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Nazareth TDM, Soriano Pérez E, Luz C, Meca G, Quiles JM. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 38928866 PMCID: PMC11203094 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (E.S.P.); (C.L.); (G.M.); (J.M.Q.)
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Bashir O, Sharma V, Hussain SZ, Naseer B, Amin T, Ameer K, Bhat SA, Manzoor S, Mohamed Ahmed IA. Effect of roasting and frying treatments on aflatoxins and capsaicinoids content and nutritional profile of green chilies (
Capsicum annum
L.). Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3672-3679. [PMID: 36348772 PMCID: PMC9632184 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effect of two thermal treatments, viz. roasting and pan frying (deep frying), on nutritional profile, aflatoxin, and capsaicin content in green chilies. Green chilies were subjected to roasting and frying to reduce the aflatoxin contamination, besides retaining their pungency and nutritional profile. Reversed‐phase HPLC was employed to determine the levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in thermally treated and control samples. The proximate compositions of roasted and fried chili samples were significantly (p ≤ .05) different from raw chili (control), except ash content. Vitamin A levels decreased significantly (p ≤ .05) during roasting and were undetected in fried chili samples. Likewise, vitamin C was undetected in both roasted and fried chili samples. Significantly decreasing (p ≤ .05) trends were noticed in capsaicinoids viz. capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin contents including Scoville Heat Units (SHU) during roasting and frying. However, retention of capsaicinoids was higher in roasted chilies (730.00 ± 4.90 mg/kg) than fried samples (502.56 ± 5.10 mg/kg). The levels of all the four major aflatoxins (AFs)‐ AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 recorded in control were much higher than the limits prescribed by the European Union for spices. Both thermal treatments (roasting and frying) employed proved to be effective in reducing aflatoxins like AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 in chilies to below the prescribed limits, while as the level of AFB1 was reduced below the limits by only the frying method. This study therefore indicated the substantial impact of frying on aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Bashir
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
- Division of Food Science and Technology Sher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Vasudha Sharma
- Division of Food Technology Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
| | - Syed Zameer Hussain
- Division of Food Science and Technology Sher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Bazila Naseer
- Division of Food Science and Technology Sher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Tawheed Amin
- Division of Food Science and Technology Sher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Kashif Ameer
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad Bhat
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Sher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Sobiya Manzoor
- Division of Food Science and Technology Sher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum Shambat Sudan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Vornoli A, Tibaldi E, Gnudi F, Sgargi D, Manservisi F, Belpoggi F, Tovoli F, Mandrioli D. Evaluation of Toxicant-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Neoplastic Progress in Sprague-Dawley Rats Treated with Low Doses of Aflatoxin B1 Alone or in Combination with Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050325. [PMID: 35622572 PMCID: PMC9143281 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The term toxicant-associated fatty liver disease (TAFLD) has been proposed to describe fatty liver diseases connected to toxicants other than alcohol. Aflatoxins are mycotoxins commonly found as contaminants in foods and feeds, which are known liver toxicants and potential candidates as potential causes of TAFLD. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was administered at low doses to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, alone or in combination with S-50 Hz an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELFEMF), to study the evolution of TAFLD, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the liver and the potential enhancing effect of lifespan exposure to ELFEMF. Steatosis, inflammation and foci of different types were significantly increased in both aflatoxin-treated males and females, which is consistent with a pattern of TAFLD. A significant increase in adenomas, cystic dilation of biliary ducts, hepatocellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy and oval cell hyperplasia were also observed in treated females only. The administration of low doses of AFB1 caused TAFLD in SD rats, inducing liver lesions encompassing fatty infiltration, foci of different types and adenomas. Furthermore, the pattern of change observed in preneoplastic liver lesions often included liver steatosis and steatohepatitis (TASH). ELFEMF did not result in any enhancing or toxic effect in the liver of SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vornoli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Eva Tibaldi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Daria Sgargi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
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Liu W, Wang L, Yang X, Zeng H, Zhang R, Pu C, Zheng C, Tan Y, Luo Y, Feng X, Tian Y, Xiao G, Wang J, Huang Y, Luo J, Feng L, Wang F, Yuan C, Yao Y, Qiu Z, Chen JA, Wu L, Nong Q, Lin H, Shu W. Environmental Microcystin Exposure Increases Liver Injury Risk Induced by Hepatitis B Virus Combined with Aflatoxin: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6367-6378. [PMID: 28467052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three liver hazards, two confirmed-hepatitis B virus (HBV) and aflatoxin (AFB), and one rarely studied in populations-microcystin (MC), simultaneously exist in tropical and humid areas; however, there are no epidemiological data on their risks in the same population. We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey among 5493 adults in two rural towns and statistically analyzed the comparative and combinative effects of the three factors after detecting HBsAg and HBV DNA titers, determining estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of AFB1 and MC-LR and testing serum AST and ALT as liver injury markers for each participant. We observed a HBsAg(+) rate of 7.6%, a relatively high AFB1 exposure level (mean EDIAFB1 = 471.30 ng/d), and a relatively low MC-LR exposure level (mean EDIMC-LR = 228.25 ng/d). ORs for abnormal AST (2.42, 95%CI = 1.69-3.45) and ALT (2.87, 95%CI = 1.91-4.29) increased in HBV infections compared with HBV-unexposed participants but did not increase in participants with separate or combined exposure to AFB1 and MC-LR (EDIs ≥ mean). Meanwhile, after adjustment for confounding factors, means of AST and ALT and ORs of abnormal AST and ALT were successively elevated after exposure to HBV, HBV&AFB1 (or HBV&MC-LR), and HBV&AFB1&MC-LR, especially in the group with detectable HBV DNA (AST: OR = 11.38, 95%CI = 3.91-33.17; ALT: OR = 17.09, 95%CI = 5.36-54.53). Notably, ORs for abnormal AST and ALT in the HBV exposed group were not significantly different from those in HBV&AFB1 or in the HBV&MC-LR exposed group but were significantly higher in the HBV&AFB1&MC-LR exposed group (P = 0.029 and P = 0.037, respectively). Our study indicated that microcystin may have the potential to increase the risk of liver injury induced by combined exposure to HBV and aflatoxin. However, in consideration of the uncertainties in the detection of the toxins and evaluation of the EDIs, more epidemiological data are expected to determine the increasing toxic effects of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Renping Zhang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Chaowen Pu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yingqiao Tian
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University , Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China
| | | | | | | | - Lei Feng
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Township Central Hospital in Yihe Town, Fuling District, Chongqing 408104, China
| | - Changyou Yuan
- The Community Health Service Center in Lidu Town, Fuling District, Chongqing 408103, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Qingqing Nong
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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Khan MA, Asghar MA, Iqbal J, Ahmed A, Shamsuddin ZA. Aflatoxins contamination and prevention in red chillies (Capsicum annuum L.) in Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 7:1-6. [PMID: 24779970 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.825330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During 2006-2011, 331 red chilli samples (226 whole, 69 powdered and 36 crushed) were collected from all over Pakistan for the estimation of total aflatoxins (AFs = AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) contamination by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Mean AFs levels in whole, powdered and crushed chillies were 11.7, 27.8 and 31.2 µg kg(-1), respectively. AFs levels in 62.4% of whole, 26.1% of powdered and 19.4% of crushed chillies were found lower than the maximum limit (ML = 10 µg kg(-1)) as assigned by the European Union. Furthermore, whole (27.9%), powdered (28%) and crushed (27.8%) chillies showed AFs contamination which ranged between 10 and 20 µg kg(-1). However, 9.7% of whole, 46% of powdered and 52.8% of crushed chillies showed AFs levels beyond the ML of 20 µg kg(-1) as assigned by the USDA. It was concluded that AFs contamination in chillies requires further investigation, monitoring and routine analysis. Furthermore, proper harvesting, drying, handling, storage and transport conditions need to be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobeen Ahmed Khan
- a Food and Feed Safety Laboratory , Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex , Karachi , Pakistan
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Abrar M, Anjum FM, Butt MS, Pasha I, Randhawa MA, Saeed F, Waqas K. Aflatoxins: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, Toxicity, and Remedies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:862-74. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.563154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kim YS, Kim YH, Noh JR, Cho ES, Park JH, Son HY. Protective Effect of Korean Red Ginseng against Aflatoxin B1-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rat. J Ginseng Res 2011; 35:243-9. [PMID: 23717067 PMCID: PMC3659521 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng (KRG), the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer, has a variety of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer effects. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) produced by the Aspergillus spp. causes acute hepatotoxicity by lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage, and induces liver carcinoma in humans and laboratory animals. This study was performed to examine the protective effects of KRG against hepatotoxicity induced by AFB1 using liver-specific serum marker analysis, histopathology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. In addition, to elucidate the possible mechanism of hepatoprotective effects, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde were analyzed. Rats were treated with 250 mg/kg of KRG (KRG group) or saline (AFB1 group) for 4 weeks and then received 150 μg/kg of AFB1 intraperitoneally for 3 days. Rats were sacrificed at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 1 wk after AFB1 treatment. In the KRG pre-treatment group, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde levels were low, but superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were high as compared to the AFB1 alone group. Histopathologically, AFB1 treatment induced necrosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes, and led to inflammatory cells infiltration in the liver. KRG pre-treatment ameliorated these changes. These results indicate that KRG may have protective effects against hepatotoxicity induced by AFB1 that involve the antioxidant properties of KRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Jung-Ran Noh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Eun-Sang Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Zhang L, Ye Y, An Y, Tian Y, Wang Y, Tang H. Systems responses of rats to aflatoxin B1 exposure revealed with metabonomic changes in multiple biological matrices. J Proteome Res 2010; 10:614-23. [PMID: 21080729 DOI: 10.1021/pr100792q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to aflatoxins causes liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma posing a significant health risk for human populations and livestock. To understand the mammalian systems responses to aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1) exposure, we analyzed the AFB1-induced metabonomic changes in multiple biological matrices (plasma, urine, and liver) of rats using (1)H NMR spectroscopy together with clinical biochemistry and histopathologic assessments. We found that AFB1 exposure caused significant elevation of glucose, amino acids, and choline metabolites (choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine) in plasma but reduction of plasma lipids. AFB1 also induced elevation of liver lipids, amino acids (tyrosine, histidine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine), choline, and nucleic acid metabolites (inosine, adenosine, and uridine) together with reduction of hepatic glycogen and glucose. AFB1 further caused decreases in urinary TCA cycle intermediates (2-oxoglutarate and citrate) and elevation of gut microbiota cometabolites (phenylacetylglycine and hippurate). These indicated that AFB1 exposure caused hepatic steatosis accompanied with widespread metabolic changes including lipid and cell membrane metabolisms, protein biosynthesis, glycolysis, TCA cycle, and gut microbiota functions. This implied that AFB1 exposure probably caused oxidative-stress-mediated impairments of mitochondria functions. These findings provide an overview of biochemical consequences of AFB1 exposure and comprehensive insights into the metabolic aspects of AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P R China
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Floyd RA, Towner RA, Wu D, Abbott A, Cranford R, Branch D, Guo WX, Foster SB, Jones I, Alam R, Moore D, Allen T, Huycke M. Anti-cancer activity of nitrones in the Apc(Min/+) model of colorectal cancer. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:108-17. [PMID: 19886748 DOI: 10.3109/10715760903321796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The nitrones of alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) and 4-hydroxyl-PBN (4-OH-PBN) that have anti-cancer activity in models of liver cancer and glioblastomas were tested in the ApcMin/+ mouse model. Mice were administered PBN and 4-OH-PBN in drinking water and intestinal tumour size and number assessed after 3-4 months. Throughout the experiment, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor colon tumours. MRI data showed a time-dependent significant increase in total colonic signal intensity in sham-treated mice, but a significant decrease for PBN-treated mice and slight decrease for 4-OHPBN treated mice, probably due to the limited water solubility of 4-OH-PBN. Final pathological and percentage survival data agreed with the MRI data. PBN had little effect on oxaliplatin-mediated killing of HCT116 colon cancer cells and caused only a slight decrease in the amount of active fraction caspase 3 in oxaliplatin-treated cells. PBN has significant anti-cancer activity in this model of intestinal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Griffitts J, Tesiram Y, Reid GE, Saunders D, Floyd RA, Towner RA. In vivo MRS assessment of altered fatty acyl unsaturation in liver tumor formation of a TGF alpha/c-myc transgenic mouse model. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:611-22. [PMID: 19065002 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800265-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current detection methods (computed tomography, ultrasound, and MRI) for hepatocarcinogenesis in humans rely on visual confirmation of neoplastic formations. A more effective early detection method is needed. Using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), we show that alterations in the integral ratios of the bis-allyl to vinyl hydrogen protons in unsaturated lipid fatty acyl groups correlate with the development of neoplastic formations in vivo in a TGFalpha/c-myc mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. HPLC analysis of the TGFalpha/c-myc mice liver tissue revealed a significant increase in the amount of oleic acid, along with alterations in linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids, as compared with control CD1 mice. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis indicated a significant increase in the abundance of specific glycerol phosphatidylcholine (GPCho) lipids containing palmitic and oleic acids between control CD1 and TGFalpha/c-myc mice liver tissue extracts. Western blot analysis of the mice liver tissue indicates alterations in the desaturase enzyme stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD)1, responsible for palmitic and oleic acid formation. Microarray analysis detected alterations in several genes involved with fatty acid metabolism, particularly SCD2, in transgenic mouse liver tissue. In correlation with the HPLC, mass spectrometry, Western blot, and microarray analyses, we are able to confirm the ability of in vivo MRS to detect precancerous lesions in the mouse liver before visual neoplastic formations were detectable by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Griffitts
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Shin HS, Kwon SK. Synthesis of allylthiopyridazine derivatives and inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:351-7. [PMID: 12785730 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Five kinds of allylthiopyridazine derivatives were synthesized and their chemoprotective activities examined in rats exposed to aflatoxin B1-toxicant. Rats were pretreated with five allylthiopyridazine derivatives at daily oral doses of 50 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days, and during this period with one or three repeated doses of the potent hepatotoxin, aflatoxin B1. The hepatoprotective effects of the allylthiopyridazine derivatives against aflatoxin B1 (1 mg/kg, three times at intervals of 3 days, i.p., or at 3 mg/kg, once at final days, i.p.) administration were showed the significantly normal as compared with control in body and liver weights. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were markedly elevated after aflatoxin B1 administration, and pretreatment with allylthiopyridazine derivatives, before aflatoxin B1 administration, resulted in decreased levels of these enzymes. In addition, the allylthiopyridazine derivatives, K6 (3-methoxy-), K8 (3-chloro-), K16 (3-ethoxy-) and K17 (3-n-propoxy), induced elevated hepatic GSH levels. Four kinds of allylthiopyridazine derivatives investigated were effective against aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea-Soon Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Korea.
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