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Babják M, Königová A, Dolinská MU, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Syrota Y, Komáromyová M, Várady M. Effectiveness of benzimidazole treatments against Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats - Do they produce similar responses? Vet Parasitol 2024; 332:110301. [PMID: 39260013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to compare the in vivo responses to orally administered doses of albendazole (5 mg/kg body weight) between experimentally infected sheep and goats. Fifty-four Improved Valachian lambs and 54 Saanen goat kids were split into six groups of nine animals. The sheep and goats were infected with larvae of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus containing 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80 % of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene codon 200 alleles previously shown to be associated with benzimidazole (BZ)-resistance. All groups of goats generally had higher mean eggs per gram (EPG) before treatment, which was significant (p<0.05) only for the group with 80 % resistance alleles. An in vivo faecal egg reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine the efficacy of albendazole (ABZ) eight days after treatment. Anthelmintic treatment significantly reduced the EPGs in the groups with 10, 20, and 80 % resistance alleles in sheep and with 10, 20, 30, and 40 % resistance alleles in goats. Differences in efficacy between the sheep and goats after the application of doses of ABZ recommended for sheep mostly ranged from 2 % to 10 %. The largest variation was in the group infected with worms containing 60 % resistance alleles, where the efficacy was 13 % higher in goats. Our secondary aims were to evaluate the data obtained from an in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) in sheep and goats and to compare these data with the results from the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene codon 200 pyrosequencing and the FECRT. The percentages of the BZ-resistance alleles were comparable with the mean hatching obtained in the EHT and were also supported by the FECRT data for all groups. The results of the in vivo tests should be verified in the future using in vivo surveys conducted in mixed breeds and infections in multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Babják
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice 040 01, Slovakia.
| | - A Königová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice 040 01, Slovakia.
| | - M Urda Dolinská
- Department of Epizootiology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, Košice 040 01, Slovakia.
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von Ostertag Str. 7, Berlin 14163, Germany.
| | - Y Syrota
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice 040 01, Slovakia; I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, vul. Bogdana Khmelnytskogo 15, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine.
| | - M Komáromyová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice 040 01, Slovakia.
| | - M Várady
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice 040 01, Slovakia.
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Palkumbura PGAS, Mahakapuge TAN, Wijesundera RRMKK, Wijewardana V, Kangethe RT, Rajapakse RPVJ. Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1409. [PMID: 38338687 PMCID: PMC10855138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitic nematode (GIN) infections are the cause of severe losses to farmers in countries where small ruminants such as sheep and goat are the mainstay of livestock holdings. There is a need to develop effective and easy-to-administer anti-parasite vaccines in areas where anthelmintic resistance is rapidly rising due to the inefficient use of drugs currently available. In this review, we describe the most prevalent and economically significant group of GIN infections that infect small ruminants and the immune responses that occur in the host during infection with an emphasis on mucosal immunity. Furthermore, we outline the different prevention strategies that exist with a focus on whole and purified native parasite antigens as vaccine candidates and their possible oral-nasal administration as a part of an integrated parasite control toolbox in areas where drug resistance is on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Ashani S. Palkumbura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini A. N. Mahakapuge
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - R. R. M. K. Kavindra Wijesundera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Richard Thiga Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - R. P. V. Jayanthe Rajapakse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
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Epidemiology, prevention and control of gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in the Caribbean region—a scoping review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:372. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ortega L, Quesada J, Ruiz A, Conde-Felipe MM, Ferrer O, Rodríguez F, Molina JM. Local immune response of Canarian Majorera goats infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:25. [PMID: 35033166 PMCID: PMC8760786 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, alternative methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Some of the most promising alternatives are based on the immune response of the host, such as the selection of genetically resistant breeds or the use of vaccines against these parasites. Given the limited information available on the immune response against GINs in goats, this study investigated the local immune response of goat kids of an indigenous Canary Islands breed (Majorera breed) experimentally infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta, one of the most pathogenic and prevalent GIN species. METHODS For this purpose, the relationship between different parasitological (number of mature and immature worms, worm length, and number of intrauterine eggs) and immunological parameters at the local level (related to both the humoral and cellular immune response) was analyzed at early (1 week post-infection [wpi]) and late (8 wpi) stages of infection. RESULTS Primary infection of goat kids with T. circumcincta infective larvae (L3) generated a complex immune response that could be defined as Th2 type, characterized by increased infiltration in abomasal tissues of several effector cells as well as a progressive presence of specific antibodies against parasitic antigens in the gastric mucus. Cellular responses were evidenced from 1 wpi onward, showing an increase in antigen-presenting cells and various lymphocyte subsets in the gastric mucosa. CONCLUSIONS The complexity of the host response was evidenced by statistically significant changes in the number of all these subpopulations (MHCII+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ+, CD45R+, IgA+, and IgG+), as well as in the evolution of the relative cytokine gene expression. From a functional point of view, negative associations were observed between the number of most of the immune cells (CD4, IgA, IgG, and CD45R cells) and parameters that could be related to the fecundity of worms, a phenomenon that was especially evident when the number of IgG and CD45R cells or the specific IgA levels of the gastric mucus were compared with parasitological parameters such as the female worm length or fecal egg counts at 8 wpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Ortega
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jessica Quesada
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Magnolia Conde-Felipe
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Anatomy Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Manuel Molina
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.
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The Goat as a Risk Factor for Parasitic Infections in Ovine Flocks. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072077. [PMID: 34359204 PMCID: PMC8300372 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small ruminants in northwestern Spain are frequently managed in mixed flocks. Sheep-goat joint management has not been considered a risk factor for parasite infection, so the main objective of this study was to establish if mixed management with goats supposes a risk factor for parasitic infections in ovine flocks. Goat contact was a risk factor for sheep to be infected by protostrongylids, Dictyocaulus filaria, gastrointestinal nematodes and Eimeria spp. In relation to host-specific parasites, goats cannot be considered as a source for sheep, but competition for food and spaces between both small ungulates can suppose a reduced grazing area to sheep, provoking high environmental contamination and stress that facilitate their infection. Abstract Small ruminants in northwestern Spain are frequently managed in mixed flocks. Sheep–goat joint management has not been considered a risk factor for parasite infection, so the main objective of this study was to establish if mixed management with goats supposes a risk factor for parasitic infections in ovine flocks. Two thousand and ninety-three sheep were sampled from 74 commercial meat ovine flocks for diagnostic of the main parasites. Goat contact was a risk factor for sheep to be infected by protostrongylids, Dictyocaulus filaria, gastrointestinal nematodes and Eimeria spp. In contrast, Moniezia, Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomidae prevalences were not influenced. Sheep–goat mixed management can be considered as a risk factor, since goats would act as a source of pasture contamination for interspecific parasites (protostrongylids, Dictyocaulus filaria and gastrointestinal nematodes). In relation to host-specific parasites, such as Eimeria spp., goats cannot be considered as a source for sheep, but competition for food and spaces between both small ungulates can suppose a reduced grazing area to sheep, provoking high environmental contamination and stress that facilitate their infection. Future epidemiological studies for parasitic infections in small ruminants should consider sheep–goat mixed management as a possible risk factor to be included in multivariate analyses.
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Costa-Junior LM, Chaudhry UN, Silva CR, Sousa DM, Silva NC, Cutrim-Júnior JAA, Brito DRB, Sargison ND. Nemabiome metabarcoding reveals differences between gastrointestinal nematode species infecting co-grazed sheep and goats. Vet Parasitol 2020; 289:109339. [PMID: 33359968 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of differences in the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species in co-grazed sheep and goats is inadequate with reference to the development of sustainable control strategies. The next-generation metabarcoding sequencing method referred to as the 'nemabiome' allows some of these differences to be explored to describe the intensity of co-infecting GIN species. We applied this platform to study sheep and goats that were co-grazed on Guinea grass pasture in northeastern Brazil. Co-grazed goats and sheep were treated with a monepantel anthelmintic, then exposed to the same gastrointestinal nematode species. Overall, there were differences in the prevalence of GIN species identified in the sheep and goats; Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta predominated in goat kids, while Haemonchus contortus predominated in adult does, ewes and lambs once burdens became re-established after anthelmintic treatment. Description of the pattern of re-infection following anthelmintic treatment was prevented by the unpredicted poor efficacy of 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively, of monepantel against O. columbianum and T. circumcincta in lambs, and T. circumcincta adult does. Differences in drug efficacy between host age and species groups may be important when considering sustainable GIN control strategies for co-grazed animals. The aggregated FECs of the adult does and goat kids representing re-established GIN burdens, were higher than those of the co-grazed adult ewes and lambs. This implies that there are inherent differences in GIN species adaptation to the two naïve small ruminant host species, and shows the need for better understanding of the factors giving rise to this situation associated with exposure to infective larvae and host responses. At the start of the study, the adult does were co-infected with several GIN species, with the highest intensity of T. circumcincta, contrasting with the situation in the adult ewes, in which H. contortus predominated. However, once burdens became re-established after treatment, H. contortus predominated in both adult does and ewes. This demonstrates the potential for host burdens of H. contortus to establish and predominate after anthelmintic treatment when burdens of co-infecting GIN species are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio M Costa-Junior
- Federal University of Maranhão, Pathology Department, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Umer N Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina R Silva
- Federal University of Maranhão, Pathology Department, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Dauana M Sousa
- Federal University of Maranhão, Pathology Department, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Naylene C Silva
- Federal University of Maranhão, Pathology Department, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo R B Brito
- Animal Science Department, Federal Institute of Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Chikweto A, Tiwari K, Bhaiyat MI, Carloni J, Pashaian K, Pashaian A, De Allie C, Sharma RN. Gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants from Grenada, West Indies: A coprological survey and a review of necropsy cases. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:130-134. [PMID: 31014860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites are important in small ruminant farming because they can impact negatively on the productivity of animals. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and to assess mortality attributable to gastrointestinal parasite infection in sheep and goats. We collected fecal samples from 114 sheep and 292 goats from 34 farms for coprological examination. In addition, we evaluated necropsy records for sheep and goats that were submitted from 2002 to 2016 to the pathology diagnostic laboratory in the School of Veterinary Medicine at St. George's University, Grenada. Out of 406 small ruminant (292 goat and 114 sheep) fecal samples examined, 385 were positive for gastrointestinal parasites, giving an overall prevalence of 95% (95% confidence interval (CI) 92% to 97%). All the 34 farms visited were found to have positive animals to at least one type of gastrointestinal parasite; 100% herd prevalence (95% CI: 88% to 100%). Among the 292 goat fecal samples examined, 285 were positive for gastrointestinal parasites (98%; 95% CI: 95% to 99%) whereas the proportion of positive fecal samples in sheep was 88% (95% CI: 80% to 93%). There was a significant difference in prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites between sheep and goats (p = .0002). The proportion of infection with coccidia in goats and sheep was 76% and 75%, respectively. For helminthes, the proportions were as follows: Moniezia spp., 14% in goats and 4% in sheep; Strongyloides spp., 36% in goats and 21% in sheep; strongyle type eggs 89% in goats and 66% in sheep. Mixed infections in both sheep and goats were more common (92%) than single ones (8%). Out of 220 necropsy records evaluated, 29% of mortality was due to Haemonchus contortus infection. Moniezia spp and Oesophagostomum spp. were also commonly found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Chikweto
- St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, P.O Box 7, Grenada.
| | - Keshaw Tiwari
- St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, P.O Box 7, Grenada
| | - Muhammad I Bhaiyat
- St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, P.O Box 7, Grenada
| | - Jason Carloni
- St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, P.O Box 7, Grenada
| | - Kayla Pashaian
- St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, P.O Box 7, Grenada
| | - Angela Pashaian
- St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, P.O Box 7, Grenada
| | - Claude De Allie
- St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, P.O Box 7, Grenada; Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry & Fisheries, Grenada
| | - Ravindra N Sharma
- St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, P.O Box 7, Grenada
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Areskog M, Sollenberg S, Engström A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Höglund J. A controlled study on gastrointestinal nematodes from two Swedish cattle farms showing field evidence of ivermectin resistance. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:13. [PMID: 24401545 PMCID: PMC3892011 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is an increasing problem for the ruminant livestock sector worldwide. However, the extent of the problem is still relatively unknown, especially for parasitic nematodes of cattle. The effect of ivermectin (IVM) (Ivomec inj.®, Merial) was investigated in Swedish isolates of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations showing signs of AR in the field to further characterise the AR status by a range of in vivo and in vitro methods. METHODS Three groups, each of 11 calves, were infected with an equal mixture of third stage larvae (L3) of Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi. Group A was inoculated with an IVM-susceptible laboratory isolate and groups B and C with isolates originating from 'resistant' cattle farms. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were monitored from 0 to 45 days post infection (d.p.i.), and L3 were harvested continuously for larval migration inhibition testing (LMIT) and species-specific PCR (ITS2). At 31 d.p.i., one calf from each group was necropsied and adult worms were recovered pre-treatment. At 35 d.p.i., calves from all groups were injected with IVM at the recommended dose (0.2 mg/kg bodyweight). At 45 d.p.i., another two animals from each group were sacrificed and established gastrointestinal worms were collected and counted. RESULTS A few animals in all three groups were still excreting eggs (50-150 per g faeces) 10 days post IVM injection. However, there was no significant difference in the FEC reductions in groups A (95%; 95% CI 81-99), B (98%; 92-100) and C (99%; 97-100) between 35 and 44 d.p.i. Furthermore, LMIT showed no significant difference between the three groups. Approximately 100 adult O. ostertagi were found in the abomasum of one calf (group B), whereas low to moderate numbers (400-12 200) of C. oncophora remained in the small intestine of the calves in all three groups at 45 d.p.i. PCR on L3 harvested from faecal samples up to 10 days post treatment showed a ratio of 100% C. oncophora in the calves inoculated with isolates A and B, whereas C also had 8% O. ostertagi. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this experiment showed that the animals were successfully treated according to the Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) standard (≥ 95% reduction). However, several adult worms of the dose-limiting species C. oncophora demonstrably survived the IVM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Areskog
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Sofia Sollenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Annie Engström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
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Choubisa SL, Jaroli VJ. Gastrointestinal parasitic infection in diverse species of domestic ruminants inhabiting tribal rural areas of southern Rajasthan, India. J Parasit Dis 2013; 37:271-5. [PMID: 24431582 PMCID: PMC3793104 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 415 adult domesticated ruminants, 130 cattle (Bos taurus), 108 buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), 94 goats (Capra hircus) and 83 sheep (Ovis aries) inhabiting tribal rural areas of southern Rajasthan, India were investigated for evidence of gastrointestinal protozoan and helminthic infections. In southern Rajasthan humid ecosystem is predominant and has number of perennial freshwater bodies. Fresh faecal samples of these animals were examined microscopically by direct wet smear with saline and 1 % Lugol's iodine and formalin ether concentration. Of these 296 (71.32 %) were found to be infected with different species of gastrointestinal parasites. The highest (93.84 %) prevalence of these parasitic infections was found in cattle followed by goats (82.97 %), sheep (55.42 %) and buffaloes (46.29 %). Except cattle no other ruminants revealed protozoan infection. A total 8 species of gastrointestinal parasites were encountered. Among these parasites Fasciola hepatica was the commonest (15.18 %) followed by Haemonchus contortus (11.32 %), Ancylostoma duodenale (10.36 %), Trichuris trichiura (9.15 %), Amphistome species (7.95 %), Moniezia expansa (6.98 %), Strongyloides stercoralis (4.57 %) and Balantidium coli (3.37 %). The prevalence rate of these parasitic infections also varied seasonally. The highest prevalence rate was found in rainy season (84.21 %) followed by winter (73.9 %) and summer (52.8 %). The possible causes for variation in prevalence of parasitic infections are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Choubisa
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur, 313002 India
| | - V. J. Jaroli
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur, 313002 India
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Cantón G, Bartley P, Bartley K, Todd H, Chianini F, Katzer F. Production of a bovine IL-12p40 probe and application using in situ hybridization on ruminant fixed tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 151:342-7. [PMID: 23266096 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines (particularly IL-12) are important for initiating protective T helper 1 (Th1)-type immune responses and hence vital for combating intracellular infections and tumours. In situ hybridization (ISH) provides a powerful diagnostic tool allowing the identification and localization of cells producing these mediators in fixed tissues. The objective of this work was to produce a bovine IL-12p40 probe that allows detection of IL-12p40 mRNA in fixed tissues from different ruminant species. The RNA probe sequence is 447bp in length and from a region with high cross-species-sequence homology (>97.3% homology) to the ovine, cervine, caprine and bubaline IL-12p40 genes. ISH was carried out on paraformaldehyde fixed tissues collected from cattle, sheep and goats. The probe was efficient in identifying IL-12p40 expressing cells in fixed tissues from all these species. In conclusion, the IL-12p40 probe was efficient in identifying and localizing cells that express IL-12p40, and provides a good immuno-diagnostic technique to characterize immune responses in fixed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Cantón
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Transcriptional changes in Teladorsagia circumcincta upon encountering host tissue of differing immune status. Parasitology 2012; 139:387-405. [PMID: 22216973 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate transcriptional changes in the parasitic nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta upon encountering either naïve or immune ovine hosts. Pools of 100 000 exsheathed 3rd- stage T. circumcincta larvae were exposed in vitro to either an immune or naïve ovine abomasal environment, RNA was extracted from the larvae and sequenced using the Roche 454 platform. Each sample produced approximately 82 000 reads that assembled to give approximately 5500 Isotigs (contigs). The two sequence datasets were clustered together to give a total of 6969 clusters of which 18 were differentially expressed (P<0·001) between the two groups. Clusters with a predominance of reads in larvae exposed to the immune abomasal environment encoded homologues of peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, heat shock-protein 16-2 and IDA-1, a tyrosine phosphatase-like receptor protein. Clusters with a predominance of reads in the naïve environment encoded homologues of cytochrome b, EGg Laying defective family member 21 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5. Gene ontology analyses indicated that larvae exposed to the immune environment showed an increase in expression of genes involved in 'carbon utilization', 'response to stimulus' and 'developmental process'. These data suggest that T. circumcincta modulates gene expression in response to the immune status of the host.
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12
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Goat-nematode interactions: think differently. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:376-81. [PMID: 20488752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Goats (caprine) and sheep (ovine) are infected with the same principal gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) species, which provoke similar pathological changes and economic consequences. However, until now, the majority of data on host-parasite interactions have been accumulated from ovine studies. This article aims to emphasize the need for specific caprine studies. It is hypothesized that, owing to divergent evolutionary processes, sheep and goats have developed two different strategies to regulate GIN infections, respectively, based on immune response versus feeding behavior. Generation of additional comparative data should result in a better understanding of the possible trade-offs between these two basic regulatory processes. Goat studies should also help to avoid past errors in the control of GIN species owing to the lack of relevant information.
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Halliday AM, McAllister HC, Smith WD. Kinetics of the local immune response in the gastric lymph of lambs after primary and challenge infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:81-90. [PMID: 20070822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Groups of 5-month-old lambs which had been trickle infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta for 8 weeks then drenched, and worm-free control lambs were challenged with 50 000 T. circumcincta L3s. From 10 days later fewer parasites were recovered from the previously infected sheep, and secondary cellular and humoral responses were observed in the gastric lymph. Increases in CD4+ and CD25+ T lymphoblast traffic on day 3, followed by CD21+ and IgA+ lymphoblasts on day 5, and an increase in total and parasite specific IgA concentrations peaking on day 6 were observed in previously infected lambs. Similar peaks in lymphoblast output were not observed until days 10-12 in the control lambs. This data was highly comparable with that obtained recently from yearling sheep subjected to an identical infection-challenge regime, and contrasted with that obtained from similar experiments in the 1980s when 4(1/2)-month-old previously infected lambs were more susceptible to and had much weaker immune responses to challenge than 10-month-old sheep. The fact that 40% fewer larvae were given during the trickle infection regime in the four recent trials is offered as an explanation for this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Halliday
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK.
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Smith SK, Nisbet AJ, Meikle LI, Inglis NF, Sales J, Beynon RJ, Matthews JB. Proteomic analysis of excretory/secretory products released by Teladorsagia circumcincta larvae early post-infection. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:10-9. [PMID: 19121079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Teladorsagia circumcincta is an important parasitic nematode of domestic small ruminants. Drug resistance in this species is common so alternative methods of control are required. As animals develop immunity to T. circumcincta, vaccination is a valid option. Little is known about the antigens that play a role in stimulating immunity at this host/parasite interface. As responses generated between 1 and 5 dpi are known to affect development of these nematodes in their gastric niche, we focused on proteins released during the early stages of infection. To identify molecules potentially involved in immunity, we undertook a proteomics analysis of proteins released from larvae harvested at 1-, 3- and 5-days post-infection (dpi). This analysis produced peptide sequence data that was used to search information available in T. circumcincta expressed sequence tag (EST) databases and enabled identification of a number of excretory/secretory (ES) proteins. Immunoblots were performed to assess the relative molecular weight of ES antigens that were targets of local IgA responses in mucus from sheep rendered immune to infection. ELISA was performed to assess antigen-specific mucus IgA levels in individual sheep. These experiments provided preliminary evidence that the proteins identified in the larval secretome were subject to these antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, UK
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Goldfinch GM, Smith WD, Imrie L, McLean K, Inglis NF, Pemberton AD. The proteome of gastric lymph in normal and nematode infected sheep. Proteomics 2008; 8:1909-18. [PMID: 18384101 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node cannulation allows the collection of lymph draining from a defined anatomical region. Proteomic analysis of that lymph offers a potentially valuable insight into the immunoinflammatory response of that particular region. In this study, ovine gastric lymph has been used to monitor the proteomic changes occurring in the tissue fluid of the abomasum, in response to infection with the parasitic nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta. Lymph, collected temporally over an experimental infection period, was analysed by means of 2-DE and subsequent gel analysis using densitometry software. In addition, the composition of the lymphatic proteome was further explored by means of MALDI-TOF and MS/MS analyses. The concentration of gelsolin, alpha-1 beta glycoprotein and haemopexin were altered significantly (p<0.05) with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Goldfinch
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK.
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Hoste H, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Aguilar-Caballero AJ. Nutrition-parasite interactions in goats: is immunoregulation involved in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes? Parasite Immunol 2008; 30:79-88. [PMID: 18186768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compared to sheep, goats seem to develop a low immune response against the parasitic nematodes of the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, some variability in the host response has been observed either at the individual level or depending on internal (genetic) or external (physiological status, nutrition) factors suggesting the possibility to exploit and manipulate this response. There is good evidence from field studies to suggest that a better plane of nutrition might contribute to improve goat resilience. However, the effects on immunoregulation and host resistance remain less clear. Due to their peculiarities in feeding behaviour ('intermediate browser'), goats represent a valuable model to explore the relationships between the three possible strategies to control nematode infection through nutrition: (i) by increasing the immune response; (ii) by avoiding the infective larvae; and (iii) by selecting plants with direct anthelmintic properties (self medication).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoste
- UMR, INRA/DGER. Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Tzamaloukas O, Athanasiadou S, Kyriazakis I, Huntley JF, Jackson F. The effect of chicory ( Cichorium intybus ) and sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium ) on larval development and mucosal cell responses of growing lambs challenged with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Parasitology 2006; 132:419-26. [PMID: 16332288 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of grazing different bioactive forages on acquired immunity against Teladorsagia circumcinta infection. The development of immunity was assessed by following the response of trickle-infected lambs grazing chicory (Cichorium intybus; IC), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium; IS) or grass/clover (Lolium perenne/Trifolium repens; IGC), to a single challenge infection. Parasite-naive lambs, grazing grass/clover, were also challenged with the single infection dose providing the uninfected control (UGC) group. Trickle infection significantly reduced worm establishment, inhibited larval development and increased mucosal mast cell (MMC) and globule leucocyte (GL) cells. Grazing treatment (chicory, sulla or grass/clover) significantly affected adult worm (P<0.05), late-L4 (P<0.01) and mid-L4 (P<0.01) larval-stage recoveries of the trickle-infected lambs, with IGC group always carrying higher worm burdens than either IC or IS lambs. MMC and GL cells of trickle-infected lambs were positively correlated with the proportion of early-L4 worms recovered and negatively correlated with both the proportion of adult worms recovered and the total worm establishment, suggesting that the observed effects were due to an enhanced immune response. The results suggest elevated immune responses against T. circumcincta infections in growing lambs grazing on either sulla or chicory compared to those grazing on grass/clover, probably due to differences in forage nutritional values.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tzamaloukas
- Animal Nutrition and Health Department, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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