responders to Exelon therapy, and those with the PS2 +A/+A and APOE ∊3/∊4 genotypes were the worst responders. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the PS2 and APOE4 alleles and genotypes affect both AD risk and response to rivastigmine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zamani
- Department of Neurogenetics, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Gorgan, Iran
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Bettens K, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C. Current status on Alzheimer disease molecular genetics: from past, to present, to future. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:R4-R11. [PMID: 20388643 PMCID: PMC2875058 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage studies, candidate gene and whole-genome association studies have resulted in a tremendous amount of putative risk genes for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, besides the three causal genes-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 and 2 genes-and one risk gene apolipoprotein E (APOE), no single functional risk variant was identified. Discussing the possible involvement of rare alleles and other types of genetic variants, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the genetic spectrum of AD and integrates different approaches and recent discoveries by genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Bettens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Combarros O, Cortina-Borja M, Smith AD, Lehmann DJ. Epistasis in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:1333-49. [PMID: 18206267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu Z, Jia J. The association of the regulatory region of the presenilin-2 gene with Alzheimer's disease in the Northern Han Chinese population. J Neurol Sci 2008; 264:38-42. [PMID: 17727891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin-2 is one of the causative genes for familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Polymorphism of the promoter region of the presenilin-2 gene (PSEN2) has recently been reported in a Russian population to be associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD). The purpose of this case-control study was to determine whether SAD is associated with the PSEN2 gene polymorphism in a Chinese population. We examined PSEN2 and APOE genotypes in 200 SAD patients and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls from the same community, using the PCR-RFLP method. Allelic and genotypic distributions were performed using the Pearson Chi-square test for homogeneity. The interactions between variables were examined by logistic regression. The results revealed no significant differences in the frequency of the +A/-A polymorphism between AD and controls (chi(2)=3.857, p=0.145). However, in the subgroup of APOE epsilon4 non-carriers, there were significant differences in the distributions of both alleles (chi(2)=6.095, p=0.047) and genotypes (chi(2)=4.433, p=0.035) of the PSEN2 promoter in AD compared with controls. In APOE epsilon4 non-carrier group, with +A/+A as a reference, the -A/-A genotype was associated with a 4.657-fold increased risk for AD (chi(2)=5.783, p=0.016, OR=4.657, 95% CI=1.195-18.152). Using logistic analysis, there were no statistical interactions between PSEN2 and APOE genotypes, or between PSEN2 genotypes and age of onset. It is concluded that in the Northern Han Chinese population, the +A/-A polymorphism of the PSEN2 promoter is a moderate genetic risk factor for developing SAD, independent of the APOE epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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Abstract
Pharmacological treatment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 10-20% of direct costs, and fewer than 20% of AD patients are moderate responders to conventional drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine), with doubtful cost-effectiveness. Both AD pathogenesis and drug metabolism are genetically regulated complex traits in which hundreds of genes cooperatively participate. Structural genomics studies demonstrated that more than 200 genes might be involved in AD pathogenesis regulating dysfunctional genetic networks leading to premature neuronal death. The AD population exhibits a higher genetic variation rate than the control population, with absolute and relative genetic variations of 40-60% and 0.85-1.89%, respectively. AD patients also differ in their genomic architecture from patients with other forms of dementia. Functional genomics studies in AD revealed that age of onset, brain atrophy, cerebrovascular hemodynamics, brain bioelectrical activity, cognitive decline, apoptosis, immune function, lipid metabolism dyshomeostasis, and amyloid deposition are associated with AD-related genes. Pioneering pharmacogenomics studies also demonstrated that the therapeutic response in AD is genotype-specific, with apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4/4 carriers the worst responders to conventional treatments. About 10-20% of Caucasians are carriers of defective cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 polymorphic variants that alter the metabolism and effects of AD drugs and many psychotropic agents currently administered to patients with dementia. There is a moderate accumulation of AD-related genetic variants of risk in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) and ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs), who are the worst responders to conventional drugs. The association of the APOE-4 allele with specific genetic variants of other genes (e.g., CYP2D6, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]) negatively modulates the therapeutic response to multifactorial treatments affecting cognition, mood, and behavior. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic factors may account for 60-90% of drug variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. The incorporation of pharmacogenetic/pharmacogenomic protocols to AD research and clinical practice can foster therapeutics optimization by helping to develop cost-effective pharmaceuticals and improving drug efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders, Bergondo, Coruña, Spain
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Gacia M, Safranow K, Gabryelewicz T, Styczyńska M, Pepłońska B, Dziedziejko V, Jakubowska K, Chlubek D, Zekanowski C, Barcikowska M. Two polymorphisms of presenilin-2 gene (PSEN2) 5' regulatory region are not associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Polish population. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 115:85-90. [PMID: 18087668 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin 2 gene (PSEN2) is one of the causative genes for familial Alzheimer's disease. A delA polymorphism located in PSEN2 promoter was proposed to be a risk factor for early-onset AD. We examined association between AD and PSEN2 polymorphisms located in two 5'UTR regions in group of 217 late-onset AD patients, 109 mild cognitive impairment patients, and 225 non-demented control subjects. No significant differences for genotype and allele distributions of a delA and a novel insAC polymorphisms in the studied groups as compared to controls were observed. Univariate and multivariate risk estimation shows that neither delA, insAC alleles nor the genotypes are risk factors for AD. No significant interaction between the APOE4 and PSEN2 polymorphisms was found. A bioinformatic analysis showed that delA polymorphism influences binding sites of transcription factors involved in the cellular processes related to AD. The rare variants identified in exon 3 of the PSEN2 could have a potential influence on PSEN2 transcript splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gacia
- Medical Research Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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Quan W, Yasuda M, Hashimoto M, Yamamoto Y, Ishii K, Kazui H, Mori E, Kakigi T, Maeda K. Polymorphism of the regulatory region of the presenilin-2 gene in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. J Neurol Sci 2005; 240:71-5. [PMID: 16233903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE presenilin-2 is one of the causative genes for familial Alzheimer's disease, and the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset and sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Polymorphism of the regulatory region of presenilin-2 has recently been reported to be associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease in a Russian population. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Alzheimer's disease is associated with the presenilin-2 gene polymorphism and the apolipoprotein E genotype in an extended case-control study. METHODS We examined 230 patients with Alzheimer's disease, along with an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls from the same community, in a Japanese population by using a Chi-square test for homogeneity and a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The presenilin-2 polymorphism frequencies were similar in early-onset Alzheimer's disease patients (0.17) and younger controls (0.15), and in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (0.20) and elderly controls (0.20). We found no evidence for an association between the presenilin-2 polymorphism and the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele. CONCLUSIONS Our results fail to support an association of presenilin-2 gene polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease. The discrepancy between our results and the results of the Russian study appear to be due to racial differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Quan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Kobe Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, and Hyogo Institute of Aging Brain and Cognitive Disorders, Himeji Brain and Heart Center, Japan
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Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18:1067-74. [PMID: 14661646 DOI: 10.1002/gps.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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