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Tian Y, Shin K, Aleshin AE, Im W, Marassi FM. Calcium-induced environmental adaptability of the blood protein vitronectin. Biophys J 2022; 121:3896-3906. [PMID: 36056555 PMCID: PMC9674982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptability of proteins to their work environments is fundamental for cellular life. Here, we describe how the hemopexin-like domain of the multifunctional blood glycoprotein vitronectin binds Ca2+ to adapt to excursions of temperature and shear stress. Using X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, NMR, and differential scanning fluorimetry, we describe how Ca2+ and its flexible hydration shell enable the protein to perform conformational changes that relay beyond the calcium-binding site and alter the number of polar contacts to enhance conformational stability. By means of mutagenesis, we identify key residues that cooperate with Ca2+ to promote protein stability, and we show that calcium association confers protection against shear stress, a property that is advantageous for proteins that circulate in the vasculature, like vitronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kyungsoo Shin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
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Role of Vitronectin and Its Receptors in Neuronal Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012387. [PMID: 36293243 PMCID: PMC9604229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitronectin (VTN), a multifunctional glycoprotein with various physiological functions, exists in plasma and the extracellular matrix. It is known to be involved in the cell attachment, spreading and migration through binding to the integrin receptor, mainly via the RGD sequence. VTN is also widely used in the maintenance and expansion of pluripotent stem cells, but its effects go beyond that. Recent evidence shows more functions of VTN in the nervous system as it participates in neural differentiation, neuronutrition and neurogenesis, as well as in regulating axon size, supporting and guiding neurite extension. Furthermore, VTN was proved to play a key role in protecting the brain as it can reduce the permeability of the blood-brain barrier by interacting with integrin receptors in vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, evidence suggests that VTN is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, but its function has not been fully understood. This review summarizes the functions of VTN and its receptors in neurons and describes the role of VTN in the blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Hashimoto K, Sakane F, Ikeda N, Akiyama A, Sugahara M, Miyamoto Y. Vitronectin promotes the progress of the initial differentiation stage in cerebellar granule cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 70:76-85. [PMID: 26640242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitronectin (VN), which is an extracellular matrix protein, is known to be involved in the proliferation and differentiation of primary cultured cerebellar granule cell precursors (CGCPs); however, the effect of VN is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the effects of VN loss on the proliferation and differentiation of CGCPs in VN knockout (VNKO) mice in vivo. First, immunohistochemistry showed that VN was distributed in the region from the inner external granule layer (iEGL) through the internal granule layer (IGL) in wild-type (WT) mice. Next, we observed the formation of the cerebellar cortex using sagittal sections of VNKO mice at postnatal days (P) 5, 8 and 11. Loss of VN suppressed the ratio of NeuN, a neuronal differentiation marker, to positive cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) in the external granule layer (EGL) and the ratio of CGCs in the IGL at P8, indicating that the loss of VN suppresses the differentiation into CGCs. However, the loss of VN did not significantly affect the proliferation of CGCPs. Next, the effect of VN loss on the initial differentiation stage of CGCPs was examined. The loss of VN increased the expression levels of Transient axonal glycoprotein 1 (TAG1), a marker of neurons in the initial differentiation stage, in the cerebella of VNKO mice at P5 and 8 and increased the ratio of TAG1-positive cells in the primary culture of VNKO-derived CGCPs, indicating that the loss of VN accumulates the CGCPs in the initial differentiation stage. Taken together, these results demonstrate that VN promotes the progress of the initial differentiation stage of CGCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Fumi Sakane
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Ayumi Akiyama
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Miyaka Sugahara
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
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Winter M, Tholey A, Krüger S, Schmidt H, Röcken C. MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging identifies vitronectin as a common constituent of amyloid deposits. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:772-9. [PMID: 26101327 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415595264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are pathological intra- and extracellular fibrillar aggregates of polypeptides with a cross-β-sheet structure and characteristic tinctorial properties. The amyloid deposits commonly enclose several non-fibrillar components of the extracellular matrix. Their potential to regulate the formation and aggregation process of amyloid fibrils is still poorly understood. For a better understanding of the role of the extracellular matrix in amyloidosis, it is essential to gain deeper insights into the composition of amyloid deposits. Here, we utilized matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry imaging to identify extracellular matrix compounds in amyloid deposits. Using this technique, we identified and determined the spatial distribution of vitronectin within AApoAI-, ALλ-, ATTR- and AIns amyloid deposits and, using immunohistochemistry, validated the spatial overlap of vitronectin with amyloids in 175 cases with diverse types of amyloid in several different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Research Group Systematic Proteome Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine (AT,)Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany (AT)
| | | | - Hartmut Schmidt
- Department of Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany (HS)
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Shin TM, Isas JM, Hsieh CL, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Langen R, Chen J. Formation of soluble amyloid oligomers and amyloid fibrils by the multifunctional protein vitronectin. Mol Neurodegener 2008; 3:16. [PMID: 18939994 PMCID: PMC2577670 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The multifunctional protein vitronectin is present within the deposits associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), atherosclerosis, systemic amyloidoses, and glomerulonephritis. The extent to which vitronectin contributes to amyloid formation within these plaques, which contain misfolded, amyloidogenic proteins, and the role of vitronectin in the pathophysiology of the aforementioned diseases is currently unknown. The investigation of vitronectin aggregation is significant since the formation of oligomeric and fibrillar structures are common features of amyloid proteins. Results We observed vitronectin immunoreactivity in senile plaques of AD brain, which exhibited overlap with the amyloid fibril-specific OC antibody, suggesting that vitronectin is deposited at sites of amyloid formation. Of particular interest is the growing body of evidence indicating that soluble nonfibrillar oligomers may be responsible for the development and progression of amyloid diseases. In this study we demonstrate that both plasma-purified and recombinant human vitronectin readily form spherical oligomers and typical amyloid fibrils. Vitronectin oligomers are toxic to cultured neuroblastoma and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, possibly via a membrane-dependent mechanism, as they cause leakage of synthetic vesicles. Oligomer toxicity was attenuated in RPE cells by the anti-oligomer A11 antibody. Vitronectin fibrils contain a C-terminal protease-resistant fragment, which may approximate the core region of residues essential to amyloid formation. Conclusion These data reveal the propensity of vitronectin to behave as an amyloid protein and put forth the possibilities that accumulation of misfolded vitronectin may contribute to aggregate formation seen in age-related amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuzar M Shin
- Zilhka Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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D’Abaco GM, Kaye AH. Integrins: Molecular determinants of glioma invasion. J Clin Neurosci 2007; 14:1041-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vasilyev DV, Barish ME. Regulation of the hyperpolarization-activated cationic current Ih in mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurones by vitronectin, a component of extracellular matrix. J Physiol 2004; 560:659-75. [PMID: 15319414 PMCID: PMC1665273 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.069104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the hyperpolarization-activated cation-selective current I(h) makes important contributions to neural excitability, we examined its long-term regulation by vitronectin, an extracellular matrix component commonly elevated at injury sites and detected immunochemically in activated microglia. Focusing on mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurones in organotypic slice cultures established at postnatal day 0 or 1 and examined after 3-4 days in vitro, we observed differences in the amplitude and activation rate of I(h) between neurones in naive and vitronectin-exposed slices (10 microg ml(-1) added to serum-free medium), and between neurones in slices derived from wild-type and vitronectin-deficient mice. The potassium inward rectifier I(K(ir)), activated at similar voltages to I(h), was not affected by vitronectin. In CA1, differences in I(h) amplitude primarily reflected changes in maximum conductance (G(max)): a 23.3% increase to 3.18 +/- 0.64 nS from 2.58 +/- 0.96 nS (P < 0.05) in vitronectin-exposed neurones, and a 17.9% decrease to 2.24 +/- 0.26 nS from 2.73 +/- 0.64 nS (P < 0.05) in neurones from vitronectin-deficient slices. The voltage of one-half maximum activation (V(1/2)) was not significantly affected by vitronectin exposure (-78.1 +/- 2.3 mV versus -80.0 +/- 4.9 mV in naive neurones; P > 0.05) or vitronectin deficiency (-83.8 +/- 3.1 mV versus -82.0 +/- 2.9 mV in wild-type neurones; P > 0.05). In CA3 neurones, changes in I(h) reflected differences in both G(max) and V(1/2): in vitronectin-exposed neurones there was a 35.4% increase in G(max) to 1.30 +/- 0.49 nS from 0.96 +/- 0.26 nS (P < 0.01), and a +3.0 mV shift in V(1/2) to -89.8 mV from -92.8 mV (P < 0.05). The time course of I(h) activation could be fitted by the sum of two exponential functions, fast and slow. In both CA1 and CA3 neurones the fast component amplitude was preferentially sensitive to vitronectin, with its relatively larger contribution to total current in vitronectin-exposed cells contributing to the acceleration of I(h) activation. Further, HCN1 immunoreactivity appeared elevated in vitronectin-exposed slices, while HCN2 levels appeared unaltered. We suggest that vitronectin-stimulated increases in I(h) may potentially affect excitability under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Vasilyev
- Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Storstein A, Knudsen A, Bjørge L, Meri S, Vedeler C. Heterogeneous expression of CD59 on human Purkinje cells. Neurosci Lett 2004; 362:21-5. [PMID: 15147772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of CD59 and other complement regulators was studied in human cerebellum from 14 individuals with no cerebellar pathology, from one patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) and from two patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD). CD59 was present on the Purkinje cells at various levels in eight of the 14 cases with no cerebellar pathology. CD59 was also present on the Purkinje cells of the patient with MS, but not on the scarce remaining Purkinje cells of the two patients with PCD. Other complement regulators (CD35, CD46 and CD55) were not expressed on the Purkinje cells, whereas CD59, CD46 and CD55 were present on the molecular, granulosa and endothelial cells. The results suggest that Purkinje cells not expressing CD59 could be especially prone to complement-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Storstein
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Vasilyev DV, Barish ME. Regulation of an inactivating potassium current (IA) by the extracellular matrix protein vitronectin in embryonic mouse hippocampal neurones. J Physiol 2003; 547:859-71. [PMID: 12562917 PMCID: PMC2342723 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.036889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a class of intrinsic membrane receptors for extracellular matrix ligands. In the central nervous system, integrins and their ligands influence neuronal growth and synaptic function, but relatively little is known about their potential to regulate intrinsic excitability. To explore this area, we examined the effects of matrix components on potassium currents in developing mouse hippocampal neurones, using electrophysiological and immunochemical approaches. We tested the effects of three integrin ligands present in the hippocampus, fibronectin, laminin and vitronectin, on electrogenesis in late embryonic hippocampal pyramidal neurones. Explants cultured in serum-free medium were exposed to ligands (fibronectin at 3 microg ml-1, laminin at 5 microg ml-1, vitronectin at 10 microg ml-1) for 3-4 days, and voltage-gated potassium currents were recorded from presumptive CA3 pyramidal neurones. Of the three matrix components, only vitronectin affected potassium currents, selectively increasing the amplitude of the inactivating potassium current (IA, or A-current) by about 75 % over control levels, and its density (current per unit area) by about 40 % (measured after 3 day exposures from embryonic day 15.5). Other potassium currents were spared, except to the extent that membrane area was increased. The actions of vitronectin were sensitive to RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-sequence-containing peptide, indicating the involvement of integrins as vitronectin receptors. The kinetic properties of IA, including the voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation, inactivation rate and the rate of recovery from inactivation, were minimally affected by vitronectin and were consistent with enhanced functional expression of Kv4-family subunits. Analyses of Kv4.2 and Kv1.4 immunoreactivity also suggested a preferential increase in Kv4.2 levels, with lesser effects on Kv1.4 levels. These results indicate that vitronectin can selectively regulate IA, and together with other observations suggest that modulation of neuronal excitability by integrins and their ligands occurs commonly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Vasilyev
- Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Yu JX, Bradt BM, Cooper NR. Constitutive expression of proinflammatory complement components by subsets of neurons in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 123:91-101. [PMID: 11880154 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain is largely protected from damage due to infection, trauma, and aberrant processes by the innate immune system. These studies were undertaken to determine whether neurons in normal brains constitutively express complement components. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies with specific riboprobes and antibodies, respectively, revealed that most hippocampal neurons, many pyramidal cortical neurons and cerebellar Purkinje neurons in normal murine brains constitutively express C3, C5 and C6. The constitutive expression by neuronal subsets of components of the complement activation and membrane attack pathways suggests that the complement system represents a "first line" of host defense in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack X Yu
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, IMM-19, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Koukoulis GK, Shen J, Virtanen I, Gould VE. Vitronectin in the cirrhotic liver: an immunomarker of mature fibrosis. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:1356-62. [PMID: 11774169 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2001.29675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitronectin (Vn) is a multifunctional plasma glycoprotein produced by hepatocytes. Vn has been studied extensively as a cell adhesion molecule. However, its localization in the hepatic extracellular matrix has received relatively little attention. Cryosections of 5 normal liver samples and of 20 specimens showing posthepatitic cirrhosis were stained by the avidin-biotin complex method with a well-characterized monoclonal antibody to Vn. The extent and intensity of immunostaining were assessed semiquantitatively (0, no staining; 1+, weak focal staining; 2+, strong focal staining; 3+, strong diffuse staining). Paraffin sections from the same samples were stained with Masson trichrome (MT) and Shikata orcein (Or) methods. Frozen samples from selected cases were analyzed by Western blotting. In the normal liver, 3+ staining was limited to portal vessels. The portal tract connective tissue showed minimal staining (0 to 1+). Cirrhotic septa showed strong staining (2+). Septa lacking significant inflammation and composed of dense connective tissue, as indicated by MT and Or stains, showed the strongest Vn reactions (3+). Immunoblotting data strongly correlated with Vn increase in cirrhotic livers. Vn immunoreactivity is markedly increased in the cirrhotic liver matrix, regardless of the documented decrease in plasma Vn. Binding to collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans is the current favored mechanism of Vn deposition in tissues. Previous studies in cirrhotic patients showed increased affinity of plasma Vn to collagen. Vn is also increased in aged skin, associated with dermal elastic fibers. In other tissues, Vn deposition reflects chronicity of injury. Therefore, Vn immunoreactivity in liver can be considered a marker of fibrosis, especially of chronic/mature fibrosis, paralleling previous observations on enhanced orcein staining of cirrhotic septa. Immunolabeling of biopsy specimens with Vn and tenascin, a marker of ongoing remodeling or recently formed fibrous tissue, could be diagnostically helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Koukoulis
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Gasque P, Dean YD, McGreal EP, VanBeek J, Morgan BP. Complement components of the innate immune system in health and disease in the CNS. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 49:171-86. [PMID: 10904116 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)80302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system and notably the complement (C) system play important roles in host defense to recognise and kill deleterious invaders or toxic entities, but activation at inappropriate sites or to an excessive degree can cause severe tissue damage. C has been implicated as a factor in the exacerbation and propagation of tissue injury in numerous diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In this article, we review the evidence indicating that brain cells can synthesise a full lytic C system and also express specific C inhibitors (to protect from C activation and C lysis) and C receptors (involved in cell activation, chemotaxis and phagocytosis). We also summarise the mechanisms involved in the antibody-independent activation of the classical pathway of C in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Pick's disease. Although the primary role of C activation on a target cell is to induce cell lysis (particularly of neurons), we present evidence indicating that C (C3a, C5a, sublytic level of C5b-9) may also be involved in pro- as well as anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, we discuss evidence suggesting that local C activation may contribute to tissue remodelling activities during repair in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gasque
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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