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Yee AG, Forbes B, Cheung PY, Martini A, Burrell MH, Freestone PS, Lipski J. Action potential and calcium dependence of tonic somatodendritic dopamine release in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta. J Neurochem 2018; 148:462-479. [PMID: 30203851 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of somatodendritic dopamine (DA) release in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc), its mechanism remains poorly understood. Using a novel approach combining fast-scan controlled-adsorption voltammetry (FSCAV) and single-unit electrophysiology, we have investigated the mechanism of somatodendritic release by directly correlating basal (non-stimulated) extracellular DA concentration ([DA]out ), with pharmacologically-induced changes of firing of nigral dopaminergic neurons in rat brain slices. FSCAV measurements indicated that basal [DA]out in the SNc was 40.7 ± 2.0 nM (at 34 ± 0.5°C), which was enhanced by amphetamine, cocaine, and L-DOPA, and reduced by VMAT2 inhibitor, Ro4-1284. Complete inhibition of firing by TTX decreased basal [DA]out , but this reduction was smaller than the effect of D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole. Despite similar effects on neuronal firing, the larger decrease in [DA]out evoked by quinpirole was attributed to cell membrane hyperpolarization and greater reduction in cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]in ). Decreasing extracellular Ca2+ also reduced basal [DA]out , despite increasing firing frequency. Furthermore, inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channels decreased basal [DA]out , although specific Cav 1.3 channel inhibition did not affect firing rate. Inhibition of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) also decreased [DA]out , demonstrating the importance of intracellular Ca2+ stores for somatodendritic release. Finally, in vivo FSCAV measurements showed that basal [DA]out in the SNc was 79.8 ± 10.9 nM in urethane-anesthetized rats, which was enhanced by amphetamine. Overall, our findings indicate that although tonic somatodendritic DA release is largely independent of action potentials, basal [DA]out is strongly regulated by voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx and release of intracellular Ca2+ . OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Yee
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Blaze Forbes
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pang-Ying Cheung
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark H Burrell
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter S Freestone
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janusz Lipski
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ferrari DC, Mdzomba BJ, Dehorter N, Lopez C, Michel FJ, Libersat F, Hammond C. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons generate calcium and sodium currents and release dopamine in the striatum of pups. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:7. [PMID: 22408606 PMCID: PMC3297358 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDA neurons) are essential for the control of diverse motor and cognitive behaviors. However, our understanding of the activity of immature mDA neurons is rudimentary. Rodent mDA neurons migrate and differentiate early in embryonic life and dopaminergic axons enter the striatum and contact striatal neurons a few days before birth, but when these are functional is not known. Here, we recorded Ca2+ transients and Na+ spikes from embryonic (E16–E18) and early postnatal (P0–P7) mDA neurons with dynamic two-photon imaging and patch clamp techniques in slices from tyrosine hydroxylase-GFP mice, and measured evoked dopamine release in the striatum with amperometry. We show that half of identified E16–P0 mDA neurons spontaneously generate non-synaptic, intrinsically driven Ca2+ spikes and Ca2+ plateaus mediated by N- and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Starting from E18–P0, half of the mDA neurons also reliably generate overshooting Na+ spikes with an abrupt maturation at birth (P0 = E19). At that stage (E18–P0), dopaminergic terminals release dopamine in a calcium-dependent manner in the striatum in response to local stimulation. This suggests that mouse striatal dopaminergic synapses are functional at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Ferrari
- Institut National de la Recherche Médicale et de la Santé Inserm, INMED UMR 901 Marseille, France
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Larsen TR, Rossen S, Gramsbergen JB. Dopamine release in organotypic cultures of foetal mouse mesencephalon: effects of depolarizing agents, pargyline, nomifensine, tetrodotoxin and calcium. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:569-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cragg SJ, Baufreton J, Xue Y, Bolam JP, Bevan MD. Synaptic release of dopamine in the subthalamic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:1788-802. [PMID: 15380000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct modulation of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons by dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) is controversial owing to the thick caliber and low density of DA axons in the STN. The abnormal activity of the STN in Parkinson's disease (PD), which is central to the appearance of symptoms, is therefore thought to result from the loss of DA in the striatum. We carried out three experiments in rats to explore the function of DA in the STN: (i) light and electron microscopic analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH)- and DA-immunoreactive structures to determine whether DA axons form synapses; (ii) fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FCV) to determine whether DA axons release DA; and (iii) patch clamp recording to determine whether DA, at a concentration similar to that detected by FCV, can modulate activity and synaptic transmission/integration. TH- and DA-immunoreactive axons mostly formed symmetric synapses. Because DbetaH-immunoreactive axons were rare and formed asymmetric synapses, they comprised the minority of TH-immunoreactive synapses. Voltammetry demonstrated that DA release was sufficient for the activation of receptors and abolished by blockade of voltage-dependent Na+ channels or removal of extracellular Ca2+. The lifetime and concentration of extracellular DA was increased by blockade of the DA transporter. Dopamine application depolarized STN neurons, increased their frequency of activity and reduced the impact of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inputs. These findings suggest that SN DA neurons directly modulate the activity of STN neurons and their loss may contribute to the abnormal activity of STN neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Cragg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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5
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Seamans JK, Nogueira L, Lavin A. Synaptic basis of persistent activity in prefrontal cortex in vivo and in organotypic cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 13:1242-50. [PMID: 14576215 PMCID: PMC6636318 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhg094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Persistent activity is observed in many cortical and subcortical brain regions, and may subserve a variety of functions. Within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), neurons transiently maintain information in working memory via persistent activity patterns; however, the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. The present study used intracellular recordings from deep layer PFC neurons in vivo and patch-clamp recordings from PFC neurons in organotypic brain slice cultures to examine the ionic mechanisms underlying persistent activity states evoked by various inputs. Persistent activity had consistent features regardless of the initiating stimulus; it was driven by non-NMDA glutamate receptors yet consisted of an initial GABA mediated component, followed by a prolonged synaptically mediated inward current that maintained the sustained depolarization on which rode many asynchronous GABA-mediated events. The stereotyped nature of the multiple-component persistent activity pattern reported here might be a common feature of interconnected cortical networks but within PFC could be related to the persistent activity required for working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Seamans
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, Suite 403, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Franke H, Schelhorn N, Illes P. Dopaminergic neurons develop axonal projections to their target areas in organotypic co-cultures of the ventral mesencephalon and the striatum/prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Int 2003; 42:431-9. [PMID: 12510026 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons are known to project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the striatum (STR). Organotypic slice co-cultures of the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN)-complex and the PFC or STR, respectively, were used to analyze the cytoarchitectural organization of the VTA/SN-complex and the innervation pattern of the target slices by dopaminergic fibers. After 10-28 days of culturing immunocytochemistry with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was performed. The VTA/SN-complex revealed in vitro an organization of TH-positive cells similar to those observed in rat brains of comparable age. TH-immunoreactive cells exhibited their typical morphology and formed long processes. No TH-immunolabeled elements were found in single cultures of PFC and STR. Tracing of VTA/SN fibers with biocytin as well as TH-immunostaining showed numerous labeled fibers in the co-cultured slices. Extensive fiber crossing was observed in the co-cultures of the VTA/SN-complex and STR but only a sparse fiber bridge in the co-cultured slices of VTA/SN-complex and PFC. The VTA/SN-complex-PFC system obviously retained several of its in vivo characteristics, e.g. the fiber network in the prefrontal cortical subareas. Our results demonstrate that TH-immunoreactive neurons develop their typical innervation pattern in slice co-cultures of VTA/SN-complex and PFC or STR, respectively. This in vitro approach may be useful for investigations of the dopaminergic function in the VTA/SN-prefrontal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Franke
- Department of Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, Germany.
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Abstract
It is well established that midbrain dopamine neurons innervating the striatum, release their neurotransmitter through an exocytotic process triggered by the neural firing and involving a transient calcium entry in the terminals. Long ago, it had been proposed, however, that another mechanism of release could co-exist with classical exocytosis, involving the reverse-transport of the cytosolic amine by the carrier, ordinarily responsible for uptake function. This atypical mode of release could be evoked directly at the preterminal level by multiple environmental endogenous factors involving transient alterations of the sodium gradient. It cannot be excluded that this mode of release participates in the firing-induced release. In contrast with the classical exocytosis of a preformed DA pool, the reverse-transport of DA requires simultaneous alterations of intraterminal amine metabolism including synthesis and displacement from storage compartment. The concept of a reverse-transport of dopamine is coming from the observations that releasing substances, such as amphetamine-related molecules, actually induce this type of transport. A large set of arguments advocates that reverse-transport plays a role in the maintenance of basal extracellular DA concentration in striatum. It was also often evoked in physiopathological situations including ischemia, neurodegenerative processes, etc. The most recent studies suggest that this release could occur mainly outside the synapses, and thus could constitute a major feature in the paracrine transmission, sometimes evoked for DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Leviel
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Médicale par Emission de Positons (CERMEP), 59 Bd Pinel, 69008, Lyon, France.
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Küppers E, Sabolek M, Anders U, Pilgrim C, Beyer C. Developmental regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression and splicing in the rat striatum by dopamine. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 81:19-28. [PMID: 11000475 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) promotes the morphological differentiation of striatal GABAergic neurons through D(1) receptor activation and cAMP/PKA signaling. In this study, we investigated the developmental role of DA on the expression of the two GAD(65/67) genes and the alternative splicing of GAD(67) transcripts in the rat striatum. In vivo, embryonic and adult GAD(67) splice variants and GAD(65) transcripts increased until E17 and E19, respectively. Thereafter, the embryonic GAD(67) isoform disappeared, whereas GAD(65) mRNA levels remained unchanged postnatally. The hypothesis that the prenatal ingrowth and functional maturation of nigrostriatal afferents may be responsible for these developmental events through DA-dependent signaling pathways was tested in E17 rat striatal cultures. Treatment with DA and D(1) but not D(2) agonists decreased the ratio of embryonic to adult GAD(67) mRNAs and increased GAD(65) mRNA levels as well as GABA synthesis rates. Our findings demonstrate a distinct developmental switch in the regulation of GAD(65) expression and GAD(67) splicing in the rat striatum which clearly depends upon D(1) receptor but not D(2) signaling. The dopaminergic input thus appears to control the functional differentiation of GABAergic neurons not only by upregulation of expression of the two GAD genes but also by regulating GAD(67) splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Küppers
- Abteilung Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Teuchert-Noodt G. Neuronal degeneration and reorganization: a mutual principle in pathological and in healthy interactions of limbic and prefrontal circuits. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2000:315-33. [PMID: 11205150 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6301-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on developmental principles and insights from animal research about neuroplasticity in cell assemblies, this article is to propose a view of plasticity that promotes a link between hippocampal and prefrontal structure and function. Both the mitotic activity (counting of BrdU-labeled cells) in hippocampal dentatus and the maturation of dopamine fibres (quantitative immunochemistry of mesoprefrontal projection) in the prefrontal cortex proved to be a measurable combination for investigating the complex chain of events that relate activity dependent neuroplasticity to normal as well as to pathological maturational processes. With our animal model we demonstrate that both rearing conditions and neuroactive substances can effectively interfere with developmental plasticity and induce a malfunctional adaptation of prefrontal structures and neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, GABA). In the hippocampal dentatus, where ontogenetic plasticity proved to be preserved by continued neuro- and synaptogenesis, serious damage can be internalized without simultaneous disruption of neural dynamics offering an approach to reverse dysfunctional reorganization in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Teuchert-Noodt
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany
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Becq H, Bosler O, Geffard M, Enjalbert A, Herman JP. Anatomical and functional reconstruction of the nigrostriatal system in vitro: selective innervation of the striatum by dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci Res 1999; 58:553-66. [PMID: 10533047 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19991115)58:4<553::aid-jnr8>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To study development of the nigrostriatal pathway in an in vitro model system, organotypic slices obtained from rat pups (P4) and containing the striatum and the cortex were grown together with apposed embryonic (E13.5) mesencephalic blocks according to the static slice culture method of Stoppini et al. (1991; J. Neurosci. Methods 37:173-182). Under these conditions, mesencephalic dopaminergic (DA) fibers rapidly grow through the slice, preferentially its striatal portion. This innervation provides a true synaptic innervation to the striatum, as shown by the presence of DA terminals on striatal neurons. DA fibers are able to exert a functional influence, as seen by their ability to modulate c-Fos expression in striatal neurons in the same way as in vivo. Thus, blockade, under basal conditions, of the effect of spontaneously released dopamine by the D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol leads to the activation of c-Fos expression in the striatum. Furthermore, stimulation of DA release by amphetamine induces striatal c-Fos expression in a D1 receptor-dependent manner. Next, the mechanisms of the selective striatal innervation were examined. Indeed, DA fibers innervated specifically the striatum, avoiding the cortical portion of the slice. This selectivity seems to be specific for DA neurons; no selectivity could be observed when noradrenergic neurons were substituted for DA neurons. Short-term cocultures in a collagen gel of mesencephalic blocks with striatal blocks failed to reveal any oriented outgrowth of DA fibers from the mesencephalon, suggesting that the selective innervation observed in the organotypic slices results from some contact-dependent, presumably adhesive interactions rather than from the presence of some diffusible substance orienting the growth of DA fibers towards the striatum. On the other hand, DA neurons seeded onto striatal slices did not attach selectively onto the striatal portion of the slice, indicating that the putative specific adhesive interactions governing the selective striatal innervation are not the same as those determining the adhesion of the DA neurons. These results show that cocultures of cortex-striatum and mesencephalic slices result in a system that displays a number of the morphological and functional traits of the normal nigrostriatal system and that can be relied on as a good in vitro model of in vivo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Becq
- ICNE, UMR 6544 CNRS-Université Aix-Marseille II, and INSERM U-501; IFR Jean Roche, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, Marseille, France
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Kirchhof B, Homberg U, Mercer A. Development of dopamine-immunoreactive neurons associated with the antennal lobes of the honey bee,Apis mellifera. J Comp Neurol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990906)411:4<643::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rougé-Pont F, Abrous DN, Le Moal M, Piazza PV. Release of endogenous dopamine in cultured mesencephalic neurons: influence of dopaminergic agonists and glucocorticoid antagonists. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:2343-50. [PMID: 10383623 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several electrochemical techniques allow the measurement of dopamine release in freely moving animals and brain slices. In this report, we applied one of these techniques, coulometry, coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), to the study of dopamine release in primary cultures of embryonic mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Between day 9 and 33 of culture, concentrations of dopamine, above the detection threshold, were found in the incubation buffer (Krebs ringer buffer, KRB). Concentrations of dopamine in the incubation buffer reflected neuronal release as they were: (i) positively correlated with the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopamine neurons in the culture; (ii) tetrodotoxin (TTX) sensitive and Ca2+ dependent; (iii) increased by a depolarizing stimulus, e.g. K+ (20 mM), or by the indirect dopamine agonists amphetamine and cocaine; (iv) decreased by a hyperpolarizing stimulus, e.g. the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole. Dopamine release in this model was also sensitive to the manipulation of glucocorticoids, potent modulators of dopamine release in vivo. Long-term treatment of the cell cultures with RU 39305, a selective antagonist of glucocorticoid receptors (GR), but not with spironolactone, a selective antagonist of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), dose-dependently decreased K+-stimulated dopamine release. In conclusion, these results demonstrate an in vitro model that allows the studying of the release of endogenous dopamine in cell cultures and the effects of glucocorticoid hormones on the release dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rougé-Pont
- Psychobiologie des Comportements Adaptatifs, INSERM U 259, Université de Bordeaux II, Domaine de Carreire, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, cedex, France
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